SOYBEAN AGRONOMY. Glenda Clezy, P.Ag Agronomy Specialist

Transcription

1 SOYBEAN AGRONOMY Glenda Clezy, P.Ag Agronomy Specialist

2 CANADIAN SOYBEAN ACRES Significant growth since 2000 Seeded acres have more than doubled Driven by: Large increases in Western Canada, 3000% increase in Manitoba 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 Seeded Acres - Canada Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Source: Statistics Canada 2

3 bu/ac YIELD Canada Quebec Ontario Yield increases have been variable but definite upward trend Between 2005 and 2015 Canada up 7%, avg.25 bu/ac/yr Ontario up 14%, avg.52 bu/ac/yr Quebec up 17%, avg.62 bu/ac/yr Manitoba up 71%, avg 1.4 bu/ac/yr Manitoba Saskatchewan Source: Statistics Canada 3

4 40 3,500 acres 13,000 30,000 acres 30,000 90,000 acres

5 WHY SOYBEANS? Good standability Likes moisture Non-host for aphanomyces Weed control options available Later maturity can spread out harvest Limited disease and insect pest pressure (for now) Harvestability is good Good marketing options globally (global commodity)

6 BIGGEST ISSUE: MATURITY / YIELD 1. Choose the right variety 2. Double inoculate to ensure adequate nodulation 3. Fertilize to maximize pod height and plant growth 4. Use ideal seeding rates 5. Control weeds 6. At harvest, cut low and slow down to reduce seed losses

7 SELECT THE RIGHT VARIETY For Saskatchewan Maturity Group 000 or 00 with good yield potential Consider disease resistance traits (white mould, phytophthora, IDC) Consider herbicide traits and weed management

8 SK Seed Guide 2016

9 FERTILITY? Maximum rates of seed placed P < removal Ideal Fertility of Soybean Field:

10 SOYBEAN NUTRIENT REMOVAL: Nutrient Removal Rates (lbs./bu) Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Soybeans 3.8 lb/bu 0.85 lb/bu 1.4 lb/bu

11 Nutrient Removal Rates In Seed (lbs/bu) Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Pea Lentil Faba bean Soybean Canola Wheat lbs P removed for every bushel of grain (33 bu = 28 lbs P) Max. safe rate seed placed P is 20 lb/acre actual (P+K) Should replace what is removed Low N soils benefit from starter N (up to 15 lbs/acre)

12 FERTILITY CONCERN? % soil testing below critical P level for soybean Fixen et al. 2010

13 FERTILITY? PHOSPHORUS? Soil Test! Mobilize and access P better Not highly responsive to P fertilizer Apply in cereals? Pulse crop helps increase P uptake in crop the year after Source: Jeff Schoeanu, University of Saskatchewan

14 FERTILITY? NITROGEN? 50%-80% N = biological fixation Actual amount depends on inoculation/nodulation, environmental conditions, soil available N and other nutrients like P. Starter N?? Source: Jeff Schoeanu, University of Saskatchewan

15 NITROGEN FIXATION % N derived from fixation Source: Jeff Schoeanu, University of Saskatchewan

16 INOCULANTS Require Bradyrhizobium japonicum Nodules form about V2-V3 5 nodules / plant double-inoculate suggested for first 5-6 cycles of soybeans

17 TIPS FOR SEEDING SOYBEANS 1. Plant into warm soils with minimal residue 2. Select fields with adequate moisture 3. Avoid fields with residual herbicide use 4. Plant soybeans deep 5. Optimum economic final plant stand - 4 plants/ft 2 ( k plants/acre) 6. Consider placing fertilizer away from the seed 7. Roll fields after planting OR at 1 st trifoliate 8. Control weeds early (Critical Weed Free Period)

18 STAND ESTABLISHMENT Uniform stands are important Stands impacted by: Biotic factors Abiotic factors Seeding Rates Source: Dupont Pioneer

19 FACTORS AFFECTING SOYBEAN SEEDING RATES Soil Type Tillage / Residue Planter / Drill Row Width Planting Date Disease Risk

20 SEEDING RATES Highest Yield in the study was achieved at 160,000 established plants per acre Mohr et al. 2013

21 ROW SPACING Narrow rows yielded as good or better than wide rows Mohr et al. 2013

22 ESTIMATING PLANTING RATES Average seed survival from MB on-farm trials = 77% Seed survival with an air drill = 74% Seed survival with a planter = 82% To target 160,000 plants/ac: Air Drill = 210, ,000 seeds/acre Planter = 190, ,000 seeds/acre Seeding rate may need to be adjusted based on economics of seed cost and production

23 CROP ROTATION CONSIDERATIONS

24 SOYBEAN DEVELOPMENT STAGES

25 SOYBEAN DEVELOPMENT V STAGES

26 CROP DEVELOPMENT R STAGES

27 CROP DEVELOPMENT - MATURITY

28 WHY EARLY WEED CONTROL? Soil warming / seedbed Crop emergence Small weeds Herbicide efficacy

29 CROP COMPETITIVENESS Weed Control? Weed Resistance? Layering? Volunteer Canola? Blackshaw et al. 2002

30 CRITICAL WEED FREE PERIOD

31 IMPORTANT WEEDS TO CONSIDER Broadleaf Volunteer Canola Wild Buckwheat Redroot Pigweed Thistle Kochia Lamb s-quarters Stinkweed Narrow-leaved Hawksbeard Round-leaved Mallow Dandelion Grass Green Foxtail Wild Oat Barnyard Grass Foxtail Barley Photo Courtesy of Dennis Lange Manitoba Agriculture

32 CURRENT HERBICIDE OPTIONS Pre-Seed / Pre-Emergent Aim / CleanStart (carfentrazone) 14 Authority / Authority Charge (sulfentrazone / +carfentrazone) Group 14 Blackhawk TM (carfentrazone + 2,4-D) 14+4 Edge TM Granular (ethafluralin) 3 Express SG (tribenuron) 2 Focus (carfentrazone + pyroxasulfone) Heat (saflufenacil) 14 Reflex / Flexstar (fomasafen) 14** Valtera TM (flumioxazin) D 4 In-Crop Basagran / Basagran Forte (Bentazon) Blazer (acifluorfen) 14 Odyssey / Odyssey Ultra (imazamox + imazethapyr / +sethodxydim) Pinnacle SG (thifensulfuron methyl) 2 Solo ADV (imazamox) 2 Group 6 2 / 2+1 Viper ADV (imazamox +bentazon) 2+6 Reflex / Flexstar (fomasafen) 14** Quizalofop, sethoxydim, clethodim **Fomasafen is for use in Manitoba Red River Valley Only 1

33 PRE-SEED 2,4-D INJURY TO SOYBEAN Photos courtesy University of Saskatchewan

34 RESIDUAL HERBICIDES Sensitive to broadleaf chemistry Clopyralid Metsulfuron Dicamba*

35 DISEASE MANAGEMENT? Use high quality seed Consider a seed treatment Use good management practices (fertility, weed control) Scout fields regularly

36 SEEDLING BLIGHT / ROOT ROT High level of disease, mechanical damage?, cool wet conditions Photo courtesy North Dakota State University

37 IRON DEFICIENCY CHLOROSIS IDC is a nutrient deficiency disorder that limits yield IDC can occur in areas with presence of carbonates, wet soil or salinity Variety selection based on variety tolerance to IDC is the most important management step

38 FOLIAR LEAF DISEASES Bacterial Blight Septoria Brown Spot Downy Mildew Foliar leaf diseases are rarely yield limiting Photos courtesy University of Minnesota

39 STEM DISEASES White mould (sclerotinia) Pod and Stem blights

40 FUNGICIDES REGISTERED Control / Suppression of White Mould in Soybean (Saskatchewan Guide to Crop Protection) Acapela Allegro Contans Delaro Double Nickel Priaxor Serenade

41 SOYBEAN INSECT SCOUTING

42 ESTIMATING SOYBEAN YIELD Key Components Number of Pods / Plant Number of Seeds / Pod Seed Size Plant Population Best timing = R5 or later More areas = accuracy

43 AVERAGE FOR FINAL YIELD Average pods/plant = Average pods/node = soybeans/sq foot = 1 bu/ac harvest loss

44 HARVEST Straight Cut Can begin at 16% moisture or less Under 12% moisture more susceptible to damage Consider a flex header Harvest losses tend to be highest at the header (slow down, cut low, slow cylinder) Storage should be at 14% moisture or less (11-12% for longer term storage) Handle soybeans gently

45 SAFE AND SUCCESSFUL SEASON Source: Dale Risula, SK AG