Kashmir 2, 3, 4,5 Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir

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1 Economics and energy evaluation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under temperate conditions of Jammu and Kashmir B.A.Lone 1,Narinder Panotra 2,, Sameera Qayoom 3, Purshotam Singh 4 and K.N.Singh 5 1 RARSRajouri, ShereKashmir University of Agricultural Sciences &Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu & Kashmir 2, 3, 4,5 ShereKashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir ABSTRACT Rice (Oryza sativa L.) one of the most important staple food crops of the world accounts for more than 20 per cent of daily calorie intake of about 2.48 billion people. It is cultivated in the world over an area of about 158 million hectares with a production of 700 million tonnes annually (470 million tonnes of milled rice). However, the projected demand for rice is about 800 million tonnes by In the State of Jammu and Kashmir, rice is cultivated in temperate, intermediate and subtropical zones over an area of 2.59 lakh hectares with a production of lakh quintals. Contribution from Kashmir is lakh quintals from an area of 1.43 lakh hectares with a productivity of q ha 1. Energy use in agricultural production has become more intensive due to the use of fossil fuel, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, machinery and electricity to provide substantial increases in food production. Efficient use of energy is one of the principal requirements of sustainable agriculture. The rice crop on calculating energy in terms of ratio is 7.5 with an energy productivity of MJ /ha also specific energy was calculated which accounts to 2.1 MJ/kg with Net energy gain of Key words: Rice, energy evaluation, energy ratio, energy productivity, temperate Jammu & Kashmir. I. INTRODUCTION Rice (Oryza sativa L.) one of the most important staple food crops of the world accounts for more than 20 per cent of daily calorie intake of about 2.48 billion people. It is cultivated in the world over an area of about 158 million hectares with a production of 700 million tonnes annually (470 million tonnes of milled rice), IRRISTAT, However, the projected demand for rice is about 800 million tonnes by 2030 (FAOSTAT, 2003). In India, rice is cultivated over an area of million hectares with a production of million tonnes, contributing about 23 per cent to the world rice production. However, average yield of rice in India is 3.26 t ha 1 as against that of 4.37 t ha 1 in the world (FAO, 2010). The increased pressure on the land resources with everincreasing population provides limited possibility of further horizontal expansion under rice cultivation. As such, in future, gains in production will mainly accrue through enhancement of productivity, which will be possible through the introduction of high yielding cultivars to a limited magnitude and better management practices to a large extent. In the State of Jammu and Kashmir, rice is cultivated in temperate, intermediate and subtropical zones over an area of 2.59 lakh hectares with a production of lakh quintals. Contribution from Kashmir is lakh quintals from an area of 1.43 lakh hectares with a productivity of q ha 1 (Economic Survey, All rights Reserved Page 185

2 Energy sources: The energy source can be classified in a number of ways based on the nature of their transaction, also the energy sources are classified based on animate and inanimate characteristics. Classification of energy On the basis of source, the energy can be classified as direct and indirect energy. Direct source of energy: the direct source of energy are those release the energy directly like man power, bullocks, stationary and mobile mechanical or electric power units viz., diesel engines, electric motor, power tiller and tractors. The direct energy may be further classified as renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy depending upon their replenishment. Renewable direct sources of energy. In this category, the energy sources, which are direct in natural but can be subsequently replenished, are grouped. The energies which may fall in the group are human beings, animals, solar and wind energy, fuel wood, agricultural wastes etc. Non renewable direct sources of energy: In this category, direct energy sources which are not renewable at least in near future say next 100 years are classified. Indirect Source of energy: the indirect sources of energy are those which do not release energy directly but release it by conversion process. Some energy is invested in producing indirect sources of energy. Seed manures, FYM, chemicals, fertilizers and machinery can be classified as indirect sources of energy. All the crops require energy either direct or indirect, for calculating the total energy required to get the approx. yield. In table 2 all the energy sources either direct or indirect are converted to calculate the total energy consumed in rice crop. The indirect sources of energy are those which do not release energy directly but release it by conversion process. Some energy is inverted in producing indirect sources of energy. Seeds, manure (FYM and PM), chemicals, fertilizers and machinery can be classified under indirect source of energy. Each and every energy source has some economic value. Some energy source are available comparatively at low cost where as other are available cheaply are called non commercial source of energy. Human labour and bullocks exemplify the category of non commercial source of energy. Human labour and animals are readily available and can be used as a source of power directly. The energy input of various direct sources of power is given in Table 2. Continuous demand in increasing food production resulted in intensive use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides, agricultural machinery and other natural recourses. Many researchers have studies energy and economic analysis to determine the energy efficiency of plant production, such as sugarcane in Morocco, Soyabean, maize and wheat in Italy. To get higher productivity, the farmer s in general use their sources in excess and inefficiently, particularly when those are priced low or free or are available in plenty. Among management practices, efficient use of nonmonetary inputs such as water management, time and method of fertilizer application, selection of cultivar, plant density, seedling age, transplanting and harvesting schedules are some of the important means to enhance the rice productivity. In Kashmir transplanting is the major method of growing rice in which rice seedlings are grown in a nursery then uprooted and transplanted into well puddled field. For transplanted seedlings, age of seedling is the major factor in determining yield. The ideal age of transplanting is governed by duration of All rights Reserved Page 186

3 and field condition. Time of planting and age of seedling are two cultural practices which influence the growth, yield and energy output. In this paper all the farm operations for cultivation of rice from nursery preparation to transplanting and harvesting are converted in terms of energy utilized by each operation in MJ. The output yield of rice and straw is also converted into energy output in terms of MJ (Mittal and Dhawan Mittal et al 1974,1985). In India, agriculture not only provides food for all but also employs 70 per cent of the population, generates 40 per cent of the national income and consumes about 10 per cent of the commercial forms of the energy. Crop cultivation requires application of both animate (bullock, human power) and inanimate (tractors, tillers etc.) forms of energy at different stages. Nutrients are provided through farmyard manure, chemical fertilizers or both. Pesticides are required to check or prevent pest attack. Irrigation is done either manually (manually and animal operated) or through diesel/electric pump set (to fill ground water). To meet the basic food needs of our expanding human population, a productive sustainable agricultural system must become a major priority. The delectable resources are fossil fuels, which are nonrenewable since the rate of their utilization exceeds the rate at which they are formed. Energy used in agricultural production has become more intensive due to fossil fuel, chemical fertilizer, pesticide, machinery and electricity to provide substantial increase in food production. Efficient use of energy is one of the principle requirements of sustainable agriculture. Many researchers have studied energy and economic analysis to determine the energy efficiency of plant production such as Isabgual seed in Spain (Modi et al., 2011) and in rainfed wheat in Iran (Yousefi et al., 2009). To get higher productivity, farmers in general use their resources in excess and inefficiently, particularly when these are priced low or are available in plenty. In modern agricultural systems, the practice involve a shift to a package of improved inputs to achieve greater levels of output, other energy inputs are used to enhance the energy transformations. Energy assessment in agriculture can be made by taking into account the whole system of agriculture or for a specific crop production. In case of crop production, the entire system has to be considered and energy balance of total input and output is evaluated Energy as a critical aspect of national development process. It is expended in agricultural operation in food processing and transportation, in the production of fertilizer, pesticides and farm equipments. The energy sources both animate and inanimate are involved in rice crop production in our valley. The direct sources of energy are those that release the energy directlylike man power, bullocks, stationary and mobile mechanical or electric power units viz., diesel engines, electric motors, power tiller and tractor s. Energy use in agricultural production has become more intensive due to the use of fossil fuel, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, machinery and electricity to provide substantial increases in food production. Efficient use of energy is one of the principal requirements of sustainable agriculture. Many researchers have studied energy and economic analysis to determine the energy efficiency of plant production, such as sugarcane in Moroco, apple in Iran, cucumber in Iran. To get higher productivity the farmers in general, use their resources in excess and inefficiently, particularly when these are priced low or free or are available in plenty under Kashmir conditions for cultivation of rice. So the present study reveals with output input energy use in rice crop. The aim of the study is to determine the total amount of input output energy used in rice and to take decisions with regards to energy management to crop production under temperate conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the total amount of input output energy used in rice production under temperate condition of Kashmir. The energy use efficiency, the energy productivity, the specific energy and net energy were calculated using the following All rights Reserved Page 187

4 Energy ratio = Energy output (MJ/ha) Energy input (MJ/ha) Energy productivity = Grain output (MJ/ha) Grain input (MJ/ha) Specific Energy = Energy input (MJ/ha) Grain output (/ha) Net energy (MJ/ha) = energy outputenergy input Energy consumed in raising seedling for 1 ha= MJ while from transplanting to harvest is MJ, total energy utilized for rice cultivation on 1 hactre of land = energy utilized in raising seedling (table 3) + energy utilized in total crop duration from transplanting to harvest (table 4) = ( MJ MJ) thus the total energy utilized in rice crop on 1 ha of land under temperate conditions accounts to MJ/ha. Data in table 1 reveals that under temperate conditions and varieties grown eg, Jehlum, SR1 and local races grown by the farmers as well as research conducted by the university and data recorded by the line department a farmer on an average gets yield of 70 qtls/ha with straw yield of 8090 qtls under all optimum conditions sown at a seed rate of 60 kgs / ha. Thus taking this data into consideration a farmer gets returns in MJ in an 1 ha of land One kg of cereal crop grain gives 14.7 MJ of energy while 12.5 kgs of straw produces 18 MJ of energy which means total yield recovered in terms of energy =(14.7x /12.5x18) MJ. Thus growing rice crop on 1 ha of land with recommended package &practices and assuming ideal soil and weather conditions can produce MJ energy from grains and MJ from straw (Table 2). Total energy accounts to MJ. Which is very much higher compared to rabi crop Brown sarson which takes on an average 215 days upto maturity while rice crop under temperate conditions matures in days. Data reveals that rice is high energy efficient as compared to Brown sarson. The energy use efficiency, the energy productivity, the specific energy and net energy were calculated using the following formula. Energy ratio = Energy output (MJ/ha) Energy input (MJ/ha) = / = 7.5 Energy productivity = Grain output (MJ/ha) Grain input (MJ/ha) = 14.7x7000/60x14.7 =102900/882 = Specific Energy = Energy input (MJ/ha) Grain output (/ha) = /7000 =2.1733MJ/kg Net energy (MJ/ha) = energy outputenergy input = = say 9918 The rice crop on calculating energy in terms of ratio is 7.5 with an energy productivity of MJ /ha also specific energy was calculated which accounts to 2.1 MJ/kg with Net energy gain of II. CONCLUSION Under temperate conditions of Kashmir, the total energy utilized in rice crop on 1 ha of land under temperate conditions accounts to MJ/ha with an output of MJ/ha. In terms of ratio it All rights Reserved Page 188

5 7.5 with an energy productivity of MJ /ha also specific energy was calculated which accounts to 2.1 MJ/kg with Net energy gain of , which suggests to be economically viable to the farmers growing rice under temperate Jammu and Kashmir BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Economic Survey Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Jammu and Kashmir Govt., Srinagar [2] FAO Production statistics. Food and Agriculture Organization, Room, pp.567. [3] FAOSTAT Statistical databases. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Rome. http// [4] IRRISTAT, Rice statistics. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines. ricestat. [5] Mittal, J.P. and Dhawan, K.C Energy requirement in Agricultural sector. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. [6] Mittal, J.P. and Dhawan, K.C Energy Parameters for Raising Crops Under Various Irrigations Treatments in Indian Agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 25 : [7] Mittal, J.P., Sexena, R.P. and Singh, I.J The mathematical expression of cost analysis of farm equipment. Indian Journal Agricultural Economics 19(1) : [8] Modi, V.M. Desai, N.N. and Patel, D. B Energy management in Isabgul processing plant. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry 10(7) : [9] Yousefi, M., Damghani, A.M., Khoshbakht, K. and Veisi, H Renewable and nonrenewable energy use pattern of rainfed wheat agroecosystems in Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal 13(6) : Table 1. General description of rice varieties cultivated in temperate Kashmir Parameter Variety Jhelum Shalimar Rice1 SKUA403 Parentage Jakkoku x IET1444 China1007 x IET Javae x K Yield potential (t ha 1 ) Panicle length (cm) cm 1000 grain weight (g) Average plant height (cm) Days to maturity ` 136 Table 2: Energy equivalent of input in agricultural production. Particulars Units Energy (MJ) Remarks Equivalent INPUTS Human labour (a) Adult man (b) Woman Man hour Woman hour Adult Woman=0.8 adult man Khild =0.5 adult man. (c) Child Child hour 0.98 ANIMALS (a)bullocks (i) large (ii) Medium (iii) Small (b) Buffalo (He) Pair hour Pair hour Body Weight > 450 kg kg < 350 kg He buffalo = 1.5 Medium All rights Reserved Page 189

6 DIESEL Litre includes cost PETROL Litre Of lubricants. ELECTRICITY KHz MACHINERY (a) Electric Motor (b) Self Propelled Machines (c) Farm machinery FERTILIZERS (i) N (ii) P 2 O 5 (iii) K 2 O FYM CHEMICALS Superior ZNSO 4 Inferior chemicals (dry mass) Distribute the Weight of the machinery equally over the total lige span of the machinery in hrs. Estimate the quantity used. Chemical requirey dilution at the time of application. DDT, gypsum & others not require dilution. Table 3: Energy equivalent of output in agricultural production. Particulars Units Equivalent energy Remarks (MJ) OUTPUT (1) Cereals & Pulses (dry mass) 14.7 The main input is grain. (2) Oilseeds 25.0 The main output is seed except for Ground nut where it is pod. (3) Sugarcane harvested mass (4) Vegetables (i) Higher food value Sweet Potato, Tapioca. (ii) Medium food value Potato, beet root, Colacasia (iii) low food value carrot, radish, onion, beet root (5) Fruit for Seed Vegetables 1.9 (6) Ground family vegetables 0.8 (7) Leafy vegetable 0.8 (8) Fruits (i) Higher food value Tannid, grapes (ii) low food value (9) Fibre crops by man 11.8 (10) Fuel crops 18.0 (11) Fodder crops All rights Reserved Page 190

7 By PRODUCTS Straw 12.5 dry mass 18.0 Table: 4. General evaluation of energy for rising of rice seedling for one ha. Operations Inputs No/Qty Energy MJ equivalent (A)Power cost 1. Tractorization 2 2 hr ploughs 2. Tillage with 1 pair bulluas Pudding Energy of cultivation of Nursery 500 m 2 (A)Material cost 1. Seed Fertilizers 2. Urea 3. DAP 4. MOP B. Labour 1. Land preparation 2. Puddling 3. Layout 4. Supplicating of manure & fertilizer 5. Uprooting of Seedling 6.Transportation of Seedling 7. Irrigation & after care 60 kg 9 kg 5 kg 3.3 kg 2. Man days 2. Man days 2 Man days 1. Man days 4. Man days 2. Man days 2. Man days Table: 5. General evaluation of energy utilized in rice crop from transplanting to harvesting. (A) Power cost Qnty / NO Energy equivalent 1. Tractorization 2. Puddling 3. Tillings 2. Puddlings MJ (B) Material cost Fertilizers Urea P 2 O 5 K 2 O 152 kg /ha 60 kg/ha 40kg/ha dry mass. (0.3) Spreading of FYM and Fertilizers 4 man hour Machete 30 kg 10.0 Spreading of Machete 2 Man days Transplanting 40 Man days Hand Weeding 20 man days Irrigation 3000 m m(1.2 All rights Reserved Page 191

8 MJ/m 3 ) Labour for Irrigation 15 Labour Harvesting 20 Man days Tieing 10 Man days Cleaning etc. 18 Man days Energy MJ utilized from transplanting to harvest = MJ *MJ denotes Mega All rights Reserved Page 192