Assessment of Food Insecurity and Coping Mechanisms among Pastoral Households of Afar National Regional State: The Case of Chifra District, Ethiopia

Transcription

1 Ethop. J. Agrc. Sc. 23: (2013) Assessment of Food Insecurty and Copng Mechansms among Pastoral Households of Afar Natonal Regonal State: The Case of Chfra Dstrct, Ethopa Indrs Sraje a and Adam Bekele b aafar Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Research Insttute (APARI), P.O.Box 16, Semera, Ethopa bmarc, Ethopan Insttute of Agrcultural Research (EIAR), P.O.Box 436, Adama, Ethopa Abstract Inspred by the current vulnerablty of pastoral households, ths study was carred out n Chfra dstrct of Afar Natonal Regonal State; Ethopa, wth specfc objectves of assessng the status of food securty, the local food nsecurty copng strateges employed by dfferent food securty status groups and dentfyng the major determnants of food nsecurty. In order to acheve these objectves cross-sectonal data on demographc and soco-economc characterstcs, and nsttutonal aspects were collected from 120 households that were drawn by a mult-stage samplng procedure from 3 randomly selected Pastoral Kebeles through structured ntervew schedule and focus group dscusson durng January and February The man tools of analyss for ths study nclude descrptve and nferental statstcs and bnary logt econometrc model. Results of descrptve and nferental statstcs ndcate that usng the calore ntake approach, 65.8% of sample respondents were food nsecure, whle 34.2% were food secure.further analyss showed that sale of sheep and goats (shoats), reducng number and sze of meals; seasonal mgraton (some of the famly members), recevng food ad and borrowng cash or food from neghbors or relatves were the frequently practced coppng strateges by pastoralsts of the study dstrct. On the other hand, analyss of the logstc regresson model resulted n eght statstcally sgnfcant varables affectng the food securty status of the sampled households n the dstrct. Famly sze, age of household head, dependency rato, lvestock dsease ncdence were causng food nsecurty whereas sex of household head, herd sze, ncome from lvestock producton and non-farm ncome were workng aganst food nsecurty. The study recommends that approprate polcy measures be taken towards lmtng dependent populaton sze through ntegrated and accessble health and educaton servces, mprovng the contrbuton of the pastoralst women through tranngs that could help remove cultural barrersand supportng the lvestock sector through proper forage development as well as extended veternary servce and dsease control programs. Key words: Pastoral household; food nsecurty; copng mechansms; Chfra dstrct; Ethopa

2 [146] Assessment of Food Insecurty and Copng Mechansms of Afar Introducton Over the past, mllons of dollars have been set asde by governments, donors, nternatonal ad agences, and mult-lateral development bodes n many countres of the world to address the problem of food nsecurty. Despte the many efforts on food securty, there are stll mllons of food nsecure people around the world many of whch are lvng n developng countres partcularly n Afrca (FAO, 2006). The developng world shares the hghest proporton (one-thrd) of people sufferng from chronc hunger. In 14 countres of the developng world, 35% or more of the populaton were chroncally undernourshed n the years of 2001up to 2003 (FAO, 2006). Sub-Saharan Afrca accounts for 13% of the populaton and 25% of the undernourshed people n the developng world. In Ethopa food nsecurty s hghly prevalent n mosture defct hghlands and n the low-lyng agro-pastoral areas. Even n years of adequate ranfall and good harvest, the people, partcularly n lowland agro-pastoral areas, reman food nsecure and n need of food assstance. Ths clearly reflects the deeply entrenched poverty and food nsecurty stuaton n the country (Workneh, 2004). Pastoral areas n Ethopa are located n the North-eastern, Eastern, South-Eastern, Southern, and South-western part of the country (MoFED, 2002). Lvestock are the major source of food (mlk and meat), ncome, and employment for the pastoralsts. However, the pastoral producton system and n partcular the food securty and lvelhood stuaton has been largely threatened because of dfferent man-made and natural catastrophes. Some of the major rsks and challenges the pastoral communtes n the country are facng nclude: expanson of sedentary agrculture; expanson of agrcultural projects; expansonof natonal parks nsde the rangeland; emergence and expanson of agro-pastoralsm; encroachment of unwanted nvasve plant speces; conflct over rangeland resources; and recurrent drought (Beruk, 2003). Some 10 mllon sem-nomadc people depend prmarly on grazng, herds of cattle, camels, and goats, and are concentrated mostly n the dry lowland areas of Afar and Somal. Human development ndcators and poverty among ths group are worse than elsewhere n the country, and the nomadc people have proven dffcult to reach wth tradtonal servces (MoFED, 2006). Accordng to Gunand (2000), the Afar regon s one of the poorest and least developed regons of Ethopa, neglected by natonal development efforts.the recurrent drought, chronc food nsecurty and famne n Afar regon are of major concern by the federal and regonal government and humantaran organzatons (Phpottet al., 2005). Also accordng to UN (2007), the food securty stuaton n the regon s of great concern.

3 Indrs Sraje and Adam Bekele [147] Losses of lvestock due to drought coupled wth the deteroratng terms of trade aganst pastoralsts worsened food nsecurty n many parts of the Afar regon. Pastoralsts have become vulnerable to food nsecurty due to falure of the man rany season (Karma) and also due to the cumulatve effect of the past drought and other trggerng factors (Phpottet al., 2005). The degree of food nsecurty reached ts clmax n 2002/03 because of the ntensfed drought (Bekele, 2009). Poor performance of the rans coupled wth the delay n transfer of safety net resources has exacerbated the stuaton (UN, 2007). The regon has been heavly dependent on external food ad snce 1984 wth ncreasng number of people requrng food ad. In 2004/2005 the needy populaton has grown to 560,000 (45 % of the populaton). However the status of food nsecurty and the assocated factors whch are precptatng food nsecurty and lvelhood vulnerablty are not well documented n the study area, mposng dffculty n respondng favorably to solvng the current problems among the pastoralsts of the Afar regon. On the other hand, most of the past studes on food nsecurty focused on farmers that practce mxed farmng n the central part of Ethopa and the lowland areas whch consttute about 60% of the country s area have not been very well addressed. Hence ths study s a good startng pont to assess the food nsecurty stuaton and copng mechansms of pastoralsts n the lowland and margnalzed areas of Ethopa. Therefore,ths study tres to shed lght on food nsecurty among pastoralsts by assessng the status and the lnk between food nsecurty and key explanatory varables that possbly trgger the food securty status of pastoral households n chfra dstrct, one of the most vulnerable areas of Afar Natonal Regonal State, Ethopa. Materals and Methods The study dstrct, Chfra, s found n zone one (Aws Resu) of the Afar Regonal State whch s located South-West of the regonal captal cty (Semera) along the man road of Mlle to Woldya. It s about 162 km from Semera and bordered on the south by Mlle, on the West by the Oromya Zone of Amhara Regon, on the North by the Admnstratve Zone four (Fantena Resu), and on the East by Dubt. The total land area of the dstrct s about 173,374 ha of whch a large area s rangeland (APARDB, 2006). The dstrct has an estmated total populaton of 91,080 (makng about 8% of the total populaton of the regon) where 50,861 are males and 40,219 are females lve n ths dstrct (CSA, 2007). Chfra s characterzed as ard and sem-ard agro-ecologcal area, where lvestock producton s the man occupaton of the communty. The mean annual temperature of the area s about 29 0 C and the average annual ranfall s between 400 and 600 mm (APARDB, 2006). The ranfall s bmodal wth erratc dstrbuton.

4 [148] Assessment of Food Insecurty and Copng Mechansms of Afar The alttude ranges between 550-1,100 m above sea level and most of the rangelands of the study dstrct fall below 850 m above sea level. The domnant sol types n these areas are black, sandy, vertsols and deposts of slt and fne sand partcles occur n the plan areas where cultvaton s practced (APARDB, 2006). The topography s generally lowland plans wth hlly escarpment n the western edges that s neghborng Amhara regon. The study area conssts of 19 Kebeles of whch 13 are pastoralsts, whch entrely depend on lvestock producton and the remanng 6 Kebeles are agro-pastoralsts practcng both farmng and extensve lvestock rearng.the total lvestock populaton of the dstrct s about 1,129,710 of whch cattle are 352,316; sheep 342,286; goat 306,720; camel 126,340; donkey 1,771 and chckens 277 (APARDB, 2006). Lve anmals, especally cattle, goats and sheep are the man marketable output of the pastoralsts. The total area coverage of the pastoralsts s 130,030.5 ha (WARC and APARI, 2007). A mult-stage samplng procedure was appled to select the requred number of sample unts. Frst, Chfra dstrct was purposvely selected for ts accessblty to transportaton and general representaton of the pastoral envronment. Then, three Kebeles were selected randomly from a total of 13 Kebeles of the dstrct where pastoralsm has been well establshed. Fnally, a total sample of 120 Pastoral household heads was selected randomly usng Probablty Proportonal to Sze (PPS) samplng technque. The requred data was generated from both prmary and secondary sources usng pretested questonnare and study gude respectvely. The study was supported by qualtatve data that was obtaned from Key nformants ntervew and focus group dscusson. Methods of Data Analyss Measurng food securty status The households food securty status was measured by drect survey of household consumpton. Therefore, the consumpton data collected on the bass of seven days recall method (see Bous, 1993) were converted n to klo-calore usng the food composton table manual adopted from Ethopan Health and Nutrton Research Insttute (EHNRI, 1997). Then, n order to calculate the households daly calorc ntake, the total households calorc ntake for the last seven days, whch was adjusted for most recurrng seasonal varatons, was dvded by seven. The household s daly calorc ntake per adult equvalent was calculated by dvdng the household s daly calorc ntake by the famly sze after adjustng for adult equvalent usng the consumpton factor for age-sex categores (Zegeye, 2009). Subsequently, the calculated daly calore ntake was compared wth the mnmum daly subsstence requrement n adult equvalent of 2,200 Kcal whch s set by the Ethopan Government (FSS, 2002) to establsh food securty status of households.

5 Indrs Sraje and Adam Bekele [149] Accordngly, ths mnmum daly subsstence requrement was used as a cut-off pont to separate food secure and nsecure households n whch case the household meetng at least ths mnmum level was classfed as food secure and food nsecure otherwse. Settng the analytcal framework The logt model was used to dentfy determnant factors that nfluence food nsecurty of the households. It was used to evaluate the relatonshp between the probablty of food nsecurty of the household that takes ether of the two dscrete values of 1 for food nsecure households and 0 for food secure households and the hypotheszed determnant factors. The logstc dstrbuton functon for assessng factors determnng the food securty status of the households can be specfed, followng Gujarat (1995), as: - 1 p (1) 1 Z e Where: p s the probablty that a gven household s food nsecure. e represents the base of natural logarthms (2.718) and Z s a functon of explanatory varables X, = 1 m whch may be expressed as:- Z x x... x m m (2) The odds defned as the rato of the probablty that a household beng food nsecure p to the probablty that food secure (1-p ) may be represented by the followng relatonshps. p 1 e p 1 1 e Z Z 1 p e Where, Z And, 1 p 1 e 1 e Z 1 1 e m Z o p 1 Z e (3) y (4) Takng the natural logarthms of the odds rato n equaton (4) wll result n what s known as the logt model whch can be gven by the followng relatonshp. m P In In 1 e P -----(5) 1 Thus the fnal logt model has the form: (6) x

6 [150] Assessment of Food Insecurty and Copng Mechansms of Afar Where, β s are parameters to be estmated by the model. The ntercept (β 0) tells the logodds n favor of food nsecurty of the household when all the ndependent varables are kept constant. Results and Dscusson Household food securty status Results of analyss of the food securty status of the pastoral households based on the recommended daly calore ntake of 2,200 kcal ndcate that from all respondents 79 (65.8%) were food nsecure and the remanng 41 (34.2%) were food secure (Table 1). The average per capta calore ntake n the area was found to be 2, kcal whch s lower than the natonal average of 2,200 kcal. Tests of mean dfference between food nsecure and food secure households shows that there was statstcally sgnfcant dfference between the two groups at 1 percent probablty level (t = 9.87). Ths would mply that the dfference s real and that, consderng the context that most (65.8%) of the sampled pastoralsts are food nsecure (as they could not meet the natonally recommended daly calore ntake of 2,200kcal) the study area could be regarded as food nsecure. Table 1: Energy avalable per adult equvalent per day n kcal among sample households Energy avalable per AE n (kcal) Food Secure (N=41) Food nsecure (N=79) Total (N=120) Mnmum Maxmum t- value 9.87 *** Mean Std Note: *** Sgnfcant at 1 percent probablty level Source: Feld survey, 2011 Household copng mechansms Pastoral households of the dstrct respond to the problems caused by seasonal and drought related food nsecurty n dfferent ways, whch result n trade-offs between current and future consumpton. The survey result revealed that the majorty (97.5%) of sampled households reled on sale of small anmals, durng the tme of food shortage. Sale of small anmals was found to be mportant for the two groups. Consequently, all of the food secure and 96.2% of the food nsecure households were found to be nvolved n sale of small anmals.

7 Indrs Sraje and Adam Bekele [151] The second and thrd most mportant copng mechansms consdered by pastoral households, both food secure and food nsecure, of the dstrct were reducng number of meals and sze of meals. These strateges were practced by 92.7% and 85.4% of food secure and 97.5% and 94.9% of the food nsecure households respectvely. Ths result was also verfed through focus group dscusson ndcatng that at the ntal stage of food shortage only adults practced reducton ofthe daly food portons both n sze and number of meals and durng extended perod of food shortage, chldren are also forced to skp and reduce food as copng strateges. Another strategy ncludes seasonal mgraton, whch could be regarded as a producton system and drought copng and mtgaton mechansm for pastoralsts. The study result ndcated that 92.4% of food nsecure and 80.5% of food secure households were usng ths copng strategy. Such a strategy consders that some of the famly members partcularly women, chldren and the elderly would reman n one place whlst young men take the herds to seek pasture opportunstcally. The ffth strategy pertans to the households relance on relef assstance. The percentage of food nsecure and food secure households, who practced ths method durng food shortage, was 98.7% and 65.9% respectvely. Emprcal results of factors nfluencng the food nsecurty of pastoral households The result of the logt regresson s presented n Table 2. The model was statstcally sgnfcant at 1% level ndcatng that the model s useful to estmate relatonshps between the hypotheszed explanatory varables and the dependent varable. The estmaton result also showed that the model correctly predcted 95% of all the cases, 97.5% of the food nsecure group and 92% of the food secure group. Ths ndcates that the model has adequately consdered the varaton n estmatng the relatonshp n terms of the varables consdered. Table 2 shows that 8 out of the 11 varables ncluded n the model are statstcally sgnfcantly related wth the state of food securty. These varables are famly sze, age of household head, dependency rato, Herd sze, non-farm ncome, ncome from lvestock producton, sex of household head and lvestock dsease ncdence and are explaned as follows. Famly Sze: ths varable was found statstcally sgnfcant (at 1 percent probablty level) and has postve assocaton wth the household food nsecurty. The postve sgn shows that the probablty to be food nsecure ncreases as household sze n adult equvalent ncreases. The possble explanaton s that households wth large number of famly members could face the probablty of food nsecurty because of hgh dependency burden created as a result of sharng avalable lmted resources. Age of Household Head: ths varable was found to be postve and sgnfcant at 1 percent probablty level mplyng that, an ncrease n the age of the household head ncreases the lkelhood of the household to be food nsecure. The possble explanaton

8 [152] Assessment of Food Insecurty and Copng Mechansms of Afar for ths would be that, as age of the household head gets older, the burden on avalablty of labour force would ncrease and the household may have to carry out lvestock producton and other ncome generatng actvtes causng vulnerablty to food nsecurty. Dependency rato: ths varable was found to have postve effect at 5 percent probablty level n determnng the household food nsecurty. The postve sgn ndcates that beng food nsecure ncreases as dependency rato ncreases. The way of lfe n the pastoral areas promotes large famly sze whch could expose the famly to have hgh dependency rato and possbly be food nsecure than those who have small famly sze who could have low dependency rato. Herd Sze: ths varable was sgnfcant at 1 percent probablty level and has negatve assocaton wth household food nsecurty. The negatve relatonshp ndcates that the probablty of beng food nsecure decreases as the households lvestock ownershp ncreases. Ths s possbly because lvestock are mportant assets and source of ncome for the pastoral households. The possble explanaton s that households who own large lvestock number produce more mlk, mlk products and meat for drect consumpton at tmes of shortfall n food. Specfcally, the shockabsorpton capacty of the pastoral households s drectly related to ther lvestock holdng. Non-farm ncome: ths varable affected households food nsecurty negatvely and sgnfcantly at 10 percent probablty level. The negatve relatonshp shows that those households wth non-farm actvtes may earn more ncome to mprove ther lvng condton. The lkely explanaton s that those pastoralsts who have access to non-farm ncome opportuntes are less lkely to become food nsecure than those households who had no or lttle access as the addtonal money could play a bufferng role n tme of shortage. Income from lvestock producton: ths varable was found to nversely and sgnfcantly nfluence the probablty of beng food nsecure (at 1 percent probablty level). The possble explanaton s that as lvestock resources are the manstay of the local economy, pastoralst households who managed to earn more cash ncome from sale of lvestock and ther products are better-off. Thus, such households would have better probablty of gettng out of food nsecurty compared to ther counterparts. Sex of householdhead: ths varable was found to have a sgnfcant (at 5 percent sgnfcance level) and negatve assocaton wth household food nsecurty. The result mples that male-headed households are n a better poston n escapng out of food nsecurty than the female-headed ones. The possble explanaton could be that, n vew of the strong cultural settng, the socal poston of men n the pastoral areas s more powerful as compared to women to access socal captals and command over productve resources. In the study area strct gender relatons of producton defne lvestock ownershp and control. Despte ther heavy burden and responsblty for

9 Indrs Sraje and Adam Bekele [153] domestc and other economc actvtes, women do not have command over the major lvestock types (cattle and camels) and ther role s lmted to donkeys and small rumnants. Lvestock dsease ncdence: ths varable was sgnfcant at 1 percent probablty level and correlated postvely wth food nsecurty. The postve relatonshp ndcates that for an addtonal unt n the number of lvestock lost as a result of varous dsease ncdences there s an ncrease n probablty of the pastoralsts to fall n to food nsecurty. Ths s because those pastoralsts who face the ncdence of lvestock dseases, could lose a sgnfcant porton of ther ncome for treatng sck anmals and productvty and ncome loses could lead to food nsecurty. Table 2: Estmates of the logstc regresson of determnants of food nsecurty of Pastoral households Varables Coeffcents Odd Rato Sgnfcance Famly sze *** Age of household head *** Dependency rato ** Herd Sze *** Non-farm ncome * Income from lvestock producton *** Dstance from market center Sex of household head ** Lvestock dsease ncdence *** Educatonal status of household head Herd dversfcaton Constant Pearson Ch-square ( 2) *** -2log Lkelhood Ratos Correctly Predcted (count R 2 ) 1 95 Senstvty Specfcty Sample sze Based on 0.5 cut value 2. Correctly predcted food nsecure group based on 0.5 cut value 3. Correctly predcted food secure group based on 0.5 cut value Note: ***, ** and * are sgnfcant at 1%, 5% and 10% probablty level, respectvely Source: Model output of survey data

10 [154] Assessment of Food Insecurty and Copng Mechansms of Afar Food nsecurty s a realty for hundreds of mllons of people around the world, wth the most affected countres beng those n East Afrca. In Ethopa, the problem of food nsecurty s exacerbatng around pastoral areas due to the nfluence of a number of soco-economc and envronmental factors. Results of ths study show that, n spte of the fact that pastoralsts undergo a number of food nsecurty copng strateges they have remaned ncreasngly vulnerable to the stuaton as none of the strateges were enough to combat food nsecurty. Therefore, mprovement of the exstng copng strateges and ntroducton of new means of mtgaton and escapng of food nsecurty are mportant. Consderng the factors nvolved n determnng the status of food securty of households the postve mpact of large famly sze and dependency rato on the household s food nsecurty could be amelorated through practcal educaton on famly plannng technques that would help households decde on the optmum number of chldren to bear n relaton to that ther resources can accommodate. However, natural brth control and other alternatves should be carefully consdered wthn the framework of the overrdng culture and relgon of the communtes. The fact that pastoralsts n the dstrct rely on lvestock producton as ther man lvelhood would enable them to be food secure ether through the ncome earned from sellng the lvestock or drect mpact on ndvdual nutrton through the consumpton of mlk by household members, especally chldren. On the other hand, the prevalence of lvestock dseases was threatenng the pastoralsts lvelhoods. Accordng to the survey result pastoralsts were unable to access the veternary servces as they are located at naccessble places. Hence, necessary effort should be made to mprove the producton and productvty of lvestock through provson of mproved water supply ponts, ntroducton of tmely and effectve artfcal nsemnaton servces to up-grade the exstng breeds, launchng sustanable and effectve forage development program, provson of tranng on how to mprove ther producton and productvty and mprovng the marketng condtons. Improvng anmal health servces s mportant not only to protect the productve assets of pastoralsts from dseases, but also play a pvotal role n the promoton of lvestock trade, whch s regulated by anmal health certfcaton system and whch s becomng ncreasngly strct. To ths effect, strengthenng veternary servces, n both the publc and prvate sectors, and tranng of communty based anmal health workers from pastoralst communtes are so mportant to enhance the pastoralsts capacty of controllng lvestock dseases. As a result of the longstandng cultural norms (taboos) that deprved women s actve role n the sector female-headed households s food nsecure and very poor. Hence recognton of the problem of lack of empowerment of the pastoralst women s one of the most mportant areas upon whch future nterventon has to be made. Therefore, nterventons n soco-economc sector should be preceded or smultaneously done wth nterventons (such as tranngs) that can brng atttudnal changes n the pastoral communtes and mprove empowerment of women n terms of resource control and decson-makng are sought at varous levels.

11 Indrs Sraje and Adam Bekele [155] In spte of the fact that lvestock ncome plays an mportant role n reducng household s food nsecurty, the level of ncome obtaned from such actvtes s lmted due to pastoralsts lmted access to nsttutonal support to escape the threats of drought. As evdence to ths fact the study dentfed that the pastoralsts rely on loans from relatves and frends, based on trust to meet ther basc famly requrements durng food shortage. However, the exstng nformal credt system s not accessble to most of the borrowers n tmes of emergency needs. Hence, the ntroducton of formal credt system that addresses pastoralsts scenaro and help them come out of the threats of drought through savng and acqurng favorable credt s essental. Age of the household head and beng women headed household had postve mpact on food nsecurty. Ths means old household heads and female headed households (wdows) are more lkely to be food nsecure due to lack of capacty to run busness. Therefore, capacty buldng for older household heads and female headed households should be gven more prorty. In addton, nterventons ntended to help pastoralsts have to gve prorty to old aged and female headed households. Fnally, consderng the fact that non-farm ncome of the sample households sgnfcantly affected households food nsecurty negatvely, pastoral households n the dstrct should be asssted to dversfy ther sources of ncome so that they may be able to cope wth the prevalng problem and meet at least ther mnmum food requrement partcularly durng the drought season. References APARDB (Afar Pastoral, Agro-pastoral and Rural Development Bureau), Baselne Survey Made on the Potental, Constrants, and Opportuntes of the Producton Systems of 29 Woredas of Afar Natonal Regonal State. Bekele Hunde, From Pasture Land to Farm Plots: Trggers and Motvatons for Land Use Changes n Afar, Ethopa. pp.3-4. Beruk Yemane, Food Securty Stuaton n the Pastoral Areas of Ethopa. pp.1-3. Natonal Pastoral Programme Coordnator, Oxfam GB). Bous, H., Food Consumpton Surveys: How Random are Measurement Errors? In: J. Von Braun and D. Putez (eds.). Data Needs for Food Polcy n Developng Countres. Internatonal Food Polcy Research Insttute, Washngton, DC. CSA (Central Statstcal Agency), Ethopan Statstcal Abstract, Central Statstcal Agency, Adds Ababa Ethopa. EHNRI (Ethopan Health and Nutrton Research Insttute), Food Composton Table for Use n Ethopa. Part III, from FAO (Food and Agrcultural Organzaton of the Unted Natons), The State of Food Insecurty n the World 2006, pp. 23. FSS (Food Securty Strategy), Poverty and Poverty Polcy n Ethopa. Specal Issue of Consultaton Papers on Poverty No.7. Proceedng of the workshop organzed by Forum for socal Studes. Adds Ababa, Ethopa, Gunnad, Y. F., Afar Pastoralsts Face Consequences of Poor Rans: Rapd Assessment Msson. UNEUE feld msson report, 19 to 24 Aprl, Adds Ababa.

12 [156] Assessment of Food Insecurty and Copng Mechansms of Afar Gujarat, D. N., Econometrcs, 3rd ed. The McGraw-Hll, Inc., New York. MoFED (Mnstry of Fnance and Economc Development), Ethopa: Sustanable Development and Poverty Reducton Program. pp. 34, 71 & 76. Adds AbabaEthopa., Ethopa: Buldng on Progress A Plan for Accelerated and Sustaned Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) (2005/ /10) Volume I: pp. 50. Adds Ababa. Phpott, J., Asnake Abera and Kassaye Hadgu, Lvelhoods/Emergency Assessment n Afar Regon for Oxfam Internatonal, February UN (Unted Natons), Humantaran Bulletn, UN Offce for Coordnaton of Humantaran Affars Weekly Humantaran Hghlghts n Ethopa 28 May WARC and APARI (Werer Agrcultural Research Center and Afar pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Research Insttute), Assessment made on the potental, constrants, and opportunty on the producton system of Afar Natonal Regonal State; Case study on selected woredas of zone 1, 4 and 5. Workneh Negatu, Reasons for Food Insecurty of Farm Households n South Wollo, Ethopa: Explanatons at Grassroots. Insttute of Development Research (IDR), Adds Ababa Unversty CRSP (Collaboratve research support programme). pp 2. Zegeye Trfe, Farm Household Food Insecurty, Determnants and Copng Strateges: The Case of Fads Dstrct, Eastern Oroma, Ethopa. An M.sc. Thess Presented to the School of Graduate Studes of Haramaya Unversty. pp 28.