Study No. 142 Publication No. 190

Transcription

1 Study No. 142 Publication No. 190 Possibilities and Constraints in Adoption of Alternative Crops to Paddy in Green Revolution belt of North India (Western U.P.) Prof. Ramendu Roy 2014 Agro-Economic Research Centre University of Allahabad Allahabad

2 PREFACE Prior to Green Revolution, India was facing acute shortage of foodgrains to fulfill the consumption needs of the people. The huge quantities of wheat were imported from USA under PL 480 to meet the consumption requirement of the people across the country. After advent of Green Revolution in the country, the diversion in cropped area has taken place very fast in favour of rice and wheat. The expansion of irrigation net-works, use of HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, new scientific techniques, adoption of mechanization in agriculture, etc. were also cause of diversification of areas under coarse grains, pulses and oilseeds towards rice and wheat crops. On account of use of new strategy in rice and wheat crops, the yield and profitability of these two crops have increased manifold in comparison to its competing crops. In order to get high yield and maximum profitability, the farmers had devoted maximum area to rice and wheat crops in the cropping pattern than other crops. The rice-wheat has become common rotation in cropping sequence. The repeating of rice-wheat rotation is in neither good for soil health nor agro-ecosystem. In spite of this, dwindling ground water resources due to excessive withdrawal of water for irrigation, led to impurities in water, a cause of attendant crop health effect. This mono- cropping system is also cause of stagnancy in the yield of rice and wheat. Because of this, the profitability of rice and wheat crops has been showing the diminishing trends since last decade. The continuous adoption of rice wheat rotation is also cause of infestation weeds, contamination of ground water, incidences of pests, diseases and deterioration of soil health. Hence, it is needed to diversify the area under paddy to its competing crops to improve the soil texture, check the depleting ground water and enhance the farm income. To maintain the dynamic equilibrium of agro-ecosystem and improve the quality of soil texture, the diversification of area of paddy to maize, bajra, urd etc are most important task at present scenario. In this context, Government of India has issued guidelines for crops diversifying in original Green Revolution belts of the country. Nine states of the country have been covered under this programme. The finance Ministry has provided an amount Rs. 500 crores to nine states for this programme to diversify the area of

3 paddy to alternative crops in year Among nine states, U.P. is one of them, where this programme has been initiated during The area under paddy was thousand hectares in U.P. in year TE which has significantly increased to thousand hectares in TE , there by showing 89.47% increase over the period. Out of GCA during , paddy accounted for 23% area alone in U.P. The area under paddy has been continuously increasing from year to year since in U.P. On account of this, the ground water table in paddy producing districts of Uttar Pradesh has been going down and will pose a cute shortage of drinking water in years to ahead. In the wake of this emerging scenario in the country, Government of India is advising to the rice producing states to motivate the farmers to devote some areas to alternative crops from paddy. The decline in ground water table has been observed maximum in western region of Uttar Pradesh. The same observation has also been noticed in Punjab and Haryana states. Therefore, AER Centre, Ludhiyana has proposed to undertake a study entitled Possibility and Constraints in Adoption of Alternative Crops to Paddy in Green Revolution Belt of North India. On the advice of AER Centre Ludhiyana, the AER Centre, Allahabad has also conducted this study in six districts namely, Aligarh, Mainpuri, Buland Shahar, Barielly and Amroha of western region of Uttar Pradesh. The total 210 sample farmers were selected from six mentioned districts of west U.P. for the study. The research methodology and analysis of secondary and primary data have been followed as per guidelines of Co-ordinator Centre, Ludhiyana. The over all findings of the study are that the paddy is still dominant crop on the sample farms due to its higher yield and net income in comparison to alternative crops. The production efficiencies and marketing efficiency of paddy are also better than the bajra, maize, urd etc. However, the farmers are now realizing the importance of alternative crops and giving weightage in cropping pattern. I am highly obliged to Director of AER Centre, Ludhiyana (Punjab) to provide us an opportunity to under-take this study in western region of U.P. I am also thankful to Director of Agriculture and Director of Economics and Statistics of Uttar Pradesh for their full

4 support and cooperation in smooth conduct of the study in six selected districts of western region of U.P. The Deputy Director of Agriculture of Aligarh, Mainpuri, Buland Shahar, Mathura, Bareilly and Amorha had provided full support to research team of the centre, during the collection of secondary and primary data of the study. I am thankful to them. My appreciation also goes to research team members namely Shri Ramji Pandey, Shri S. N. Shukla, Shri R.S. Maurya, Shri Hasib Ahmad and Dr. H.C. Malviya for doing hard work in the completing the study. Smt. N. Nigam and Shri Ovesh Ahmad have also done excellent work in compilation of secondary data. Computer typing of manuscript of the report and posted the data on M.S. Excel has been done by Smt. N. Nigam. I pay my good wishes to them. The report has been drafted by Shri D.K. Singh, Ex. Research Officer of the Centre for which he deserves the credit. The ministerial and technical staff of Centre have also supported in the completion of the report. I am thankful to them. I also acknowledge the help of sample farmers to support the research team during filling up the schedules and questionnaires of the study. Any comments and suggestions for the improvement in the report are solicited and will be acknowledged thankfully. Agro-Economic Research Centre University of Allahabad Allahabad. (Ramendu Roy) Prof. & Hon. Director Date

5 CREDIT Overall Supervision Prof. Ramendu Roy Drafting of Report Collection of Primary Data Tabulation & Analysis of Data Posting of Data on M.S. Excel & Computer Typing Secretarial Services Xeroxing Support Services Shri D.K. Singh, Ex R.O. Shri Ramji Pandey Shri. S.N. Shukla Shri R.S. Maurya Shri Hasib Ahmad Dr. H.C. Malviya Shri Ramji Pandey Smt. Nirupama Nigam Smt. M.R. Kesherwani & Shri S. D. Singh Shri H.C. Upadhyay Shri Raju Kumar Shri Virendra Kumar

6 CONTENTS Preface Credit Contents List of Tables Pages Chapter-1 Chapter-2 Chapter-3 Introduction Production Status for major Kharif Crops in State and Six Selected districts Socio-Economic Characteristics of Growers Chapter-4 Chapter-5 Chapter-6 Chapter-7 Economics of Production for Paddy vis-à-vis Competing Crops on the Sample Farms, Constraints/Potentials Analysis for Various Alternative Crops Suggestions to Increase the Yield of Competing Crops Summary, Conclusion, Major Findings and Policy Implications References Appendix-1 Appendix-2

7 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title of Tables Page No. Chapter I Table-I Selected Units Chapter II Table (a) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , in U.P. Table (b) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , Sample district -I (Aligarh) Table (c) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , Sample district -II (Mathura) Table (d) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , Sample district -III (Buland Shahar) Table (e) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , Sample district IV (Mainpuri) Table (F) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , Sample district V (Bareilli) Table (g) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , Sample district VI (Amroha) Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table (d) Table (e) Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) for major kharif crops, to , in U.P. Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) for major kharif crops, to , Sample district I (Aligarh) Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) for major kharif crops, to , Sample district II (Mathura) Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) for major kharif crops, to , Sample district III (Buland Shahar) Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) for major kharif crops, to , Sample district IV(Mainpuri)

8 Table (f) Table (g) Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) for major kharif crops, to , Sample district V (Bareilly) Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) for major kharif crops, to , Sample district VI (Amroha) Table 2.2 Procurement of Major Kharif Crops by different Agencies, to , Chapter III Table: 3.1 General Characteristics of sample households, , Table: 3.2 Average land holding of sample households, Table 3.3 Average Farm inventory ownership, sample households, Table 3.3 (a) Total value of farm inventory, ownership, sample households, Table Cropping Pattern of sample households, Table Potential alternative crops to paddy crop as perceived by Sample households, Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table (d) Production and Crop retention pattern of Paddy, sample households, Production and Crop retention pattern of Competing crop -I (Bajra) sample households, Production and Crop retention pattern of Competing (Maize), sample households, Production and Crop retention pattern of Competing crop III (Urd), sample households, Table (a) Disposal pattern of paddy, sample households, Table (b) Table (c) Table (d) Disposal pattern of Competing Crop-1 (Bajra), sample households, Disposal pattern of Competing Crop-II (Maize), sample households, Disposal pattern of Competing Crop-III (Urd), sample households, Chapter IV

9 Table 4.1 (a) Table 4.1 (b) Table 4.1 (c) Table 4.1 (d) Table 4.2 (a) Table 4.2 (b) Table 4.2 (c) Input use pattern for cultivation of paddy, sample households, Input use pattern for cultivation of competing crop I (Bajra), sample households, Input use pattern for cultivation of competing crop-ii (Maize), sample households, Input use pattern for cultivation of competing crop III (Urd), sample households, Cost of cultivation (Variable cost) of paddy, sample households, Cost of cultivation (Variable cost) of Bajra, sample households, Cost of cultivation (Variable cost) of Maize, sample households, Table 4.2 (d) Cost of cultivation (Variable cost) of Urd, sample households, Table 4.3 Table Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table (d) Economics of paddy vis-à-vis competing crops, sample households, Estimated yield function paddy vis-à-vis competing crops, sample households, The Marginal Value Product (MVP) and Marginal Factor Cost (MFC) of Important inputs for paddy, sample households, The Marginal Value Product (MVP) and Marginal Factor Cost (MFC) of Important inputs for Bajra, sample households, The Marginal Value Product (MVP) and Marginal Factor Cost (MFC) of Important inputs for Maize, sample households, The Marginal Value Product (MVP) and Marginal Factor Cost (MFC) of Important inputs for Urd, sample households, Chapter V Table (a) Reasons for attraction to paddy as revealed by farmers, sample farms,

10 Table (b) Table (c) Table (d) Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table (d) Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table (a) Table (b) Reasons for attraction to competing crop I (Bajra) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Reasons for attraction to competing crop II (Maize) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Reasons for attraction to competing crop III (Urd) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Main problems faced during production of paddy as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Main problems faced during production of competing crop I (Bajra) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Main problems faced during production of competing crop II (Maize) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Main problems faced during production of competing crop III (Urd) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of Diseases faced during basmati rice production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of Insects/pests faced during basmati rice production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of weeds faced during basmati rice production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of Diseases faced during maize production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of Insects/pests faced during maize production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of weeds faced during maize production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of Diseases faced during bajra production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of Insects/pests faced during bajra production as revealed by farmers, sample farms,

11 Table (c) Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table (a) Table (b) Table (c) Table 6.1 (a) Problems of weeds faced during bajra production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of Diseases faced during Urd production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of Insects/pests faced during Urd production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of weeds faced during Urd production as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems of environment stress faced during production of competing crop I (Bajra)as revealed by farmers, sample farms, State, Problems of environment stress faced during production of competing crop II( Maize) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, State, Problems of environment stress faced during production of competing crop III( Urd) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, State, Problems regarding inputs faced during production of competing crop I (Bajra) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems regarding inputs faced during production of competing crop II (Maize) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems regarding inputs faced during production of competing crop III (Urd) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems faced during marketing of produce for competing crop I (Bajra) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems faced during marketing of produce for competing crop II (Maize) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Problems faced during marketing of produce for competing crop III (Urd) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Chapter VI Suggestions to increase yield of competing crop I (Bajra) as revealed by farmers, sample farms,

12 Table 6.1 (b) Table 6.1 (c) Table 6.2 (a) Table 6.2 (b) Table 6.2 (C) Table 6.3 (a) Table 6.3 (b) Table 6.3 (c) Table 6.4 Suggestions to increase yield of competing crop II (Maize) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Suggestions to increase yield of competing crop III (Urd) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Suggestions to researchers to increase yield of competing crop I (Bajra) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Suggestions to researchers to increase yield of competing crop II (Maize) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Suggestions to researchers to increase yield of competing crop III (Urd) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Suggestions to improve marketing of produce for competing crop I (Bajra) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Suggestions to improve marketing of produce for competing crop II (Maize) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Suggestions to improve marketing of produce for competing crop III (Urd) as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Suggestions to improve extension activities for the competing crops as revealed by farmers, sample farms, Chapter VII Table-7-1 Selected Units

13 CHAPTER-I Introduction Prior to introduction of Green Revolution, country was insufficient in food production to provide adequate quantity of food grains to ever growing population of the country. Huge quantity of foodgrains had been imported from foreign countries to meet the required quantity of foodgrains of people of the country. After advent of Green Revolution in the country, the production of rice and wheat has tremendously increased which was even beyond the expectation. The production of food grains was only million tones in which has gone-up to million tones in , thereby showing 381% increase over the period. This increase in production of foodgrains was mostly attributed by huge production of rice and wheat. The production of rice was million tones in which has gone up to million tones in , thereby showing 366% increase over the period. The significant growth in production of wheat was also witnessed during corresponding period. The production of wheat was only 6.46 million tones in which went up to million tones in , showing 1245% increase over the period. Since , the area under rice and wheat has been increasing at the cost of decrease of area under coarse grains, pulses and oil seeds crops. The maximum change in cropping pattern was witnessed in rice growing belts. The foodgrain crops structure has shifted in favour of rice and wheat. Crop composition has also shifted towards rice and wheat. The rice and wheat are still dominant crops across the country. The area under rice was million hectares in which has increased to million hectares in , thereby showing 16.80% increase over the period. The area under wheat was million hectares in which has gone to million hectares, showing 79.55% increase over the period. On account of higher production, low risk, high margin of profit etc, the farmers were inclined to shift the cropping pattern in favour of rice and wheat crops. These two crops also require maximum water than its competing crops. The maximum availability of ground and surface, sources of water are being utilized in the fields of rice and wheat. Hence, water is not distributed equitably and it is not used

14 efficiently. The rains due to monsoon are not only inadequate but highly unequal in respect of seasonal distribution. In recent past decade, the yield of rice and wheat has been either decreasing or stagnant due to adoption of mono-cropping sequence such as rice wheat. It is also noticed from records that net profit of both crops has been maintaining diminishing trends. This was mostly observed in North-West Plains, comprising Punjab Haryana and West U.P. These three states have been withdrawing maximum quantity of ground water for irrigation of rice crop. This happens more at time of failure of monsoon. To check the depletion of ground water table and maintain the fertility in soil, etc. in Original Green Revolution States, Government of India has constituted a Committee of Secretaries (COS) in to advice ways and means to divert the area of paddy to alternative crops in Kharif season. The continuous cultivation of rice wheat cropping system is cause of the stagnancy in rice yield, infestation of weeds, depletion of water table, incidence of pests and diseases and deterioration of soil health in Original Green Revolution states. Therefore, it calls for immediate diversification in crop rotation through promotion of technical innovations in alternative crops. This would be helpful in improving soil fertility, check the depletion of ground water and enhance the farms income. The Crop Diversification Programme has also been introduced in Punjab, Haryana and West U.P. in At least 5% area under paddy in identified blocks should be diverted towards alternative crops during The total area under paddy was thousand hectares in QE in West U.P. of which 80 thousand hectares was targeted to divert towards alternative crops during To fulfill this target, the farmers were advised to grow the maize, bajra and urd etc in place of paddy. An amount of Rs crores was remarked in this programme under RKVY funds for the year Out of total funds being Rs crores of the programme, the share of Punjab was maximum being 49.90% followed by 25.10% and 19.70% for West U.P. and Haryana respectively. The allocation of funds was maximum being 50% for demonstration followed by 23%, 15%, 2% and 10% for farm mechanization, site specific activities, contingency for

15 awareness, training and incentive for implementation of programme respectively for the year in West U.P. In order to proper grass-root-level execution of this programme, the national level, state level and district level teams have been constituted to proper implementation and monitoring of the programme. In order to popularize this programme, of Rs. 10,000 per ha. for maize, kharif pulses and oilseeds has been allotted to farmers to devote more area under these crops. The Crop Diversification Programme in western U.P. would be definitely fruitful in years to come. This would also be beneficial in maintaining the ground water level in the districts of West U.P. which has been used indiscriminately and uncontrolled by paddy growers. Uttar Pradesh is largest state in India as far as population is concerned. Of the total population of India, 16.49% population resides only in U.P. The geographical area of the state was Sq Km. in The density of population was estimated at 828 per Sq. Km against 382 Sq Km. of the country. The per capita availability of land was only 0.12 ha. in More than 70% population of the state is directly or indirectly dependent upon agriculture and allied sectors. The net area sown was thousand ha. which was 68.63% of reporting area of the state during The cropping intensity was % in corresponding period. The rice and wheat are the main crops across the state. Of GCA, the area under wheat accounted for 38% followed by 22% of rice during It shows that both crops accounted for 60% area of GCA of the State. The area under rice and wheat has been continuously increasing from to The increase in area of wheat in U.P. is also due to decrease in area of coarse cereals and pulses while the cause of increase in area under rice is due to decrease in area of millet crops and pulses. The expansion of irrigation net work coupled with high profitability, the shift has gone in favour of rice and wheat. Out of 4 economic regions of the states, the maximum shifting of area has witnessed in western region of U.P. Uttar Pradesh is one of the vast states of the country and has different types of climate conditions, topography, soil characteristic and ground water availability. On that ground, the state is divided into four economic regions namely, western, central, eastern and Bundelkhand. Among these

16 regions, western region is economically and agriculturally well advanced and much prosperous than other regions of the state. The introduction of Green Revolution was firstly introduced in western region of the state because of much availability of irrigation sources. The advent of Green Revaluation and expansion of irrigation network along with adoption of good scientific techniques, the production of rice and wheat has touched at about optimum level in the region. The new strategy made a significant impact on cropping pattern in west U.P. The Green Revolution has affected the attitudes and behaviors of farmers of west U.P. Assured irrigation is the base of new strategy in agriculture. Hence, irrigation got high priority in this region. Maximum investment was made in the installation of diesel and electric pump sets in this region. The soil of the region is agriculturally rich and irrigation potential is very high. Therefore, the farmers of this region have devoted maximum area under rice than the maize, bajra and urd in kharif season. Paddy requires heavy rainfall and assured availability of irrigation sources. The irrigation intensity is very high in this region as compared to other regions of the state. The continuous cultivation of paddy has resulted depletion of ground water and flood irrigation in paddy crop is also cause of expansion of salinity soil. Apart from this, the yield of rice is either stagnant or moving in decreasing trends. Therefore, the diversification of cropping pattern from paddy to coarse grain crops is very much needed in the districts of western region of Uttar Pradesh. Need of the Study Paddy occupied 22% of GCA in in Uttar Pradesh which has increased by 32.23% over the area in The state has contributed about 13% rice to total production of rice of the country during the past years. Uttar Pradesh is still second most important state of the country in the production of rice. Since, the advent of Green Revolution and expansion of irrigation, the diversification in cropping pattern has taken place in favour of rice. The high yield, maximum net profit and less risk in the cultivation of paddy have motivated the farmers to devote more under paddy in the state. A number of schemes were also introduced in the state to boost the production of rice in the state. The main aim of the scheme was to increase production of rice through expansion of area under rice. Since

17 1970s the farmers have been changing the cropping pattern in favour of rice in Kharif season. On account of this, cropping pattern was dominated by wheat, rice rotation. Both crops require maximum water than its competing crops. Therefore, the underground water table has been continuously going down particularly in rice growing belt of U.P. The contribution of rice and wheat production in total pool of food grains in the country was 56.35% in which has increased to 65.79%. At present the storage capacity of FCI, CWC, SWC etc is not sufficient to store the bumper production of rice and wheat. Due to lack of proper storage facilities, huge quantity of both commodities goes wastage in each year. Since, the commencement of Green Revolution, the area under rice and wheat has been continuously increasing across the country. The high productivity and profit of both crops than its competing crops have compelled to the farmers to devote more area under rice and wheat crops. The cropping pattern on farms has become unbalanced. The area under coarse cereals, millets etc has been decreasing from year to year across the country. The unbalanced adopting of cropping sequence, the incidence of pests and diseases have become more common. The use of high dose of pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers etc are producing high level pollution in water, soil and atmosphere. The water table of ground water has been going down very fast in the rice growing north belt of the country. Assured irrigation facilities are base of new strategy in agriculture. In the Five Year Plans, irrigation got high priority to get success in increasing the production of rice and wheat in the country. Apart from this, water is being polluted due to heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides in paddy crop. The soil health, soil texture etc are also much degraded because of mono cropping system. The fertility of land has been degrading because of the neglect of pulses and coarse grain crops in cropping pattern. These factors are disturbing natural soil composition. The degrading of land, erosion in soil, decrease in water table etc are much witnessed in the districts of western regions of the state. The farmers of the region are still devoting maximum area under paddy in Kharif season. Paddy is water intensive crop, hence, it is responsible for water-table depletion in tube-well irrigated areas. Due to unregulated use of canal water in paddy crop, the water logging problem has emerged in the districts of western U.P. The mono culture districts of paddy and wheat has resulted

18 into increasing the incidence of nutrient deficiency in the soil which could be posing major threats to productivity. These were posing a serious cause of concern for agricultural scientists and Government officials. There is a need to aware the farmers to diversify the cropping pattern towards coarse grains and pulses. In wake of this emerging scenario in country, the Union Government is advising to launch a Crop Diversification Programme in Haryana, Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh for sustainable agriculture with increased productivity and profitability. Hence, this study has been under taken in western U.P. because it is most problematic region of the state Objectives of the Study The following objectives have been framed for the study. a. To examine the production and procurement of paddy in U.P. b. To workout the relative economics of paddy vis-à-vis competing/alternative crops. c. To bring out the constraints in adoption of alternative crops. d. To suggest policy measure to overcome in adoption of alternative crops to paddy in Uttar Pradesh. Coverage of Crops The paddy is dominant crop of Kharif season in western of U.P. Maize, bajra and urd are important competing crops to paddy in this region. Hence, these three crops namely bajra, maize and urd have been selected for comparative analysis against paddy. Data Collection This study is based on primary and secondary data, therefore primary data were collected in well designed schedules from selected sample farmers while secondary data were collected from Directorate of Agriculture and Statistics, Krishi Bhawan, Lucknow and also from other concerned Directorates of the State.

19 Selection of Units Among the 23 districts of western region of U.P. 6 districts namely Buland Shahar, Mainpuri, Aligarh, Mathura, Bareilly and Amroha were selected. The area of Maize was found highest in Buland Shahar and Mainpuri districts in Western U.P. in 2013 while the share of area under bajra was maximum in Aligarh and Mathura districts in corresponding year. The share of area of urd was highest in Bareilly and Amroha districts during the same year. Hence, Buland Shahar and Mainpuri were selected for maize crop. Aligarh and Mathura were selected for bajra crop. Since share of area under urd was maximum in Bareilly and Amroha districts, hence these were found appropriate for the selection of urd crop. These crops were also alternative crops of paddy in Kharif season in the respective districts of western U.P. From each selected district, one block was selected randomly. From each block a cluster of 3 to 5 villages were randomly chosen. A sample of 35 farmers were selected randomly from each selected cluster spreading over various farm size categories i.e. small (less than two hectares), medium (2-10 hectares) and large (more than 10 hectares) based on the size of operational holding, making a total sample of 210 farmers, with minimum 80 for each selected crop. Thus, 108 small, 90 medium and 12 large are the sample farmers of the study. The reference year of the study is The detail of selected units is illustrated in Table-1-I

20 Table-1-1 Selected Units Name of selected Crops Bajra Name of Selected Districts % of area under selected crops to area under kharif crops No. of block selected No. of village selected No. of samples selected according to size of farmers < More than 10 Hect. Competing crop-wise selected farmers Total Paddy Bajra Maize Urd Aligarh Mathura Maize B. Shahar Mainpuri Urd Bareilly Amroha Total Note:- All the samples are paddy growers. Few sample farmers had also grown more than two selected crops on their farms during reference year Organization of the report The report is divided into seven chapters as per guideline of coordinator AER, PAU, Ludhiana. The chapter-wise details are given below:- Chapter-I Chapter-I contains introduction, status of area and production of paddy and wheat in the country and Uttar Pradesh. Significance of paddy and wheat crops in the Uttar Pradesh has been described in this chapter. The crop Diversification Programme in Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh has also been described. Need of the study, objectives, Coverage of crops, selection of units and reference year have also been covered in this chapter.

21 Chapter-2 In this chapter trends in area, production, and yield for major kharif crops from to in U.P. and six selected districts have been analyzed. Compound annual growth rates of area, production and yield of major crops from to of the state and six selected districts have also been described in this chapter. Procurement of major kharif crops by different agencies from to of state has also been dealt in this chapter. Chapter-3 Demographic characteristic of sample farmers has been described. Land resources, farm power and machinery, cropping pattern, production and disposal, etc. of select crops on the sample farms have been analyzed in this chapter. Chapter-4 This chapter contains the economics of production for paddy vis-à-vis competing crops i.e. bajra, maize and urd. The input use pattern for cultivation of paddy, bajra maize and urd has been analyzed in this chapter. The cost of cultivation, returns over variable cost, yield etc of paddy and its competing crops viz bajra, maize and urd on the sample farms have also been estimated. The estimated yield function of paddy and its competing crops have been discussed in this chapter. Chapter-5 This chapter contains the constraints/potential analysis for various alternative crops. Reasons for attraction to paddy cultivation and its competing crops viz bajra, maize and urd have been analysed in this chapter. Main problems faced during production of paddy, bajra, maize and urd have also been analysed in this chapter. Problems of diseases, pests and weeds faced by sample farms during rice, bajra, maize and urd production have also been narrated. Environmental stress

22 presented problems during last production cycle of paddy, bajra, maize and urd have been discussed. Problems regarding inputs faced during production of competing crops viz bajra, maize and urd have been analysed. Apart from this, problems faced during marketing of produce of bajra, maize and urd have been reported in the chapter. Chapter-6 This chapter contains the suggestions to increase the yield of competing crops i.e. bajra, maize and urd. Suggestions to researchers and suggestions to improve marketing produce for competing crops (bajra, maize and urd) have been discussed in this chapter. Chapter-7 This chapter contains the summary, conclusion, findings and policy implication etc. References

23 CHAPTER-2 Production status for major kharif crops in State and Six Selected Districts The chapter deals with trends in area, production and yields of major kharif crops in six selected districts and the state as a whole for the period (i) TE (ii) TE (iii)te and (iv) TE The compound growth rates of area, production and yield of major kharif crops of selected districts and state as a whole have also been estimated in different periods in this chapter. Apart from these, the procurement of major kharif crops by different agencies at different periods i.e , , and has also been analysed in this chapter (a) Trends in area, production and yield for major kharif crops from to in Uttar Pradesh. The trends in area, production and yield of major kharif crops in the state for different periods are presented in Table 2.1.1(a) Table shows that area under paddy was thousand hectares in TE in which has increased to thousand hectares in TE , showing 89.47% increase over the period. However the maximum increase in area under paddy was found during TE The production of paddy has been continuously increasing from TE to TE in U.P. The production of paddy was thousand metric tones in TE which has gone upto thousand metric tones in TE showing 468% increase over the period. The yield of paddy was 7.67 qtls per ha. in TE which has increased to qtls per ha. in TE thereby showing 201% increase over the period. It shows that area, production and yield of paddy have positive rate of growth during the study periods. The pace of growth in production of paddy was more than area and yield during the study periods. The highest rate of growth in yield is recorded during TE in U.P. Against this, the maximum rate of growth in area and production of paddy is

24 witnessed during TE It shows that area, production and yield of paddy have significantly increased in TE , TE and TE from the area, production and yield in TE It reflects that the farmers of U.P. have been increasing the area under paddy since the commencement of Green Revolution. Table (a) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , in U.P. Crops TE TE TE TE Paddy Maize Bajra Urd Cotton Sugar cane Pulses Total food Grains Total oilseed Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Note: TE indicates Triennium Ending Average Area: 000 ha., Production: 000 metric tonnes and Yield: qtl/ha

25 Table-2.1.1(a) reflects that area and production of maize have maintained the decreasing trends during corresponding periods. The area under maize was thousand hectares in TE which has decreased to thousand hectares in TE , thereby showing 50.48% decrease over the period while the yield of maize has maintained the increasing trends from TE to TE The trends of growth in area of maize were negative during study periods. It shows that area under maize was shifting to another kharif crops in U.P. despite its better yield per ha. The area under bajra was thousand hectares in TE which has decreased to thousand hectares in TE , showing 14.74% decrease over the period. However, there was a marginal fluctuation in area under bajra over a period of 42 years. It is also observed from 2.1.1(a) that the production as well as yield of bajra have maintained rising trends during the study periods. There was significant increase in yield of bajra during the study periods of 42 years. The highest growth rate of yield is recorded during TE Urd is most important kharif pulse in Uttar Pradesh. Table (a) shows that area production and yield of urd have also maintained increasing trends over a period of 42 years. The area under urd was thousand hectares in TE which has gone up to thousand hectares in TE showing % increase over the period, while yield rate of urd varied from 1.49 qtls per ha in TE to 6.69 qtls per ha. in TE It reflects from the table (a) that the area, production and yield of urd have positive rate of growth during the study periods. As far as other Kharif crops is concerned, table-2.1.i(a) shows that area, production and yield of sugarcane and pulses have significantly increased in U.P. in the study period. It may be concluded with this impression that among Kharif crops of U.P. the maximum decline in area under maize was witnessed during the study periods. The area, production and yield of most of other important kharif crops of U.P. have maintained rising trends in U.P. during the study periods.

26 2.1.1 (b) Trends in area, production and yield for major kharif crops from to in sample district-i (Aligarh) The trends of area, production and yield of major kharif crops in TE TE TE and TE of Aligarh district have been worked out in Table (b). Aligarh district was selected for bajra crop for the purpose of the study. Table (b) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , Sample district I (Aligarh) Crops TE TE TE TE Paddy Maize Bajra Urd Cotton Sugar cane Pulses Total food Grains Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Total oilseed Production Yield Note: TE indicates Triennium Ending Average Area: 000 ha., Production: 000 metric tonnes and Yield: qtl /ha

27 It is noticed from Table (b) that area under maize, bajra, sugarcane, pulses and oilseeds has come down in TE from the area in TE There was a major shift of area in favour of paddy crop in the district. Against this, the yield of mentioned crops has increased during the corresponding periods. The area under paddy was thousand hectares in TE which has gone upto thousand hectares in TE , thereby showing 233% increase over the period while the area under maize and bajra has declined by 74.83% and 14.12% in TE from the area of TE respectively. The area of urd, maize and bajra has been decreasing trends during study periods. The yield of major kharif crops of the district has positive growth throughout entire study periods. The area under maize, bajra, sugarcane, oilseeds and pulses has been continuously shifting in favour of paddy crop during the study periods. On account of this, the area under paddy of this district has increased to 33.73% and 233% in TE and TE from the area in TE respectively (C)Trends in area, production and yield for major kharif crops from to in sample district II (Mathura). The trends in area, production and yield for major kharif crops in TE , TE , TE and TE of Mathura district are worked out in table 2.1.1(c ). Mathura district was also selected for bajra crop because it was found competing crop to paddy crop. The area of bajra was thousand hectares in TE which has drastically decreased to thousand hectares, showing decrease over the period. Table also reveals that area under bajra was maximum during TE in this district. However the yield was 6.10 qtls per ha in TE which has increased to qtls per ha. in TE , showing an increase of 115.9% over the period. The area of paddy was only 5.07 thousand hectares in TE which has gone up to thousand hectares in TE , showing 831% increase over the period. There was significant increase in area of paddy in Mathura district. Except paddy crop, the area of other kharif crops of Mathura district was decreasing from year to year. The maximum fall in area of maize, urd and sugarcane is witnessed in Mathura district during the study periods. It shows that there was much diversion of area in favour of paddy crop in this district. The area of competing crops namely bajra, maize and urd to paddy crop was decreasing during the study periods.

28 Against this, yield of major kharif crops have shown rising trends through out the study periods in this district. Table (C) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , Sample district II (Mathura) Crops TE TE TE TE Paddy Maize Bajra Urd Cotton Sugar cane Pulses Total food Grains Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Total oilseed Production Yield Note: TE indicates Triennium Ending Average Area: 000 ha., Production: 000 metric tonnes and Yield: qtl /ha

29 2.1.1(d) Trends in area, production and yield for major kharif crops from to in sample district III (Buland Shahar). Buland Shahar district was selected for maize crop because it was competing crop to paddy crop. The trends in area, production and yield for major kharif crops from to are presented in table 2.1.1(d). Table (d) Trends in Area, production and yield for major kharif crops, to , Sample district III (Buland Shahar) Crops TE TE TE TE Paddy Maize Bajra Urd Cotton Sugar cane Pulses Total food Grains Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Total oilseed Production Yield Note: TE indicates Triennium Ending Average Area: 000 ha. Production: 000 metric tonnes and Yield: qtl /ha

30 Table shows that there was a significant increase in area, production and yield of paddy in this district during the period of 42 years. The area under paddy was thousand hectares in TE which has increased to thousand hectares in TE showing 608% increase over the period. The yield per ha. was 8.66 qtls in TE which has maintained rising trends from year to year and reached upto qtls per ha. in TE , showing % increase over the period of 42 years. Table (d) shows that the production of Buland Shahar was 9.64 thousand metric tones in TE which has increased to thousand metric tones in TE , showing an increase of 1963% over the period. This shows that there was significant increase in area, production and yield of paddy crop in Buland Shahar district during the study periods. Against this, there was drastic fall in area of maize and bajra in the district during corresponding periods. However, the progress of production and yields of both crops in the district was also not satisfactory during the same periods. The progress of remaining major kharif crops of the district was also not satisfactory during the periods of 42 years. It reflects that area, production and yield of paddy crop in the district have maintained steady growth from TE to TE on the cost of other important kharif crops (e) Trends in area, production and yield for major kharif crops from to in sample district IV (Mainpuri). Mainpuri district was also selected for maize crop because maize is competing crop to paddy crop. The trends in area, production and yield for major kharif crops from TE to of the district is worked out in Table (e) Table (e) shows that area under paddy was thousand hectares in TE which has increased by 28.08%, 28.87% and 18.15% in TE , TE and TE respectively while the production of paddy in the district has increased by %, % and % during the corresponding periods. This shows that pace of growth in the production of paddy in the district much faster than area under paddy during the study periods. This was due to higher increase in productivity of paddy crop. The yield of paddy was only 7.88 qtls