Dr. Stuart W. Styles

Transcription

1 Driscoll s Strawberry and Water Management Global Conference 2016 Irrigation Systems and Hydraulic Concepts Dr. Stuart W. Styles Outline Introduction Irrigation system performance Distribution Uniformity Irrigation Efficiency Irrigation scheduling Salinity management Certification for Irrigators Questions 1

2 Irrigation Training and Research Center California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo ITRC Water Resources Facility 2

3 Technical Areas Innovative research Pragmatic training Cutting-edge technical support Supports Cal Poly BS and MS academic I&D programs Irrigation district modernization On-farm irrigation Water balances Automation/SCADA Energy conservation Water conservation Flow Measurement Crop Water Consumption 3

4 Location of ITRC Contracts International 5% International 5% California 75% Other States 20% Drip and Micro Irrigation Design and Management for Trees, Vines, and Field Crops Practice plus Theory 4 th Edition 2009 Charles M. Burt, Ph.D., P.E. Stuart W. Styles, D.E., P.E. Note: 5 th edition in 2016 Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC) BioResource and Agricultural Engineering (BRAE) Dept. California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) San Luis Obispo, California Soil Depth (m) Distance (m) ECe color scale (ds/m) 4

5 California Agricultural Irrigation Dealers examining drip filters Outline Introduction Irrigation system performance Distribution Uniformity Irrigation Efficiency Irrigation scheduling Salinity management Certification for Irrigators Questions 5

6 Basic Irrigation Performance Distribution Uniformity (DU) Measure of how uniformly the water is distributed throughout a field Always less than 1.00 Always a decimal value 0.80 is a typical DU DU POOR UNIFORMITY Depth of Water GOOD UNIFORMITY (NEVER PERFECT) Depth of Water 6

7 Basic Irrigation Performance Efficiency Measure of water beneficially used in the root zone compared to the water applied Always less than 100% Always a percentage value If perfect scheduling, then Efficiency = DU * 100 Efficiency Efficient Depth of Water Not Efficient Note: Uniformity is GOOD! Depth of Water 7

8 Water Destination Diagram 0% 50% 100% 4% Losses Gross 8.5 in Avg = Net/DU 7.7 in Net DU = 0.90 Gross = Avg / (1 Losses) = 8.9 in Water Destination Diagram 0% 50% 100% 4% Losses Gross 15.4 in Avg = Net/DU 7.7 in Net DU = 0.50 Gross = Avg / (1 Losses) = 16.4 in 8

9 Outline Introduction Irrigation system performance Distribution Uniformity Irrigation Efficiency Irrigation scheduling Salinity management Certification for Irrigators Questions ET Definitions Transpiration: liquid movement of water from the soil, into the roots, up the plant stems, and finally out of the plant leaves into the air as vapor Evaporation: conversion of liquid to vapor from the soil or plant surface--this water does not move through the plant Evapotranspiration (ET): combination of evaporation and transpiration 9

10 Water Potential: Force for water transport in plants To Atmosphere 50,000 cb Leaves 3,000 cb Transpiration Water moving out of the stomata as water vapor Roots 1,000 cb ology/textbooks/openstax_college_biology/html/ch30.html Soil cb Osmotic Potential: Force for water transport in plants Roots 20 ds/m Semi-permeable membrane Osmotic Potential Soil ds/m Pure Water Salty Water 10

11 How water moves through a wall Osmotic Potential - Fresh water moves INTO the potato slice - Salty water moves OUT OF the potato slice 11

12 Hourly Weather Data Air temperature Solar radiation Soil temperature Precipitation Wind speed Wind run Dew point temperature Relative humidity Vapor Pressure Penman-Monteith Equation λet = ((e s e a ) (R n G) + (ρ a )(c p ) +γ(1 + r s / r a ) r a Most important variable = Net Radiation 12

13 Weather Station: We have ETo... How do we get ETc???? Different plants/varieties transpire water a different rates Need the kc = Crop coefficient Crop Water Use - ETc basic equation ETc = kc x ETo 13

14 k c Calculation: Generalized Crop Curve K c Evaporation Adjustment K c (Limited Soil Water) Stress Adj. 0.4 K cb Complete Irrigation or Rain Planting Emergence Rapid Growth Effective Full Cover Maturation Recommended ET o Zones Zone 1 (Z1) Oxnard CIMIS and FCGMA Etting Road Station Zone 2 (Z2) Camarillo CIMIS and FCGMA Camarillo Airport Station Zone 3 (Z3) Santa Paula CIMIS and FCGMA Moorpark Station 14

15 Irrigation Allowance Annual Irrigation Allowance* (Inches) Oxnard (Z1) Camarillo (Z2) Santa Paula (Z3) Typical Dry Wet Typical Dry Wet Typical Dry Wet Crop Category Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Avocado 20% Cover Avocado 50% Cover Avocado 70% Cover Blueberries 50% Cover Blueberries 70% Cover Celery Fall Celery Spring Citrus 20% Cover Citrus 50% Cover Citrus 70% Cover Lima Beans Misc. Veg Greenhouse Fall Misc. Veg Greenhouse Spr Misc. Veg Greenhouse Summer Misc. Veg Single Crop Fall Misc. Veg Single Crop Spr Misc. Veg Single Crop Summer Nursery Container Nursery Flowers Raspberries Tunneled Sod Strawberries Main Season Strawberries Summer Tomatoes Peppers (Summer) *add 0.5 inches per frost event. Allowance Values Compared to Progressive Strawberry Grower Applied Water Values ETo Zone 1 Strawberry Water Application Comparison Dry Typical Wet Applied Irrigation (Inches) Allowed Water Estimate Grower 1 Grower 2 Grower 3 15

16 Other Methods to Assess Evapotranspiration METRIC Using Satellite Images to directly compute instantaneous ETc Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) is an equation that takes into account the amount of infrared reflected by plants. Live green plants absorb solar radiation, which they use as a source of energy in the process of photosynthesis. 16

17 Other Methods to Assess if Irrigation is Adequate Soil Probe checks for moisture depth Outline Introduction Irrigation system performance Distribution Uniformity Irrigation Efficiency Irrigation scheduling Salinity management Certification for Irrigators Questions 17

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19 2008 Climate Change Conference Warmer temperatures Ref: CaDWR 19

20 Sierra Snow Pack Dry Year Wet Year Less stored water 20

21 New Runoff Ag Demand Changes in the timing of the runoff More storage Solutions Capture more rain and early runoff Improve water delivery systems Reduced spill Better flexibility to growers Better monitoring and measurement Facilitate adoption of new technologies Drip irrigation Reduced Nitrogen-based fertilizer applications Improve pumping operations with better efficiencies Reduce conversions to diesel engines for irrigation pumps 21

22 More stored water Current Storage: 4,493,000 af Add 6.5 ft = 290,000 af about $500M Add ft = 3,920,000 af about $6B Why do strawberry growers use sprinklers on strawberries? Dana Wisehardt General Manager United Water Conservation District 22

23 Production in CFS United Water Conservation District Problem with Capacity - Hourly Demand on October 23, 2008 Dry Year Flow Capacity Time of the Day Problems with Sprinklers: Irrigation Runoff 23

24 5 Year Study: Primary Objectives Keep strawberry transplants healthy Switch to drip irrigation as early as possible Primary Issues Salinity near the plant Soil moisture/nutrient management Santa Ana Winds (hot, dry east winds in Oct/Nov) Santa Ana Winds 24

25 Conventional Protocol Sprinkler Irrigation for about 6-8 weeks and then switch to Drip Partial Sprinkler Sprinkler Irrigate for events, then switch to Drip Drip Only Start on Drip, stay on Drip Salinity Sensor Decagon 5TE Soil Moisture Sensors -Hortau 25

26 EC Sensor Sprinkler water movement Drip water movement Sammis 11/13/08 Drip Only Note: Salinity problems showed up in less than one month 26

27 Sammis 11/13/08 Conventional Note: Runoff problems with the sprinklers Sammis 3/13/09 Drip Only 27

28 Sammis 3/13/09 Conventional Note: Very little visual difference between Drip and Conventional Recommendations Conventional Protocol Sprinkler Irrigation for about 6-8 weeks and then switch to Drip Use Partial Sprinkler Sprinkler Irrigate for events, then switch to Drip Drip Only Start on Drip, stay on Drip 28

29 Sammis 4 Year Total Water Use Comparison Drip Dry Total Precip: 8.1" Total Applied: 30.0" Total Water: 38.1" Dry Total Precip: 12.1" Total Applied: 24.4" Total Water: 36.5" Wet Total Precip: 19.1" Total Applied: 17.2" Total Water: 36.3" Dry Total Precip: 8.4" Total Applied: 33.7" Total Water: 42.1" Oct 08 Jan 09 Apr 09 Jul 09 Oct 09 Jan 10 Apr 10 Jul 10 Oct 10 Jan 11 Apr 11 Jul 11 Oct 11 Jan 12 Apr 12 Applied Water Precipitation Yield +10% Water Use -10% 29

30 Data from California Central Coast Study Yield - 5,400 crates/ac Water Use 2.2 AF/a Converting to metric: 120 liters/kg Using 7,000 crates/ac Projected: 93 liters/kg Example soil salinity (EC e ) pattern for drip tape. ECw =.34 ds/m. Processing tomatoes, Westland Water District, California. Courtesy Dr. Blaine Hanson, retired UC Davis irrigation specialist. Salinity ds/m Depth (mm) DripTape Distance Across Bed (mm)

31 Key Recommendation: Evaluate the Soil Salinity 31

32 Evaluate the salt and water distribution 2 Tapes High Flow 4 Tapes Low Flow Tolerancia a la Sal Crop Threshold ECe (ECe at initial yield decline) ds/m Yield decrease per unit increase in salinity beyond Threshold ( % Yield ) ds/m Crop Threshold ECe (ECe at initial yield decline) ds/m Yield decrease per unit increase in salinity beyond Threshold ( % Yield ds/m ) Alfalfa Lovegrass Almond Meadow foxtail Apricot Onion Avocado Orange Barley (grain) Orchardgrass Bean Peach Beet, garden Peanut Bermudagrass Pepper Blackberry Plum Boysenberry Potato Broadbean Radish Broccoli Rice, paddy Cabbage Ryegrass, perennial Carrot Sesbania Clover;ladino red, strawberry Soybean Spinach Clover, berseem Strawberry Corn (forage) Sudangrass Corn (grain) Sugarbeet Corn, sweet Sugarcane Cotton Sweet potato Cowpea Tomato Cucumber Trefoil, Big Date Fescue, tall Trefoil, Birdsfoot narrow Flax Wheat Grape Wheatgrass, crested Grapefruit Wheatgrass, fairway Harding grass Wheatgrass, tall Lettuce

33 Funciones de Producción Relative yield, % APRICOT Strawberry COTTON Threshold ECe Threshold ECe 5.2% 1 ds/m ECe, ds/m Salinity Management 33

34 Key Point: Chloride salts are BAD Key Point: Sulfate salts are NOT as BAD Key Point: Sulfate salts are NOT as BAD Key Point: Chloride salts are BAD 34

35 Reiter Brothers Matthews 12, 2 Step July 11, 2008 Reiter Brothers Matthews Ranch Well Water + Amendments November 19, 2008 Na + CO 3 -- PO SO 4 -- CaCo 3 ppt H + -- SO 4 OH - H + Ca SO Ca Mg ++ NO 3 Cl - + K Na + Na + H + Ca ++ Mg ++ K + H + H + Ca ++ H + H + K + Fe ++ CaCo Ca ++ 3 ppt + NH 4 OH - Ca ++ Na + Ca ++ H + Clay Colloid (negatively charged) Ca ++ + Na Ca ++ NH 4 + K + NH 4 + H + + NH 4 NO 3 - Na + H + Fe ++ Ca Ca ++ H + H + Ca ++ H + Ca ++ H + SO 4 Mg ++ K + K + NO - Na + -- Mg NO OH - Ca ++ - Fe ++ 3 NO CO -- CO Ca ++ H + CO 3 -- Mg ++ Clay colloid with surrounding soil water and precipitates in the soil water. K + H + Ca ++ 35

36 Granular or Flocculated Deflocculate: To separate or disperse particles of clay dimensions from a flocculated condition. Platy or Deflocculated High Water/Soil Salinity Regimen Bi-weekly applications of 2-3 gallons +/- 6% Humic Acid product (Humax-JH Biotech or Premium 6 BioGro) Every 4-6 weeks depending on the fruit cycle: 3-5 hours of drip leach with 3 gallons of Mixwell JH Biotech product. High EC water source is treated with 93% Sulfuric Acid and Calcium Thiosulfate by continuous injection to a ph of This system was purchased from Coastal Growers. 36

37 Key Recommendation: Evaluate the Pressure Distribution DU =

38 DU Distribution uniformity results of fields along the Central Coast. Farm Location System DU Manzanita 2 Santa Maria 0.84 Manzanita 7 Santa Maria 0.86 Gamble Ranch Santa Maria 0.80 Los Padres Berry Farm Santa Maria 0.90 Sammis Oxnard 0.67 Eclipse Berry Farm (1) Oxnard 0.73 Eclipse Berry Farm (2) Oxnard 0.74 Peikert Ranch Oxnard 0.76 Corey Ranch Watsonville 0.87 Key Recommendation: Use the Rainfall for Salinity Mgmt 38

39 Rain is slightly acidic because carbon dioxide dissolves into it 39

40 2016 Key Recommendation- Evaluate soils 40

41 Key Recommendation: Use Sprinklers during Bed Preparation Key Recommendation: Use Reduced Sprinklers during transplant establishment or Microsprayers 41

42 Pressure Compensation (PC) Products Outline Introduction Irrigation system performance Distribution Uniformity Irrigation Efficiency Irrigation scheduling Salinity management Certification for Irrigators Questions 42

43 Certification I Certified Irrigators Basic Soil Plant and Water Irrigation Scheduling Flow Measurement Certification II Basic Hydraulics Salinity Efficiency/ DU Pumps Example from Certified Irrigator I Most popular Saddle-type Propeller Meter 43

44 Air vent/vacuum relief at high point of pipe Straightening vanes with open center Flow Propeller flowmeter Meter At least 10 diameters upstream without obstructions At least 4 diameters downstream without obstructions

45 Location, location, location Saddle-type Propeller Meter 45

46 Before After Volume Applied (in Acre Feet)? For an 80 acre field, how many inches applied? Volume Applied (in Acre Feet)? For an 3 acre block, how many inches applied? 46

47 Volume and Depth Volume in Acre-Feet Start Reading: Stop Reading: total gallons total gallons Volume in Gallons: gallons (A) Volume in AF (1 AF = 325,850 gallons) 0.57 acre-feet (A/325,850) Applied to Field (Depth) Volume in AF (1 AF = 325,850 gallons) 0.57 acre-feet (same as earlier = C ) Area served (Acres) 3 acres (by meter = D ) Depth in Inches: 2.29 inches ( C / D X 12 ) Concentric Reducer New: Magnetic Meters 47

48 Example from Certified Irrigator II Friction The energy lost as water flows through pipelines is called friction (H f ) Good Quiz Questions a. By doubling the hose length, the friction is???? b. By doubling the flow rate (i.e., velocity), the new friction is???? times greater than the original friction. c. By using half the hose diameter, the new friction is???? times greater than the original friction. 48

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50 Lowering ph using Sulphuric Acid 50

51 Review Introduction Irrigation system performance Distribution Uniformity Irrigation Efficiency Irrigation scheduling Salinity management Certification for Irrigators Questions Need more information? ITRC Website itrc.org 51