DISEASE EFFECTS OF PUSHING CROP ROTATIONS WITH PULSE CROPS

Transcription

1 DISEASE EFFECTS OF PUSHING CROP ROTATIONS WITH PULSE CROPS Sherrilyn Phelps, MSc., P.Ag., CCA, Agronomy Manager, Jan 24, 2018 MABA/MGEA

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Barb Ziesman, Saskatchewan Agriculture Dr. Syama Chatterton, AAFC Lethbridge Dr. Sabine Banniza, University of Saskatchewan

3 TOPICS TO COVER Interest in pulse crops Pulse crop acres in Northern Great Plains Rotations Diseases influenced by rotations Foliar diseases Root rots

4 INTEREST IN PULSE CROPS Pea Lentil Chickpea Faba bean Dry bean Soybean Source: Dr. Y Gan

5 N FIXATION Western Canada lbs N / acre Alfalfa Faba Bean Pea Soybean Lentil Chickpea Dry Bean 5-70 Source: Dr. J. Schoenau, U of Saskatchewan 100 lbs/acre $0.38/lb = $38/acre

6 PULSE BENEFITS N benefit to next crop! Microbial decomposition of surface residue, root, old nodules, root exudates N credit of 0.5 to 1.0 lb N/ac for every bu/ac (pea) higher yields = lower amount Benefit to next crop! Source: Dr. J. Schoenau, U of Saskatchewan % N derived from fixation

7 PULSE BENEFITS Non-N benefits Stimulate soil biological activity Improved soil structure = better root growth Improved water holding capacity and drainage Break in disease cycles (canola-blackleg, cerealsfusarium) Again further benefits to the next crop!! Dr. J Schoenau should add $20 to $50/acre credit for pulses

8 ROTATIONS Crop sequence Considerations / drivers Economics = Short term gains Mitigate risk / insurance Long term sustainability / reduce fallow Workload Manage disease

9 ECONOMICS: 3 YEAR AVERAGE ANNUAL NET RETURNS Preceding Crops 2009 Canola yield 2010 Barley yield 2011 (bu/ac) Annual Net Return ($/acre) Faba bean (GM) 52 (27%) 91 (14%) 31 Faba bean Field pea 45 (10%) 84 (6%) 115 Lentils 45 (10%) 85 (7%) 118 Wheat Canola 37 (-8%) *Means reflect data averaged over 5 N rates and 7 western Canada locations O Donovan et al Agron. J. 106: , Khakbazan et al Agron. J. 106:

10 MANITOBA CROP INSURANCE

11 NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS

12 Padbury et al, M acres

13

14 MONTANA PULSE ACREAGE

15 PULSE ACRES (PEA, LENTIL, CHICKPEA, DRY BEAN, FABA BEAN, SOYBEAN) SK AB Montana

16 PERCENT PULSE ACRES Location Total cropland 2017 pulse acres % AB 20,427,200 2,414,932 12% SK 38,239,600 7,146,000 19% MB 9,727,600 2,491,000 26% Montana 9,100,000 1,799,000 20% 20% = 1 pulse crop every 5 years..

17 PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT The pathogen needs to be present and able to cause disease Level of host susceptibility: Variety selection Plant stand architecture Seeding date Often the biggest driver of disease risk

18 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IPM is a decision making process that uses all necessary techniques to suppress pests*: Organic agriculture

19 IPM Crop rotation Variety selection Seed quality Seeding date & rate Equipment sanitation (clubroot) Scouting Foliar fungicides Residue managment

20 CROP ROTATION Break disease cycles Most effective to manage diseases with: Narrow host range Soil borne or residue borne diseases Less effective for diseases with long distance spore release &/or wide host ranges

21 FOLIAR DISEASES

22 WHITE MOLD - SCLEROTINIA (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Shows up later (canopy closure) Environment - favoured under wet conditions during flowering; Cool temps. (15-24 C; F) during & after flowering Rotation management not as effective as wide host range Source Dr. B. Ziesman

23 ROTATIONS FOR WHITE MOLD (SCLEROTINIA) Crop rotation >=3 years out of susceptible pulses or other hosts such as canola or sunflower High weed populations (stinkweed, sow thistles, Canada thistle, wild mustard, redroot pigweed, knapweeds, dandelions and lambs quarters). Rotation management not as effective as wide host range

24 LENTILS

25 ANTHRACNOSE OF LENTILS (Colletotrichum truncatum) 2 races: Race 0 & Race 1 Favoured under wet conditions Microsclerotia on soil surface & residue Rain splash spreads from soil surface and from lesions on plants Crop rotation important Fungicide control Source SK Ag

26 ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT (Ascochyta lentis) Both seed and stubble borne Rotation important Spreads from residue to plants and from plant-to-plant mainly by rain splash Fungicides effective Variety resistance Source Dr. B. Ziesman

27 DISEASE DECISION SUPPORT CHECKLIST: ASCOCHYTA & ANTRACNOSE

28 STEMPHYLIUM BLIGHT Tan color canopy Widely dispersed pathogen and could come from infected seed Warm & wet conditions Not considered significant in terms of yield loss Fungicides?? Source: SK Ag

29 GRAY MOLD - BOTRYTIS (Botrytis cinerea) Develops later in the season after canopy closure Soil borne spread by wind (long distance movement) Environment - favoured under wet conditions Fungicide control but hard to get into canopy Heavy canopy can impact Rotations less impact Source: SK Ag

30 ENVIRONMENT IMPORTANT Year (Numbe r of Crops) 2012 (28) 2013 (37) 2014 (18) 2015 (18) 2016 (50) 2017 (52) Percentage (%) of Lentil Crops Surveyed with Disease Symptoms Root Rot Anthracnose Ascochyt a Blight Sclerotinia Botrytis Stemphylium Blight

31 PEAS

32 MYCOSPHAERELLA BLIGHT (Mycosphaerella pinodes (Ascochyta pinodes)) Most common disease of field pea Severe epidemics can occur under cool, wet conditions Residue is source of inoculum Crop rotation (1 in 3 year minimum) Fungicides Variety resistance Source: SK Ag

33 CHICKPEA

34 WHY CHICKPEA? Good standability Deep rooted & good drought tolerance Resistance to aphanomyces Later maturity can spread out harvest Pods are quite shatter resistant Good marketing options $$0.70/lb for kabuli Higher risk but high rewards! Kabuli Desi

35 ASCOCHYTA IN CHICKPEA Major issue in chickpea production Yield loss severe as disease severity increases Symptoms visible within 4 to 6 days of infection Cool temps (15-25 C or F) Rainfall >150mm or >6 in.) Source: adf.farmonline.org.au (source: Chongo et al., 2003).

36 ASCOCHYTA IN CHICKPEA (Ascochyta rabiei / Didymella rabiei) Seed, soil & residue borne Spreads large distance by wind Easily spread by physical activity in the field Rain splash critical in spore movement and germination/penetration of fungus Rotations/stubble management Fungicide application Source: SK Ag Source: adf.farmonline.org.au

37 CHICKPEA ACRES IN SK (1997 TO 2016) 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,

38 WHY SO QUICKLY LOST CONTROL? Limited options for fungicides during Increased aggressiveness of disease from 1998 to 2002 Minimum of 2 apps (up to 7) = >>selection pressure Disease moves large distances Teleomorph stages (Didymella rabiei) = >> variability in populations Variability + selection pressure = resistance to fungicides Source: Chang 2007

39 Swift Current Regina

40 WESTERN CANADA 2003/2004 Isolates from S AB 74% resistant isolates cross resistance to fungicide classes in 4 isolates Chlorothalonil (M5) Bravo Macozeb (M3) Dithane DG Pyraclostrobin (11) Priaxor, Headline 15 races now Source: Chang et al, 2007

41 PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE WESTERN CANADA Random fields Petri dish assay 2006/07 >>>>> 2004/05 Resistance to Headline (pyraclostrobin(11)) >> Quadris (azoxystrobin(11)) sensitive intermediate insensitive Headline Quadris sensitiv interme insensi YEAR OF SAMPLING FUNGICIDE TESTED Source: Bruce Gossen

42 Disease Control MONTANA isolates chickpea, field peas, and lentil fields 11 Didymella rabiei isolates were resistant under petri dish evaluations 5 R & 5 S were tested on plants Fungicide [ug/ml] S R Source: Owati et al, 2017

43 MONTANA Acres increasing Resistance detected Planning is going to be key

44 MANAGING ASCOCHYTA 1. Crop rotation 76% reduction with 3 non-host crops (Gan 2006) 2. Variety Selection Source: plantmanagementnetwork.org ????????

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46 2. Seed Quality (0.3% max) 3. Seed Treatment - kabuli 4. Scout often 5. Disease decision support checklist 6. Apply Fungicide Early Source: plantmanagementnetwork.org

47 SYSTEMIC VS PREVENTATIVE Timing is critical Preventative must go on before disease infection (source: Shtienberg et al., 2000).

48 MANAGING FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE Can occur when selection pressure is placed on a fungal population Risk of resistance is highest when: Fungicides with a single mode of action Pathogens that have a high degree of genetic variation within a population Pathogen undergoes multiple spore stages Fungicides are used frequently

49 NOT ONLY CHICKPEA. Pea (mycosphaerella pinodes) (2011) 324 isolates (Northern Great Plains) 19 highly insensitive to pyraclostrobin - 14 AB, 5 SK (0 fr ND, WA) - R. Bowness

50 ROTATING FUNGICIDE GROUPS Fungicide Headline EC Quadris Quadris Opti Quadrix Top Quilt Evito Aproach Stratego Proline Quash Delaro Vertisan Bravo Aprovia Top ProPulse Priaxor Serenade Endura Chemical Group Resistance Risk Active pyraclostrobin azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil azoxystrobin + difenconazole azoxystrobin + propiconazole fluoxastrobin picoxystrobin trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole prothioconazole metconazole prothioconazole + trilfoxystrobin penthiopyrad chlorothalonil difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr fluopyram + prothioconazole fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin Bacillus subtilis Boscalid M5 DI carboxamides strobilurins Bacillus chloronitriles med med high low low Adapted from Dr. Sabine Banniza

51 MANAGING FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE 1. Use multiple modes of action (See FRAC code lists) 2. Use an appropriate fungicide for the disease you have 3. Follow label rates 4. Use one application for each mode of action/chemistry 5. Use an integrated approach

52 ROOT ROT

53 THE ROOT ROT PATHOGENS Root rots are caused by a combination of different species root rot complex Fusarium spp. Rhizoctonia spp. Pythium spp. Aphanomyces euteiches True Fungi Fungal-like organisms Fusarium spp. and Aphanomyces euteiches are considered to be the most importance root rot causal agents

54 PATHOGEN(S) Fusarium Rhizoctonia Ascochyta Sclerotinia Botrytis Aphanomyces Pythium Late blight Phytophthora Figure 1. Schematic relationship among oomycetes, land plants, animals and fungi (adapted from /pathogengroups/pages/introoomycetes.aspx).

55 ROOT ROT FIELD SYMPTOMS

56 APHAN0MYCES EUTEICHES First detected 2012 Severe issues 2014 & 2016 Many wet years in a row 2 cycles of peas/lentils during the wet years + past history of peas lentils = disaster!

57 Source: Dr. S. Chatterton, AAFC

58 WHOLE FIELDS AFFECTED Radisson North Battleford Photo courtesy of L. Reiter Photo: S. Phelps

59 APHANOMYCES EUTEICHES Survival of oospores in the soil without a host for up to 20 years Is mobile (zoospores) and can move with the water Favoured by excessive moisture and temperatures from 22 to 27 o C Infection can occur anytime during the season oospore zoospore Source: Dr. Banniza

60 IMPACT OF ROTATION peas canola

61 20 years = 5 x with 1 in 4 year rotations = 10 x with 1 in 2 year rotations Opprotunity for pathogens to build up!!!

62 WATER IMPORTANT Photo courtesy of Dr. Sabine Banniza, CDC

63 PEAS = LENTILS Photo courtesy of J. Ippolito, SMA Photo: S. Phelps

64 2017 SITUATION

65 2017 APHANOMYCES INCIDENCE

66 ROOT ROT RISK FACTORS 1. Shortened rotation (need 6-8 year break!!!!) 2. Factors that stress plants, delay germination and slow the emergence and growth of plants increase root rot risk Wet conditions Cool temperatures early in the season Soil compaction Heavy textured soils Nutrient deficiency

67 A. EUTEICHES HOST RANGE Crop Disease reaction Oospores Peas Susceptible Yes Lentils Susceptible Yes Cicer milkvetch Susceptible Yes Dry bean Variable Few Alfalfa Variable Yes Chickpeas Resistant Few Sainfoin Resistant Few Faba bean Resistant No Soybean Non-host No Fenugreek Non-host No Dr. Sabine Banniza, CDC and Dr. Syama Chatterton, AAFC

68 SHORTENED ROTATIONS OTHER ISSUES 1. Fertility pulses are not low or no input crops! 2. Weed control - or lack there of / herbicide resistance Nutrient Removal Rates (lbs/bu) Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Pea Lentil Chickpea Na 0.36 Na Na Canola Wheat

69 KEY MESSAGES TODAY Learn as much a you can to make informed decisions before you get in the field! 1. Rotations are very important to reduce inoculum in a field = prevent disease 2. Other factors are also important IPM + rotating fungicides

70 THANK YOU QUESTIONS? Sherrilyn Phelps