ANALYSIS OF MAIZE PRODUCTION

Transcription

1 CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF MAIZE PRODUCTION The world today is much different from the world of yester years Technology, which is not in harmony with nature, can cause great human suffering. So, there is a need for technology and systems, which are ecologically sustainable, economically feasible. For the projected world population of 6147 million to be the guest of green plants. There is a need to increase the food production. For this, respective nations and crops should bear the legitimate responsibilities. In this endeavour production of maize which stands fifth with respect to area and seventh with respect to production, has to be boosted to legitimise its position as Queen of cereal crops which has the highest global productivity (30 Q/ha) compared to wheat or paddy. Food grain production in India has almost reached a plateau with annual growth rate falling to 1.72 percent during late 1990 s, which is almost equal to the annual growth rates of population. Total food grain harvest stood at million tonnes during As per the estimates available in February 1999, the total production of food grains in India during was million tonnes comprising of 31.6 million tonnes during ). The record of food grain production achieved during was million tonnes. The production of coarse grains has been almost stagnant, as 74

2 their cultivation is not remunerative being grown mainly on marginal lands under rain fed conditions resulting in low yields. According to the fourth all-india advance estimates of agricultural production for , food grains production is expected to be million tonnes, which is less than the production of million tonnes in by million tonnes or 13.9 percent. The production of coarse cereals at million tonnes is lowered by 7.72 million tonnes or by 22.8 percent compared to the previous year. This decline in coarse cereals is mainly on account of bajra and maize. The production of maize has fallen by 2.19 million tonnes or 16.5 percent to million tonnes1. Favourable monsoon helped in attaining a substantial increase in food grain production from million tonnes in to million tonnes in , due to an increase in the production of both cereals and pulses2. Among the cereals grown in India, maize ranks as one of the most important, though its contribution to the total food grains production in the country is merely 5 percent. As a result, national maize area nearly doubled from 3 million hectares (between 1951 and 1970) to almost 6 million hectares. Total maize area in the country has remained virtually unchanged for last 25 years. However, a significant shift has occurred later in the 1990 s when winter (rabi) maize cultivation expanded rapidly, particularly in the states of Karnataka, Bihar and Andra Pradesh. 75

3 In India maize was grown traditionally as a staple food destined primarily for home consumption. However, in recent years significant changes have occurred as a result of increasing commercial orientation and rising demand for diversified and uses. The yields have registered continuous growth since the 1950 s. Rising yields, coupled with steady expansion in area, led to string growth of 5.92 percent and 5.25 percent p.a in maize production during 1950 s and 1960, respectively. The yield continues to fuel over all growth, surpassing 10 million tonnes in World Scenario: Maize is one of the most widely grown crops throughout the world. In terms of both production and area, it ranks third only behind the staple crop of wheat with a coverage of 24 percent of total cultivated area and rice with 21 percent of total cultivated area. It can grow over a more diverse environmental and geographical range in comparison to any other cereal crop4. Maize is grown in 146 countries of the world. The world production was around million tonnes in , covering an area of million hectares with an average yield of 4395 tonnes per hectares U.S.A takes the first position with an area of million hectares and production of million tonnes (40.35% of share) followed by China with an area of million hectares and production of million 76

4 tonnes (20.35% of share) in the total world production. Where as India ranks fifth with respect to area (66.00 million hectares) and seventh with respect to production ( million tonnes). The share of India in total world maize production was 2.00 percent during the year Production of Maize in different countries from to is shown in the Table

5 Table No i j Production of Maize in Different Countries from to (In lakh million tonnes) SI Countries No World Argentina tc o om Brazil China o o Os India Indonesia o CO France o Os j ' «< Mexico CN Romania I L t i "3- Cs Os o SO l South Africa U S A 1 4 <N CO U~! SO r-~ 00 Os o (N Source: FAO Bulletin of statistics vol. 2, No P

6 Indian Scenario: Maize is one of the important coarse cereal crops in India.The commercial importance of this crop has been realised and it has become a money-spinner. The demand for maize is going up in India with increase in demand for poultry feed. The production of maize is also going up in Madya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka where farmers are not getting good yield of wheat and cotton. Given the importance of the Maize crop in India, extensive research has been going on for the last 50 years by the government as well as private companies. The All-Inuia Co-ordinated Maize Research Programme was launched in 1957 to promote and coordinate basic and applied research on Maize in India. Initially, the Maize research and seed production activities remained in public hands. The implementation of new policy for seed development in 1988 paid the way for private-sector companies in the seed industry. Today both the private and public sector play an important role in the maize seed industry. The area, production and yield of important coarse cereals during are shown in Table No

7 Table No. 3.2 Area, Production and Yield of Important Coarse Cereal in India during SI. Area Production Yield Crop No. ( 000 hectares) ( 000 Tonnes) (Kg/hectare) 01 Rice Wheat Maize Jo war Bajra Source: Department of Economics and statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, March The table No.3.2 shows the position of maize in India during Maize is one of the important coarse cereal crops grown in different agro-climatic conditions of India. Maize ranks fourth position next to rice, wheat and bajra in terms of production and ranks third in terms of area and yield as shown in the estimated area, production and yield of important coarse cereal in India. The table No. 3.3 reveals the area covered by maize in India and its share in world maize area during the period from to

8 Table No. 3.3 India s share in the World s Maize Cultivation (Area in 1000 hectares) SI. Area Under Maize cultivation India s Share Year No. India World (In Percent) Source: FAO Bulletin of statistics Vol. 2 No. 2,2001 P.29. The table No.3.3 reveals the India s share in the world s maize cultivation area has remained at the same ievei. The table also exhibits the production of maize in India and its share in the world s production of maize from to Production and Yield Trend of Maize in India Maize cultivation has been almost stagnant for last 20 years at arround 6 million hectares. This is also true for most other crops. This indicates that cropping patterns have stabilized throughout the country. Farmers are quite happy growing the same crops that their fathers used to grow and there is very little conversion from one crop to another. The trends of maize in India for last 30 years is shown in Table

9 Table 3.4 Area Production and Yield of Maize in India Area Production Yield SI No Year In 000 ha % of incr/ deer over p.y. 000 tns % of incr/ deer over p-y- Kg/ha % of iijcr/ deer over p.y Source: Agriculture, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, March P.77. The Table 3.4 shows that the production and yield of maize have been steadily increasing over the 30 years. The production has almost tripled over the past 30 years (from around lakh tonnes in to lakh tonnes in ). On the other hand, over the same period, the yield has doubled from 960 Kg/hectare in 1974 to 2039 Kg/hectare in The yield of maize crop has steadily increased, over the years, there are still significant variations between successive years. For example, the yield jumped from around 960 Kg/hectare in to 1200 Kg/hectare in (an increase of over 26 percent). On the other hand, it declined from 1200 Kg/hectare in to 980 Kg/hectare in (drop of 22 percent). Further the table shows that the maximum yield of maize was 2039 Kg/hectares in and percent increase over 82

10 previous year. These fluctuations are mainly due to the changes in the rainfall, indicating that more than any other crops. Maize is subject to the vagaries of the weather and it represents a high risk-high return option for the farmer. Area: It can be seen from the table that a area represented a rising trend in the country. The area of maize has been steadily increasing over the last 30 years. The area of 5863 lakh hectares in was increased to lakh hectares in There was corresponding relation between increase in area and increase in yield of maize. In terms of percentage increase or decrease in the area under maize, over the previous year, it could be seen that a maximum increase of percent as compared to the preceding year was recorded in And a maximum decline of 6.11 percent was observed in the year It could be concluded from the table that, there have been wide fluctuations in the hectareage under maize at the all India level. This particular trend was caused by year to year changes in gross cropped area and area under maize in different states. / 83

11 Production: The total production of maize in different years in the country is also shown in table 3.4. Reading of the table makes it clear that, average production of maize per year over the three decade ending was lakh tonnes per hectare. It could also be seen that there was definite positive trend in production. The year of exception in the year and with and lakh tonnes per hectare respectively. The maximum production was noticed in with lakh tonnes per hectare. It was further noticed that, the percentage of decline in production from to except and with percent and per increase in maize respectively. The inter year fluctuations of production was observed up to Further there was increasing level in production of maize up to except the This proves that in respect of area, and production of maize has definite correlation. The achievement, in respect of area, yield and production under maize, touched an all time record in the In this year the scaled a height of lakh hectare area, lakh tonnes and 2039 Kg/hectare yield was noticed. The yield per hectare also went on increasing with the exception of the year , , and The average yield per hectare for the country as whole, for the three decade ending come to Kg/hectare. 84

12 ! India s share in the world production of maize from to is shown in Table No Table 3.5 India s share in the World s Production of Maize from to SI. Year Production of Maize India s share No. India World (In Percent) NA NA NA NA Source: FAO Bulletin of statistics Vol.2, No 2, P.29. NA NA The Table 3.5 reveals that the production of maize was remained at the same level up to The production from , it reveals increasing tendency with 108 lakh million tonnes to 120 lakh million tonnes during The India s share in the total world production was increased from 1.84 percent in to

13 percent in During the same period, the maize produced in the world was increased from lakh million tonnes to lakh million tonnes. India s share in the world maize production was round about 2 percent during Maize Cultivation in Karnataka State The state of Karnataka is situated in the Southern part of India in the Deccan plateau at the angle, where the western and eastern mountain ranges converge into the beautiful Nilagiri hills, between 11.5 and 19 North Latitudes and 74 and 78 East Longitudes. The state with the total geographical area of Sq. Kms is surrounded by Maharastra State in the north and Goa and Arabian Sea on the West. It was common border with Andra Pradesh on the east and with Tamil Nadu and Kerala on the South. Karnataka is considered as a crown of India as it exhibits most of the features of India, in climate, rainfall, soil types, crops grown and all types of natural resources. It has ideal soil and climate suited for raising a variety of crops, crops of temperate region, tropical region, and humid and arid regions are grown in the state. Agricultural is the backbone for the economic development of Karnataka State. Karnataka state has total geographical, area of lakh hectares; of which lakh hectares is the net cultivable area of the state about 33 percentis covered by cereals. Maize with total area of 580 lakh hectares is the third largest cereal crop next to paddy and sorghum. 86

14 Area, Production and Yield of Maize in Karnataka: The area under maize has been almost stagnant around ha to ha in Karnataka up to and afterwards the area under maize was increasing in Karnataka. The area, production and yield of maize in Karnataka is shown in the table no. 3.6 Table No. 3.6 Area, Production and Yield of Maize in Karnataka from to Area Production Yield 1 SI No Year In 000 ha % of incr/ deer over p.y. 000 tns % of incr/ deer over p-y- Kg/ha % of incr/ deer over p.y "7 TQ i /.JO Source: Agriculture, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy March-2005, P.74. The table 3.6 reveals that there were marginal inter-year fluctuations in area during the last three decade. The production of maize has increased from lakh tonnes to lakh tonnes in 87

15 and again decreased to lakh tonnes in Hence, there were inter year fluctuations on the production front also. The yield of maize has increased from 2724 Kg/hectare in 1974:75 to 3262 Kg/hectare in Again decreased to 2013 Kg/hectare in There were also inter year fluctuations in the yield. The farmers prefer maize crop in the state because of stable yield and assured price as well as assured market under public procurement policy and return from this crop area also high in compared to to other competing crops. The data regarding area, production and yield of maize in Karnataka during the period to shows that area l,.r iricd from lakh hectare in to 618 lakh hectares in It is significant to mention here that area is showing an increasing tendency. The production of maize varied from lakh tonnes in to 1244 lakh tonnes in , with the increase in area during the last decade the production decreased, whereas from the production was decreased. It is further noticed that the farmers of the state have adopted the cultivation of maize on a large scale. The table No.3.6 also shows that average area under maize in the state for 30 years period ending was lakh hectares. The average production of maize during the same period was lakh tonnes. The average yield per hectare was kgs for the last 30 years. In terms of percentage variation over the previous year, maximum percentage of increase was witnessed in , when the area under maize went up by percent over previous year. 88

16 Maximum percentage of decline took place in , which accounted for percent, when the area under maize went down by percent. As for the production, it went on increasing upto It has been found from the table that, the production tmoved in step with maize area till and a positive correlation between the two was found. Most of the increase in production resulted from increased area under the crop. One more significant thing was observed from the table in the year During this year, area showed only a fractional decrease, but the production declined all most half time over previous year. In terms of percentage it W'as witnessed that the maximum decline of percent over previous year. Season wise Area. Production and Average yield of Maize in Karnataka from to is shown in the Table No.3.7. It is evident from the table No. 3.7 that the average yield of Kharif season maize with 2947 Kg/ha was more than Rabi and summer season maize average yield, the area and production of maize was more in Kharif season compared to Rabi and summer season for the last five years. The comparison of Karnataka average yield of maize per hectare with National average of Maize yield is shown in Table

17 Table 3.7 Area in hectares Production in tones Average yield kgs/hectare Sum m er Rabi K harif Yield Production A rea Yield Production A rea oo o oo o C" <N i Season -Wise Area, Production and Average Yield of Maize in Karnataka from to Season Yield Production Area Year ! o i ooo(n U-l oo r-' (N r-' r~ ! Average Source: Directorate of Economics and statistics Bangalore

18 Table 3.8 Average Yield of Maize in India and Karnataka from (Kgs/hectare) SI. Average Yield Average Yield Net Year No. in India in Karnataka difference i _ Source: Agriculture, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, March 2005, P It is evident from the table 3.8 that, the average yield in India was much below the karnataka state average. The all India average for the last decade was 1764 Kg per hectare and it was 2756 Kg per hectare for Karnataka State during the same period and net difference was Kg per hectare. Similarly all India average for the 91

19 Table No. 3.9 Area of Maize From Major states in India to India Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Bihar Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab N.A ( 000 hectare) V09Z9 Source: Agriculture, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, March P

20 Table No. 3.9 A Production of Maize From Major States in India to ( 000 hectare) : ] ] ] * *969 6*086 L 'L f\ India Karnataka Bihar Andhra Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Himachal Pradesh Gujarat Jammu & Kashmir Maharashtra Punjab Source: Agriculture, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, March P

21 Table No Yield of Maize From Major States in India to India Goa Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Punjab Manipur Haryana Bihar Himachal Pradesh West Bengal Mizoram Tamil Nadu N.A ( 000 hectare) ZLZZ Source: Agriculture, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, March P 70 94

22 last 30 years was Kg per hectare and it was Kg per hectare for Karnataka State during the same period. The net difference of maize yield was decreasing up to But marginal increase in yield was noticed up to and further there were int,er year fluctuation of yield up to the period ending But the average yield in India was more than state average in The factor responsible for this phenomenon was the poor yield, caused by adverse weather and shortage of rainfall. It is observed from the table that, fluctuating in the area under this crop is commonly noticed among the states. Neither the production nor area of maize remained constant over the five year s period. Deeper dissection of the table No. 3.9 points out that the maize area showed a clear increase in the states of Bihar, Madya Pradesh, Karnataka and Andra Pradesh, etc. While the states like Rajastan, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh etc. have registered a decline in Maize area during the same period. The factors causing such a volatile fluctuation in the acreage under this crop are unfavourable monsoons, unstable prices, diversion of area in favour of other food and cash crops etc within the country. The table No 3.9 also depicts that Rajastan, Uttar Pradesh, Madya Pradesh A.P. Karnataka and Bihar are having larger area under maize. These six states together accounted for 69.4 percent during

23 Production: Since the national figures are the outcome of the state figures, it would be interesting to observe the performance of different states in maize production in table No. 3.9 A A closer observation of the table revealed that production of maize moved in step with the area and witnessed irregular ups and downs. The states in which production showed improvement during to are Bihar, Madya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka in comparison with other selected states. To highlight the relative importance of states in rnaize area, Uttar Pradesh ranks high with lakh hectares of average against the national average of lakh hectares. Whereas. Karnataka ranks high with lakh tonnes against the national average production of lakh tonnes. The table No 3.10 reveals that the yield of maize was highest in state like Goa, A.P.Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh and lowest in Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Karnataka during Karnataka Share in the national production and area of Maize is shown in table no The table 3.11 reveals that the average share of state in area and production works out at 8.55 percent and percent respectively in comparison with all India figures. But the year to year share is not uniform and varied between 8.25 percent to percent in area and 8.33 percent to percent in production. It could not be out of 96

24 place, at this juncture to have comparative view of the Karnataka State and All India in respect of Maize area and production. SI No Table 3.11 Karnataka s Share in the National Production and Area of Year Maize from 1995-% to India (X) Area in 000 hectares Karnataka (XI) Percentage share of Karnataka India (Y) Production in 000 tonnes Karnataka (Yl) Percentage share of Karnataka i /-.< %-7 r» iyyf-yo i i.u i j.y i Average Coeffici ent of Correlation India (R) Karnataka (R) Source: Agriculture, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy March 2005, P Table No also shows that India s area and production is nearly perfect positive correlation with (R) and Karnataka is positive correlation (R) with area and production. 97

25 Hence the result is as area increases production also increases both in Karnataka and in India. The state wise area and production of maize during is shown in table no Table 3.12 State-Wise Area and Production of Maize in India during Area in 000 hectares Production in 000 tonnes SI No State Area Percentage to total Production Percentage to total Area Production A 1 \J i T~ iliuiu nooa o / - 1/IOOC Q x -r> - 02 Karnataka Andra Pradesh J Uttar Pradesh Bihar Madya Pradesh Rajastan Himachal Pradesh 09 Jammu & Kashmir Maharastra Gujarath Punjab Source: Agriculture, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, March 2005.P

26 Table 3.12 shows that the state wise area, production of maize in and percentage to India s total area and production. Karnataka State stood 5th in terms of area with lakh hectares (8.44 percent) and 6th in terms of production with lakh tonnes (8.33 percent) Rajastan covered highest area of maiz.e with lakh hectares (15.17 percent) against second highest production of maize with lakh tonnes (13.86 percent). Haveri District Scenario: Erstwhile Dharwad district was divided into Haveri and Gadag. Haveri district was formed with effect from November There are seven blocks of the district viz. Hanagal, Hirekerur, Ranebennur, Haveri, Savanur, Byadgi and Shiggaon. The total geographical area of the district is Sq. Kms constituting 4.9 percent of the area of state. The absence of clear dry zone makes the agro-climatic condition of the district an excellent one for agriculture. The average rainfall in the district is 763 mm. The temperature ranges from 12.8 degree C to 25.6 degree C in the district. It lies between and north latitude and between and langitude. The district is at an elevation of about 1800 meters above mean sea level. Agriculture is a highly risky activity in the district since majority of farmers depends on mansoon-precipitation for the operation. Erstwhile Dharwad district is the largest producer of maize in Karnataka, constituting 19 percent of the total maize production with 99

27 1.11 lakh hectare and 2.85 lakh tonnes of production during The other maize growing districts are Chitradurga, Belgaum, Bellary, Bijapur and Shimoga, which grow more than 50,000 hectares of maize every year. Northern parts of the state predominently produce maize,in the state; the least producing districts are Uttara Kannada, Mandya, Bidar and Chikka magalur. These districts are producing only less than half percent of the total maize production of the entire state. The Kharif season is the main crop-growing season covered an area of 86 percent and less than 14 percent of an area is covered in Rabi season. Karnataka State has its own significance in the production of maize at National level. In Karnataka, maize will be grown in almost all districts. Main maize growing districts are Belgaum, Huveri, Bijapur, Dharwad, Gadag and Bagalakot. In production aspects, the main districts are Belgaum, Haveri, Dharwad, Gadag and Bagalakot. These districts nearly 70 percent of the production in the state. The table No.3.13 shows district wise area, production and yield of Karnataka in

28 Table No District-wise Average Yield of Maize-Kharif, Rabi and Summerin Karnataka from to (Yield in Kgs/hectare' SI District Average Yield No Kharif Rabi Summer 1 Bagalkot Bangalore (U) Bangalore(R) Belgaum Bellary Bidar Bijapur Chamarajanagar Chikkamagalur Chitradurga D. Kannada Davangere Dharwad Gadag Gulburga Hassan Haveri Kodagu Kolar Koppal Mandya Mysore Raichur Shimoga Tumkur Udapi U. Kannada State Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics The table No shows district wise area, Production and yield of Karnataka in

29 SI No. Table No Area, Production and Yield of Maize in Different Districts of Karnataka during District Area in hectares Percent to slate Area Production in tonnes Percent to state production Yield Kgs/ha 1 Bagalkote Bangalore Urban 3 Bangalore Rural 4 Belgaum Bellary Bidar Bijapur Chamaraj Nagar 9 Chikmagalur Chitradurga Dakshin Kannada 12 Davangere Dharwad Gadag Gulburga Hassan Haveri Kodagu Kolar Koppal Mandya Mysore Raichur Shimoga Tunikur Udupi Uttar Kannada Total Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics

30 In Karnataka Maize is grown in all the districts but the districts from which major contribution is accounted for are only a few in numbers. The table gives an idea of the relative importance of different districts in maize production and average (Table No. 3.14) The table no reveals that the total area in the state came to about hectares during The relative share of the different districts represents hetrogenity. The year by year area, production varies from district to district, due to natural imbalance, marketing imbalance and local problems. The table also reveals that larger portion of the maize came from Davangere. Haveri, Belgaum, Chitradurga, Bellary and Bagalkot districts. Together these six districts accounted for percent during Among these six districts three, could be singled out in importance and they were Davangeri, Haveri and Belgaum in order of merit. Davangere headed the group with percent to the total area of state followed by Haveri and Belgaum with percent and percent respectively. As for the production of maize in the state, the total production was tonnes during In respect of relative contribution Haveri, Davangere, Belgaum, Bellary, Bagalkot and Tioga were distinctly identified as important. These six districts contributed percent of the total maize produced in the state. Among these the place of prominence in order of merit went to Haveri (15.62 percent), Davangere (14.74 percent) and Belgaum (14.05 percent). These three districts accounted for percent of the total production.

31 Closer look at the table revealed an important fact that is, though production is primarily influenced by the acreage under maize crop, it is not only factor exerting pressure on the quantity of production. Thus the table provided clue that, production was also the function of, weather condition,, soil fertility, varieties selected and general cultural practices and farm management. These factors also explained the heterogeneity in per hectare productivity or yield from district to district within the Karnataka State. There were some districts with more maize area and less production and the districts with less area and more maize production. Such a difference could not be easily correlated to a single element, because production itself is a risky phenomenon District wise area coverage of maize for the years and is shown in the table No

32 Table No District- wise Area coverage of Maize for the years and Unit: Area in hects. SI District No Kharif Rabi Summer Total Kharif Rabi 1 Bangalore (Urban) 2 Bangalore (Rural) 3 Kolar Tumkur Shimoga Chitradurga *-» / Davangere OC myauic 197Q8 ^ V X 1.4G _/ / 9 Chamaraja nagar 10 Mandya Kodagu Hassan Chickmagalur D. Kannada Udapi Dharwad Gadag Haveri U.Kannada Belgaum Bijapur Bagalkot Raichur Koppal Bellary Gulbarga Bidar State Source: Office of the commissionrate of Agriculture, Bangalore, o oo to / 105

33 The gross cropped area and area of maize in Haveri district from to is shown in Table No Table No Gross Cropped Area and Area Covered Under Maize in Haveri District from to (Area in hectare) SI. Gross Cropped Area Under Share of Maize in Year No. Area Maize Gross cropped Area Average Source: Office of t le Joint Director of Agriculture, Haveri Table No.3.16 reveals that the share of area under maize cultivation in total gross cropped area is increasing. It was percent in , where as in , it is increased to percent. The table No reveals the share of different main crop in Haveri District during the period under study. 106

34 Table No Share of Main Crops in Haveri District during SI. Share of crop in total Area Main Crops Area in hectares No. (in percent) 1 Maize Jowar Paddy Cotton Green grain Groundnut Total Source: Office of the Joint Director of Agriculture, Haveri. The table No reveals that nearby half of the area (48 Percent) of main crops of the district is occupied by maize crop in the district. It is noticed that lion share is captured by maize crop, followed by cotton with 13 percent, Paddy with 12 percent and Jowar with percent. The least area is occupied by Groundnut with 5.99 percent study period during Maize occupied first place in the district with hectares of land against the total geographical area of hectares, constituting percent of the total geographical area. The Table No shows the taluk wise distribution of maize area in Haveri district during and and taluk wise share of maize to the total area during the same period. 107

35 Table No SI No. Taluk-wise Maize cultivation in Haveri District during and (Area in hectares) i Share of Maize to the Area Under Maize Taluk total Area (in percent) Haveri Byadgi Hanagal Hirekerur Ranebennur Savanur Shiggaon Total Source: The office of Joint Director of Agriculture Haveri. The table No reveals that Hirekerur takuk occupies first position in the district with 29 percent and 31 percent during and respectively to the total gross cropped area, followed by Hanagal with 21 percent during and Haveri with 18 percent during and Haveri with 18 percent during to the total gross cropped area. It indicates that majority of maize production from Hirekerur taluk of the district. The table No shows taluk wise distribution of maize area in Haveri district during study period of

36 Table No Taluka- Wise Distribution of Maize Area in Haveri District During SI. No. Taluk Gross Cropped Area under Maize in Area in hectares hectares 01 Haveri 59966(17.31) (17.52) 02 Byadgi (9.48) 11934(14.56) 03 Hanagal 52235(15.07) 5708 (6.95) 04 Hirekerur 56316(16.26) (37.45) 05 Ranebennur (15.80) (16.32) 06 Savanur 48862(14.11) 3344 (4.09) 07 Shiggaon 41465(11.97) 2547 (3.11) Total (100.00) (100.00) Source:' Tie office of joint director of agriculture, Haveri. Note: Figures in parentheses indicate column percentage 109

37 Graph 3.2 Taluk wise distribution of Maize area in Haveri district during ! Gross cropped area in hectares Area under Maize in hectares Haveri Byadgi Hanagat Hlrekerur Ranebennur Savanur Shiggaon It is observed from table No that percent of total maize area in Hirekerur taluk, which was highest maize growing area during against gross cropped area of hectares, followed by Haveri and Ranebennur taluk with and percent of total maize area against and GCA (Gross Cropped Area) respectively of the same period. The Area of Maize in Haveri district during period under study shown in the table No

38 Table No Area of Maize in Haveri District from to SI No Year Area in hectares Growth rate Source: Office of the joint director of Agriculture, Haveri. The table No indicates that there were inter-year fluctuations in area during last one decade. The area under maize was ha in increased up to (except in ) with growth rate of percent. Whereas in later period, frequent fluctuation in area, it is mainly due to the changes in rainfall. The comparison of Haveri districts average yield per hectare with state average ( to ) is shown in table Ill

39 Table 3.21 Average Yield of Maize in Haveri District and in Karnataka From to (Kgs/hectare) Average Yield SI. Average Yield Year in Haveri No. in Karnataka district Net difference Source: Directorate of Economics and statistics Bangalore, ( It is evident from the table No.3.21 that, the average yield of Karnataka was below the Haveri district average yield of maize. The average yield of Karnataka for last seven years was 3069 Kg/hectare and it was 3282 Kg/hectare for Haveri district during the same period. The net difference in Yield was highest in (1202 Kg/hectare) and lowest in (239 Kg/hectare). The table 3.22 reveals that area under maize has been increased from hectares in to hectares in The data show that the increasing trend of both area and yield of maize year after year for the last one decade. 112

40 The average yield per hectare in Hirekerur taluk was highest for the last one decade. The average yield was 4200 Kg/ha during , occupying first place in the district against area of hectares. Byadgi and Ranebennur taluk were placed as second and third position respectively with 4000 Kg/ha and 3900 Kg/hectares respectively. The farmers of Hirekerur, Byadgi, Ranebennur and Haveri taluks have dominated inrespect of area and yield of maize in Haveri district. The average yield of maize in Haveri district for and was declining, whereas area was increasing from hectares in to hectares in The. declining in yield of maize during and was due to fall in the averaae rainfall durinn neak reason of harvest. Table No.3.22 Correlation Between Area and Yield of Maize with its Average Price in Selected Markets. Markets Correlation Rxy t-value Ranebennur Area Yield Haveri Area Yield Source: Prepared from data collected from Agriculture, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, March 2005.P.70. The Table No.3.22 shows that Correlation between average prices of maize with its area and yield in both Ranebennur and Haveri markets. The area of maize is positively/correlated with its average 113

41 prices with area and yield of maize in Ranebennur market, whereas in Haveri market is negatively correlated. The correlation was not significant in both markets. 114

42 References: 1.India 2004,: A Reference Annual, Agriculture, Publication Division, Govt.of India, New Delhi, P The Economic Survey, , P Singh R.P,: Maize Research and development in India, An assessment and Policy perspective, Ind, In. of Agri, Econ. Vol. 55, No Jan-March Mr. Amit Gokhale. : Potential and strategies for conversion from OPV to Hybrid Maize in Western U.P, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, June