Design Thinking Approach in Agroindustrial-Based Social Enterprise Development

Transcription

1 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 26 (T): (2018) SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES Journal homepage: Design Thinking Approach in Agroindustrial-Based Social Enterprise Development Dwi Purnomo 1, Diana Sari 2, Anas Bunyamin 3 *, Wahyu Gunawan 4 and Santi Susanti 5 1,3 Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, FTIP Unpad Building, Jln. Raya Bandung Sumedang, Km. 21 Jatinangor Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia Department of Management, Universitas Padjadjaran, FEB Unpad Building, Jln. Raya Bandung Sumedang, Km. 21 Jatinangor Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia Department of Sociology, Universitas Padjadjaran, FISIP Unpad Building, Jln. Raya Bandung Sumedang, Km. 21 Jatinangor Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia Department of Journalism, Universitas Padjadjaran, FIKOM Unpad Building, Jln. Raya Bandung Sumedang, Km. 21 Jatinangor Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia ABSTRACT Relating agro-industry, business development and community empowerment has been a major challenge in fostering the impact on local people s wealth. Various obstacles are caused since some of theoretical methodologies are difficult to apply in the real conditions. Social business-based empowerment in this article will discuss the Agro-industrial-based social business development in areas in West-Java Indonesia using Design Thinking approach. This methodology allows various hidden patterns to be identified. This action research was carried out in two years and produced a new way to obtain a human centered design mechanism in empowering people. This increased awareness among stakeholders and contributed greater sustainability in communities. Keywords: Agro-industry, design thinking, empowerment, social business, social enterprise INTRODUCTION ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received: 18 September 2017 Accepted: 12 March addresses: dwi.purnomo@unpad.ac.id (Dwi Purnomo) diana.sari@fe.unpad.ac.id (Diana Sari) anas.bunyamin@unpad.ac.id (Anas Bunyamin) wahyu.gunawan@unpad.ac.id (Wahyu Gunawan) santi.susanti@unpad.ac.id (Santi Susanti) * Corresponding author Nowadays, there is a model of business development capable in describing visions that are not economic-and-benefit--oriented only. There is also a variety of contradictions between anxieties from a number of entities in society, pertaining to empowerment and ISSN: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

2 Dwi Purnomo, Diana Sari, Anas Bunyamin, Wahyu Gunawan and Santi Susanti an appropriate model in developing agroindustrial business. Nearly all agro-industrial businesses in Indonesia support a vision dedicated to the welfare of the citizens. In the future, the development of agro-industry will be set aside from the model of conventional business to that of Social-Enterprise (SE). This concept offers a model in which all activities shall balance the fulfillment of roles of three components: People, Planet, and Profit (3P). These Triple Bottom Line concepts are used to ensure a progressive and continual process. This article evaluates several works on agro-industrial development linked to the empowerment and process of social business. The result of this article will be compared to the work model that has been carried out in West Java, using the social entrepreneurial concept. This research aims to spawn the social entrepreneurial concept for the development of the agro-industry in Indonesia. A holistic discussion is given to explain how to sustain a continuous agro-industrial development using the Triple Bottom Line approach they are People, Planet, and Profit. MATERIALS AND METHODS This research was conducted a working model and utilizes an approach of action research method that are examined in the scope of Universitas Padjadjaran for developing social entrepreneurial business. It is designed systematically based on the Design Thinking approach and through the observation on societal empowerment process in the framework of social entrepreneurship based on a social entrepreneurial agro-industrial-based business model. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS New Approach for Indonesian Agro- Industry in These Days Indonesian agro-industrial development has its own characteristics compared to that of the developed countries. An industrialization approach, indeed, has to be re-evaluated by doing a concrete sustainability and a continuous progress-oriented approach. The approach of agro-industrial development uses a conventional profitoriented business model through the emphasis on the scale and volume of production. In fact, the characteristics of Indonesian agro-industrial society has such benchmarks as food crops and small scale; meanwhile, the agriculture outside Java island is mainly barn, forest, large scale, small business scale, small average of agricultural field maintenance, less difference between business and household, for instance, a house including warehouse, cattle pen, business finance and domestic stuff all meshed, leading to an unprofessional management (Baladina, Anindita, Isaskar, & Sukardi, 2013). Therefore, it is necessary for a new approach to ensure sustainability in the process of societal empowerment, one of which is by turning social entrepreneurship into a basis of agro-industrial development activity. The development of agro-industrial business is not initially designed to explain 256 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 26 (T): (2018)

3 Design Thinking Approach in Agroindustry the mechanism of creating developmental patterns that guarantee sustainability and bring benefits to society. The business model used poses a number of problems such as social and environmental problems, caused by many measurements whose weight is based on economic aspects. It is necessary to create an empowerment concept suitable with, and has, a bright vision way forward. Such empowerment must be treated as a transformational process using science as its basis. Social Entrepreneurship The social entrepreneurial concept offers its proximity to the Triple Bottom Line approach (Elkington, 2004) to show that the world of industry has to measure its work not only through financial aspects. With the dividend-measured indicator or the bottom line thereof, the result is yet adequate to keep the sustainability hand in hand with continuous effort. A broad influence between the economy, environment, and society is required to ensure the sustainability. Furthermore, the characteristics of social entrepreneurial actors are as follows: having a strong ambition to contribute in problem solving, being driven by a mission to enlighten social values and benefits, promoting social system change in a tangible objective, having a strategic vision in developing the system, solution-creating and discovering a variety of new approaches intensively carried out and controlled by its very social vision. Others include the ability to build up resource-gathering skill because of its handicaps to access modal and its tendency to use traditional-market system. Therefore, social entrepreneurial actors need skills to mobilize human, finance, and political resources. Social entrepreneurship is a business whose objective is to solve social problems and then reinvest half of their profits on social activities. In a nutshell, it could be defined as Trading for Social Purpose whose relation to agro-industry leads the activity of agricultural business to be more tangible by enlightening variables that enhance their own added values. A number of emerging problems in the world of agriculture such as the farmer s welfare aspect, the quality of agricultural commodities, competitiveness, distribution and many others need to be overcome. Agricultural products such as those that have been processed thereby increasing their values have not always improved farmers welfare. This is because the system and the model are only considering economic aspects. The process of Design Thinking approach has been developed in Indonesia since 2012, especially in the area of West Java Province. Universitas Padjadjaran developed 40 new agriculture-based businesses with a social business model. This new effort was developed to solve social and agricultural problems in their respective regions. In the course of the impact that arises not only on the economy, but further its impact on social impacts, the growth of entrepreneurial interest, collaboration, cooperation and interest in the agricultural world. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 26 (T): (2018) 257

4 Dwi Purnomo, Diana Sari, Anas Bunyamin, Wahyu Gunawan and Santi Susanti Design Thinking Design thinking is really about using the sensibilities and methodologies that designers have developed to create new choices, new alternatives, new ideas that haven t existed in the world before (Brown, 2008). This way of thinking is done to spawn a number of different innovations in every region or commodity. It involves giving meaning and discovering Hidden Pattern from a research or empowerment object. Figure 1. Fruters Model and its variety of activities along the supply chain In Fruters Model (Purnomo, 2014b), the relationship of head-to-toe from Rural Area to Urban Area involves villagers in urban areas that include agro-local commodity, farmers and their families in the process of cultivation and half-finished modification, government, young entrepreneurs as the axis, universities, small enterprises, communities, all the way up to urban citizens in which the process of head-to-toe could have a network through social-entrepreneurialbased activities. That activity starts from cultivation, post-harvesting process, processing and marketing. Fruters model is seen in the process below. Social Business Model Social entrepreneurship maintains important activities such as collaborative work among stakeholders with visions that would spawn a variety of changes on the actors positive attitude and continuous innovations (Purnomo, 2014a). As in the conventional Business Modal Canvas (BMC), social entrepreneurship also has a similar concept with BMC that is, owning nine block aspects necessary to be discussed in manifesting the existence of the business. They consist of infrastructure holding onto 1) key activities, 2) key resources, and 3) partnership. Other blocks offer 4) product 258 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 26 (T): (2018)

5 Design Thinking Approach in Agroindustry values or service provided, 5) consumer s segmentation, 6) marketing distribution, 7) consumer s relation, 8) cost structure, and 9) income-receiving distribution all developed from the conventional Business Model Canvas as drawn below: Create Value Internal Facing External Facing Deliver Value Key Partners - Stakeholders - Networks - Suppliers Key Activities - Products - Services Value Preposition Solution Problem Customer Relationship -Establish -Kept Customer Segments Purchasers -Paying Customers -Funders Key Resources - Asset - Equipment - Cash - Partners Differentiator Vision Values Channels -Communications -Delivery Users -User grops -Beneficiaries Stakeholders Cost Structure - Key Cost - Management - Reporting Key Metrics - Internal - User Focused - Founder Focused - Stakeholder Focused Revenue streams - Types - Frequency Create Efficiency Capture & Share Value Figure 2. Picture of social business canvas developed from the business model canvas (Red Ochre, 2014) This business social canvas consists of 1) key partner involving stakeholders, network as well as distributor, 2) key resources 9 consisting of assets, equipment, cash money and partner, 3) key activities including products and service, and 4) cost structure including main cost elements, management, and reporting. Block 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all carried out by developing the principals of efficiency. In block 5) such as including preposition of value, 6) distribution, 7) consumer s segmentation, 8) buyers, 9) consumers, 10) stakeholders and 11) income flow. These remaining blocks are closely related to how a business social delivers values to consumers and receives benefit so that those values are appropriately welcome by targeted parties. From the above model, social entrepreneurship also pertains a more comprehensive aspect pertaining to how an activity being carried out contains social values that are able to be enlightened in the form of business. Therefore, it might produce profit that could be reinvested on social activities for the community. In the social entrepreneurial canvas, particularly in the field of agro-industry, there are two divisions: that of internal and external. The former focuses on entrepreneurial activities Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 26 (T): (2018) 259

6 Dwi Purnomo, Diana Sari, Anas Bunyamin, Wahyu Gunawan and Santi Susanti that must highlight the skill to enlighten conventional values. It also defines that the Social Business Canvas is adapted from (Red Ochre, 2014) entrepreneurial concept, as described below. An important role in social entrepreneurship concerns the 9th aspect of BMC which contains benefit in making a product or policy, which then differentiates it with other aspects, so that it garners people s attention. In social business, what needs to be developed is, above all, a key partnership by moving outside available communities to withdraw as many people as it is. Its creative process requires time until gradually it finds a variety of partners to, collaborate in developing the business. The understanding of this aspect in social business has come to be essential since it is implemented by approaching sharing platform in many of its variables. This sharing technique, furthermore, is done by looking for partners who could match their resources need and complement each other despite different visions and objectives. The partnership for social business has resource sharing with several other partners reducing cost and improving efficiency. Figure 3. Picture of Re-invest concept in Fruters Model of social entrepreneurship (Purnomo, 2014b) Figure 3. Picture of Re-invest concept in Fruters Model of social The social entrepreneurship with agroindustrial media as its facilitator in Fruters model becomes a very decent combination, knowing the value of its benefits is widespread. The profit produced is directed to sustainability by sharing it with actors of the enterprises as well as the actors in the head. This profit-sharing strategy is directed at re-investing so the goal of the Triple Bottom Line (People, Profit, Planet) is, eventually, achieved. Following is the re-investment concept in an agro-industry- 260 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 26 (T): (2018) 11

7 Design Thinking Approach in Agroindustry based entrepreneurship, taking account into chain of values from rural areas to urban areas. Key Success of Social Business Value Generating In Social Business, the most important variable is how to generate value prepositions so that the product is able to have high prices and strong demand. The concept of re-investment stresses the processes of empowerment and advocacy on social objects. Collaboration in term of The Enablers Concept Moreover, agro-industrial-based social entrepreneurship will lead to the emergence of local genius resulting from the involvement of local culture, local commodity, local content, local values, and local wisdom. Konsep THE LOCAL ENABLERS (Purnomo, 2014) Culture Commodities Content Value Wisdom LOCAL GENIUS! Figure 4. The Enablers Concept Source: Bunyamin, Purnomo, Taofik, & Nawawi, 2016 Genius is one who acts out the empowerment by glorifying locality and added values as his/her main contents, collaborating with a number of background so that they provide benefits to the neighborhood. The local content includes local culture, local commodity, local content, and local wisdom. These localities 12 Design Thinking Impact are then mixed in such a way using creative approaches so that they bring about positive continuous changes. Fair Trade In rural areas, agricultural commodities purchased at the higher price are processed which have higher selling prices due to input technologies and value-added. On the other hand, consumers need to ensure that the generated values are delivered properly through the appropriate Customer Relationship and Channel in the Business Model. It is evident that the most influential Value proposition is Brand Story Design Thinking approach assists in the completion of problems and provide suitable solutions. Solving the problem begins with in depth observation process to uncover hidden patterns and get a thorough explanation of a problem. The use of Design Thinking in Social Business will have many impact on Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 26 (T): (2018) 261

8 Dwi Purnomo, Diana Sari, Anas Bunyamin, Wahyu Gunawan and Santi Susanti 1) promoting collaboration, 2) changing stakeholder s behavior, 3) Leading the social object to be independent and no rely on the provision of facilities, 4) stimulating independence, 5) revealing many important hidden patterns, 6) bottom up, 7) providing facilities to provoke awareness, 8) creating enthusiasm atmosphere, and 9) fostering positive impact in social economics and promotion sustainable progress in the long term. CONCLUSION Social entrepreneurship could be applied in the world of agro-industry. The utilization of social entrepreneurship improves value added in agriculture. The use of Social Business Canvas helps to map out variables and create efficiency in business process as a whole. The Design Thinking approach helps to comprehend the real conditions encountered by stakeholders and can produce innovations capable of mobilizing a number of activities. The combination between social entrepreneurship, design thinking, and the agro-industry has come to be the thing in Indonesia. REFERENCES Baladina, N., Anindita, R., Isaskar, R., & Sukardi. (2013). Identification of agricultural commodities potentials within application of agropolitan concept in Poncokusumo district, Malang regency. AGRISE Agricultural Socio Economics Journal, XIII(3), Brown, T. (2008). Design thinking. Harvard Business Review, 86(6), Retrieved from Bunyamin, A., Purnomo, D., Taofik, S., & Nawawi, M. (2016). The local enablers: Mengusung pemberdaya lokal berorientasi global dalam kerangka bisnis sosial. Konferensi Nasional Inovasi Dan Technopreneurship, Elkington, J. (2004). Enter the triple bottom line. In Triple Bottom Line, 1, London: Earthscan. Retrieved from archive/tbl-elkington-chapter.pdf Purnomo, D. (2014a). Design thinking approach for social enterprise development. Universitas Padjadjaran. Bandung. Purnomo, D. (2014b). The fruters model: Model pemberdayaan kolaboratif desa kota berbasis technopreneurship. Universitas. Bandung. Red Ochre. (2014). Social business model canvass. Retrieved August 18, 2017, from org.uk/singapore-masterclass/ Sianipar, J. E. (2013). Peluang teknologi dan pengembangan kelembagaan sektor pertanian wilayah perbatasan Papua dan Papua Nugini. In Membangun Kemandirian Pangan Pulaupulau Kecil dan Wilayah Perbatasan (p. 278). Jakarta: IAARD Press. Retrieved from Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 26 (T): (2018)