The YIIFSWA protocol for enhancing seed yam quality and fostering seed yam certification in West Africa

Transcription

1 The YIIFSWA protocol for enhancing seed yam quality and fostering seed yam certification in West Africa Lava Kumar International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) N Maroya (IITA), B. Aighewi (IITA), E.J. Zidafamor (NASC), S.A. Adzivor (PPRSD), E. Boateng (CRI), F.A. Oppong (CRI), I. Kalu (NRCRI), I. Ikoro (NRCRI), S. Alhassan (SARI), P.A. Danquah (GLDB), E.A. Asamoh (GLDB) and D. Coyne (IITA) Presentation # S16-001; 20 January 2016, World Congress on Root and Tuber Crops, Nanning, China

2 Outline 1. Seed yam production in West Africa and YIIFSWA purpose 2. Technologies for quality seed production 3. Review of seed yam certification standards 4. Revised seed yam quality management protocol

3 Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Multispecies crop propagated using tubers D. rotundata > D. alata > D. cayenensis are the dominant species 92% of the 63 million t of global edible yam production is confined to West Africa

4 Yam is propagated using seed tubers Seed yam ~200 to 500 g Ware yam ~1.5 to 4 kg

5 Novel methods Conventional methods Seed yam production Seed yam Ware yam Minisetts Aeroponics Vine cuttings Bioreactors Micro/ minitubers

6 About 30 to 40% of the harvested yam is used as seed yam Seed yam constitutes 40-50% of the total yam production costs Seed yam quality is an important attribute to attain optimum ware yam yield and quality Unavailability of quality seed yam has been identified as major constraint to yam production in West Africa

7 Kg Pests and diseases are major factors for reduced yield and quality Foliar diseases reduces yields Mosaic (Yam mosaic virus, Yam mild mosaic virus) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) Weight of 20 tubers Infected Healthy 0 Healthy Infected

8 Pests and diseases are major factors for reduced yield and quality Foliar diseases reduces yields Mosaic (virus) and anthracnose (fungus) Tuber diseases affects quality Nematodes, insects and rots Nematodes Beetles Wet rot Mealybugs/scales Degeneration during storage (~2 months storage for breaking dormancy)

9 Pests and diseases are major factors for reduced yield and quality Foliar diseases reduces yields Mosaic (virus) and anthracnose (fungus) Tuber diseases affects quality Nematodes, insects and rots Pests and diseases affects seed yam health Poor germination, poor plant performance and seed degeneration

10 -Recycling of contaminated seed -Farmers save small and poor seed for planting -Contaminated seed acts as vehicles for spread of pests and pathogens from generation-to-generation -Unavailability of clean seed yam stocks of popular cultivars -Most seed stocks of improved and landraces are contaminated

11 Category 2 Category 1 Nematodes Beetles Scales Mealy bugs Termites Fungi & bacteria Sorting & Curing (chemical /physical treatment) Virus infection Selection & Virus elimination

12 Avg. current yield in WA (t/ha) t/ha seed Fungi Virus Nematode Soil Drought Weed Seed Anth Vir Nem Rot Addressing seed quality can enhance yields by ~4.9 t /ha 10 Var Agron Actual

13 YIIFSWA (funded by BMGF) Yam Improvement for Income and Food Security in West Africa (YIIFSWA) Nigeria and Ghana (47.6 million t production; represents 75% of the global yam production) Purpose Develop yam seed systems to ensure availability of sufficient quantities of pest- and disease-free seed yam on a commercially viable basis capable of increasing yam yields by at least 50%. Develop technologies for high ratio propagation of high quality pre-basic, basic and certified seed yams, and also improve the quality of farmer saved seed yam. Develop effective technologies for managing the quality of seed yams

14 Interventions for seed quality improvement High ratio propagation technologies Procedures for production of virusfree plants Diagnostic tools for virus indexing Quality management protocol (certification)

15 Sensitive & Robust Virus Diagnostic Tools Developed Yam mosaic virus, Yam mild mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus Type Purpose Stage of development Multiplex RT-PCR Antibodies for YMV, YMMV and Badnavirus Simultaneous detection of 3 RNA viruses ELISA, IC-PCR and LFD based diagnostics Completed Completed RT-LAMP and RPA (YMV & YMMV) On-site tool kit Completed Single tube multiplex PCR RT-LAMP

16 Private Seed Sector Exposure Visit 6 August 2015 On-site diagnostic tests Lateral flow immuno detection test for YMV LAMP and RPA for YMV and YMMV

17 Variety Mini-setts Vines Adaka Aloshi Amola Gbangu Obioturugu Ogini Tdr 89/ Production of virus-free planting material

18 Indexing process

19 Minisetts Vine propagation Aeroponics Tissue culture (Bioreactors) Production Field Screenhouse (vine cuttings/aeroponics) Lab (tissue culture/bioreactors) High-ratio seed yam propagation technologies

20 Quality seed production status Vine propagation Aeroponics Tissue culture (bioreactors) Free from pests, fungi and viruses (cleanest seed stock) Infusion for production of pre-basic seed just begun Minisetts Production of pest and fungi-free seed yam Used for pre-basic, basic and certified seed production

21 Quality management protocol ECOWAS Standards ECOWAS Certification Standards for Root and Tuber Plant Seed C/REG.4/05/2008 National seed certification standards for yam in Nigeria and Ghana Pre-basic (Breeder seed) Basic (Foundation seed) Certified seed (Commercial seed)

22 Quality management protocol Field preparation Pre-planting Planting Post-planting (field assessment) Harvest and storage Procurement of seeds (authentic source) Preparation of seeds (sorting and treatment Planting (spacing) Agronomy (rouging, weeding, staking) Harvest Post-harvest sorting (size) and cleaning (soil, treatment) Bagging and labelling Storing

23 Rarely used in Nigeria or Ghana Breeder seed: produced by breeders Quality management protocol Ex-ante assessment Foundation and certified seed: produced by registered seed users Both released varieties and landraces certified Limited capacity for field certification Challenges in decision making based on the specified standards

24 BREEDER & FOUNDATION: Anthracnose, 0.05%; Stem Mealy Bug, 0%; White Scale Insect, 0.1%; Target spot, 0.05%; Nematodes, 0.05%, Viral Diseases, 0%. Standards for pest and diseases ECOWAS NIGERIA GHANA BREEDER & FOUNDATION: Anthracnose, 0.05%; Stem Mealy Bug, 0%; White Scale Insect, 0%; Nematodes, 0%, Viral Diseases, 0%. BREEDER & FOUNDATION: Anthracnose, 0.1%; Stem Mealy Bug, 0%; White Scale Insect, 0%; Nematodes, 0%, Viral Diseases, 0% CERTIFIED: Anthracnose, 0.01%; Stem Mealy Bug, 0%; White Scale Insect, 1%; Angular Leaf, 0.1%; Nematodes, 1%, Viral Diseases, 0%. CERTIFIED: Anthracnose, 0.1%; Stem Mealy Bug, 0%; White Scale Insect, 0%; Nematodes, 0%, Viral Diseases, 0%. CERTIFIED: Anthracnose, 0.5%; Stem Mealy Bug, 0%; White Scale Insect, 0%; Nematodes, 0%, Viral Diseases, 0%.

25 Pest and disease situation in Nigeria and Ghana Surveys in 3 seasons ( ); 40 locations in each country Mean incidence and prevalence in Nigeria and Ghana (baseline) Threat Incidence Prevalence Viral disease 85% 90% Nematodes 25% 89% Anthracnose 25% 72% Insects 15% 75% Tuber rot 8% 36%

26 % incidence 20 Percent occurrence of various pests and damage to yam tubers in Nigeria DRY ROT CRACK TUBER GALL TUBER CRAZY ROOT MEALY BUG WET ROT TERMITE 10 Farms per state; 8 states in Nigeria 20 freshly harvested tubers assessed per field Total 1580 tubers

27 Current standards are too stringent for application

28 Revised Seed Yam Quality Standards Procedures to ensure healthy (free from pests and pathogens), true-to-type and quality (physical attributes). Pre-basic seed Basic seed Certificated seed

29 CURRENT SITUATION STANDARDS PARAMETERS ECOWAS NIGERIA GHANA REGISTRATION OF SEED PRODUCERS YES YES YES EVIDENCE OF SEED SOURCE YES YES YES RECOMMENDED Accept ECOWAS standards 1. Receipt of Purchase/ Delivery Note; 2. Certification Tags; 3. Branded Packaging Material. SITE SELECTION YES YES YES Suitable Soil for Seed Yam Production FIELD SHOULD NOT Advocate crop CROPPING CARRY YAM FOR AT rotation (Cereals/ HISTORY LEAST ONE YEAR YES YES Legumes) ISOLATION DISTANCE 5 M 5 M 10 M 3 M 0.05% FOR 0.05% FOR BREEDER Breeder and BREEDER & & FOUNDATION; Foundation Seed Yam: FOUNDATION, 1.10% FOR 0.1% B & F; 0.2% for 0.05%; Certified Seed OFF TYPES* CERTIFIED 0.1% CERTIFIED SEED YAM Certified Yam: 0.2% TOOLS Growers' Registration Form Make available any of the three evidences Mobile Soil Testing Equipment; Well Equipped Lab Farmers' Log Book GPS; Measuring Tape Cultivar descriptors

30 Standards for Pests and Diseases (Maximum tolerance) Existing Standards Yam QMP** ECOWAS* NIGERIA* GHANA* Pre-basic & Basic seed Anthracnose, 0.05% Mealybug, 0% Scale Insect, 0.1% Target spot, 0.05% Nematodes, 0.05% Viral diseases, 0% Certified seed Anthracnose, 0.01% Mealybug, 0% Scale Insect, 1% Target spot, 0.1% Nematodes, 1%, Viral diseases, 0% Pre-basic & Basic seed Anthracnose, 0.05% Mealybug, 0% Scale Insect, 0% Target spot, 0% Nematodes, 0% Viral diseases, 0% Certified Seed: Anthracnose, 0.1% Mealybug, 0% Scale Insect, 0% Nematodes, 0% Viral diseases, 0% Pre-basic & Basic seed Anthracnose, 0.1% Mealybug, 0% Scale Insect, 0% Target spot, 0% Nematodes, 0% Viral diseases, 0% Certified Seed: Anthracnose, 0.5% Mealybug, 0% Scale Insect, 0% Nematodes, 0%, Viral diseases, 0%. Pre-basic & Basic seed Anthracnose, 10% Mealybug, 10% Scale Insect, 10% Target spot, 10% Nematodes, 10% Viral diseases, 10% Certified Seed Anthracnose, 20% Mealybug, 20% Scale Insect, 20% Nematodes, 20% Target spot, 20% Viral diseases, 20% *Values are incidence in current standards **Values are incidence of plants exceeding severity point score This values will gradually revised towards high stringency.

31 STANDARDS CURRENT SITUATION PARAMETERS ECOWAS NIGERIA GHANA RECOMMENDED NUMBER OF INSPECTIONS Minimum of 3 PRE-PLANTING; PRE-PLANTING; 90 VEGETATIVE: 120 DAP STAGES OF AT 90 DAP; 150 DAP AT 90 DAP; 150 DAP DAP; 150 DAP & 200 +/- 14 DAYS; POST- INSPECTION & 200 DAP & 200 DAP DAP HARVEST INSPECTION PATTERN NONE NONE NONE CERTIFICATION NONE NONE NONE Sampling Block of 5 M x 20 M (Subject to Review) 1. Issuance of Certificate; 2. Packaging in Net Bags/ Jute Sacks with Certification Tags. TOOLS Cultivar descriptor GPS; Measuring Tape Field Standard Manual

32 STANDARDS CURRENT SITUATION PARAMETERS ECOWAS NIGERIA GHANA NUMBER OF PLANTS TO BE EVALUATED PER HA NONE NONE NONE BREEDER & FOUNDATION: 150g- FOUNDATION: 100g- WEIGHT OF 300g; CERTIFIED: 150g; CERTIFIED: SEED TUBER 200g-400g 100g-150g TUBERS NOT CONFORMIN G TO SPECIFIC SIZE OR WEIGHT CUT, BRUISED OR UNSHAPED BREEDER & FOUNDATION: MAX, 5%; CERTIFIED: MAX, 5% BREEDER & FOUNDATION: MAX, 1%; CERTIFIED: MAX, 1% BREEDER & FOUNDATION: MAX, 5%; CERTIFIED: MAX, 5% BREEDER & FOUNDATION: MAX, 1%; CERTIFIED: MAX, 1% FOUNDATION: 100g- 300g; CERTIFIED: 100g-300g BREEDER & FOUNDATION: MAX, 5%; CERTIFIED: MAX, 5% BREEDER & FOUNDATION: MAX, 1%; CERTIFIED: MAX, 1% BAGGING AND LABELING NONE NONE NONE RECOMMENDED 4 Sampling Blocks of 5 M x 20 M with a minimum of 50 plants per Block BREEDER & FOUNDATION: 150g- 300g; CERTIFIED: 200g-400g BREEDER & FOUNDATION: MAX, 5%; CERTIFIED: MAX, TOOLS GPS; Measuring Tape Mobile Scale 5% Visual BREEDER & FOUNDATION: MAX, 1%; CERTIFIED: MAX, 1% Visual 25 Kg Weight in Nylon Net Bags, Labelled in side and outside Nylon Net Bags; Certification Tags and Labels

33 Training Workshop on QMP to national seed certification authorities

34 Conclusions First example of using severity based criteria for pest thresholds in seed certification Revised QMP is practicable way to improve quality seed yam production under regulatory supervision Pest and disease standards needs to be revised every 2-3 years, accounting the changes in seed systems

35 Thanks for your attention