The Assessment of Ecology Dimension Sustainability of Rice Production in West Kalimantan

Transcription

1 ADRI International Journal Of Agriculture 1 (2017) The Assessment of Ecology Dimension Sustainability of Rice Production in West Kalimantan ISSN : (online) ISSN : (print) Ekawati 1), Darsono 2), Kusnandar 2), Novira Kusrini 3) 1) Student at Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, Sebelas Maret University-Surakarta and Lecturer in Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Panca Bhakti University Pontianak ekawatiupb@gmail.com 2) Lecturer in Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, Sebelas Maret University - Surakarta 3) Lecturer in Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, Sebelas Maret University - Surakarta 4) Lecturer at Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjung Pura University-Pontianak Received February 2017; accepted April 2017; published online may Abstract: The implementation of food security depends on food production. In West Kalimantan, the food production can be identified from rice production. One of the sustainability dimensions of rice production is ecology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sustainability of rice production and the sensitive factor the sustainability of rice production in West Kalimantan. The data used was taken from four districts in West Kalimantan which are Bengkayang, Landak, Kubu Raya and Ketapang. This research applied Multi-Dimensional Scale which modified to Rap-Prorice and use 17 attributes that are: forest area, paddy field potential, extensification, land conversion, pressure of use of paddy field, land suitability, rainfall, the accuracy of the rainy season, the use of rice seed, the use of organic fertilizer, the use of chemical fertilizer, the use of organic pesticide, the use chemical pesticide, the potential of pest organism, dry period, flood, and water resources. The results indicate that the sustainability of ecology dimension has less significant changes. It is evidenced by the acquisition of index score of 43.57%. This result occurs as it is influenced by six attributes that are; the accuracy of the rainy season, the use of chemical fertilizer, the potential of pest organism, the use of rice seed, dry period and rainfall. The increase of the sustainability of ecology dimension can be conducted through intervention and improvement of performance on the sensitive attributes. Keywords: Sustainability, Rice Production, Ecology Dimension * Corresponding Author. Address: ekawatiupb@gmail.com

2 Ekawati et al / ADRI International Journal Of Agriculture 1 (2017) I. INTRODUCTION The agricultural sector is still to be a vital sector in national economic development which is stated in Nawa Cita or priority agenda of Kabinet Kerja/Work Cabinet ( ). It will direct the future agricultural development to establish food security, outlined in the form of nation's capability in terms of: (1) to meet the food needs from domestic production, (2) to regulate the food policy independently, as well as (3) to protect and to notice the welfare of farmers as the main perpetrator of food agriculture business. The food sovereignty should start from self-sufficiency in food and gradually follow by the improvement of value-added agricultural business widely to enhance the welfare of farmers [1]. Several policies have been taken by the government to address the issue of food security by escalating the national food production and farmers' welfare through various efforts such as providing means of production, counseling and guiding activities of farming, pricing policies, and others. Talking about food, it cannot be separate from rice as the main product of the rice plant. Rice is a staple food and a source of energy for Indonesian people and as a source of income for the majority of residents who derive their farming as a livelihood. In addition, rice also serves as a political commodity since its existence cannot be replacing by other commodities and must be available in sufficient quantity. Indonesian people consume more rice than people from any other Asian countries, reaching 114 kg/capita/year, whereas the average rice consumption from Asian countries is 90 kg per capita per year. Therefore, it is logical and reasonable to make food sovereignty program as the main priority of national development. West Kalimantan is one of the rice-producing regions within an area of about 14,680,700 million hectares covering 6,429,719 hectares area of cultivation and 8,322,448 hectares area of non-cultivation. West Kalimantan still has enough potential lands for the development of food with the amount of land area of 1,294,420 million hectares covering 542,455 hectares of wetland and 751,965 hectares of dry land. Of this amount, only an area of 105,110 hectares planted two times a year, and 217,685 hectares planted with 1 time a year. This condition indicates that the land used to grow rice is still not optimal and there is still a lot of unused lands. Therefore the vast potential of wetland provided in West Kalimantan is an opportunity to be rice self-supporting in the future. In producing rice, West Kalimantan is still experiencing a variety of problem and one of them is the low productivity. In 2013, the productivity of Dried Unshelled Rice Harvest (GKP) is at 3.1 tons hectare-1 and it is still much lower than the national productivity that amounts tons hectare-1. The threat of decline in rice production in the future is increasingly serious since the competition in the utilization of natural resources and water. The high rate of population growth that amount 1.55%/year and the raise of development activities as the effect of regional expansion have led to the higher need of land and water availability. In addition, agricultural land conversion in particular wetland into nonagriculture cannot be hindered and it influences the performance of region food production [1]. On the other hand, the new paradigm of agricultural development requires a sustainable agriculture in the farming system, which is capable of keeping productivity and utility of the environment in an indefinite time. The concept of sustainability emerges as fears of ecologists about the longterm consequences of the extreme pressure of the natural support system. This concept also expresses their interconnection between natural and socio-economic culture. The significance of this research is so important because domestic rice needs to meet in a sustainable manner. The purpose of the research is to identify the sustainability of rice production from ecology dimensions, determinants, and policies for enhancing the sustainability in West Kalimantan. II. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study was conducted in West Kalimantan Province by taking four districts as a research site; Kubu Raya, Landak, Bengkayang and Ketapang. The determination of research site was intentionally chosen (purposive) by considering the concept of development in West Kalimantan that is divided into four (4) Regional Development (WP) covering Middle Development region represented by the district of Landak, Coastal Regional development characterized by district of Kubu Raya, Interprovince Regional Development corresponded to Ketapang district, and Inter-State development region symbolized by Bengkayang district. The data used in this study included primary data and secondary data regarding ecological aspects. The method of primary data collection was employed by survey with indepth interviews by means of lists of questions and discussion. The selected respondents were 120 farmers taken randomly. This data used for the analysis of the sustainability index. The analysis used in assessing sustainability was multidimensional scaling (MDS) modified from Rap-fish called RAP-PRORICE. The analysis phase embraced the ordination analysis of RAP-PRORICE that was conducted through several stages specifically: (1) forest area, paddy field potential, extensification, land conversion, pressure of use of paddy field, land suitability, rainfall, the accuracy of the rainy season, the use of rice seed, the use of organic fertilizer, the use of chemical fertilizer, the use of organic pesticide, the use chemical pesticide, the potential of pest organism, dry period, flood, and water resources, (2) assessing each attribute in the ordinal scale (scoring) based on sustainability criteria for each attribute, (3) Analyzing the ordination to determine the ordination and the value of stress using SPSS, (4) indexing the sustainability status of rice production, (5) analyzing sensitivity (Leverage Analysis) to ascertain the influencing sensitive attribute or

3 Ekawati et al / ADRI International Journal Of Agriculture 1 (2017) variable, (6) Analyzing Monte Carlo to evaluate the effect of random tool (Error). Those ecological attributes are presented in Table 1 TABLE 1. THE SUSTAINABILITY ECOLOGY ATTRIBUTES OF RICE PRODUCTION IN WEST KALIMANTAN No. attribute 1 Percentage of forest area: Percentage of area that is still good 2 Potential Rice fields: land potential for new paddy fields ; 3 Expansion of wetland: print new paddy per year 4 Intensity Conversion wetland: conversion field/year 5 Pressure residential of Size and industrial land use: Proximity / jarakantara wetland industry, with highways, housing complex 6 Land suitability classes: average class paddy land suitability for rice crops in West Kalimantan 7 Rainfall per year: Rainfall Data of the last 3 years Crit eria B G a o d o d Legend 0 3 (0) Forest area is still good <20%; (1) Forest area is still good 20-30%; (2) Forest area is still good 30-50%; (3) Forest area is still good> 50% 0 2 (0) the potential land is not available; (1) potential enough available land; (2) the potential of land is still widespread 0 2 (0) print new fields do not exist; (1) print new fields is limited; (2) print new fields quite spacious High ( 1) Medium (2) Low 0 3 (0) is very close, 0,5 km; (1) close,> km (2); (2) moderate,> 1-2 km; (3) Further, 2 km 0 3 (0) is not appropriate (N); (1) is marginally suitable (S3); (2) reasonably fit (S2); (3) highly suitable (S1) 0 3 (0) CH <1500 mm / year; (1) CH mm / year; (2) CH The accuracy of the rainy season every year: the last 3 years of climate data 9 The use of rice seed: based on the quality of rice seeds used by farmers 10 The use of organic fertilizer: organic liquid fertilizer, animal manure, rice field waste for fertilizer. 11 The use of chemical fertilizer: using fertilizer produced by the factory such as Urea, SP36, KCl, and NPK per ha 12 The use of Natural Pesticides 13 The use of Chemical Pesticides 14 Potential attacks OPT: based on the comprehensive development of pest attacks during the last 3 years 15 The potential occurrence of drought; Based on the development of land area experiencing drought for the last 3 years 16 The potential occurrence of floods; based on developments in the area of land flooded for the last three years 3000 mm / year; (3) CH> 3000 mm / year 0 2 (0) Varied> 4 weeks; (1) Va ries in 2-4 weeks; (2)Always fall down in the same month 0 3 (0) Seed local with age> 6 months; (1) Seed superior local a ged ± 4-5 months; (2) Seed superior no cer tified; (3) Seed superior and ce rtified 0 2 (0) Not use; (1) Bit/use rate lower than recommended; (2) use as recommended; 0 2 (0) use as recommended; (1) Bit/use rate lower than recommended; (2) not use; 0 2 (0) Never; (1) sometimes; (2) Always 0 2 (0) Always; (1) sometimes; (2) never 0 2 (0) increased; (1) Fixed; (2) Decrease 0 2 (0) increased; (1) Fixed; (2) Decrease 0 2 (0) increase; (1) Permanent; (2) decline

4 Other Distingishing Features Ekawati et al / ADRI International Journal Of Agriculture 1 (2017) Source of water: the average water source, especially the dry season to support production rice 0 3 (0) water sources support; (1) The lack of water resources support; (2) sufficient water resources support; (3) the source of the water is very support TheIndexing of sustainability status can be in four categories. Those categories are as presented in Table 2 TABLE 2. CATEGORY INDEX AND SUSTAINABILITY STATUS score Index Category 00,00 25,00 Poor: nonsustainable 25,01 50,00 Less: less sustainable 50,01 75,00 Fair: Fair Sustainable 75,01-100,00 Good: good sustainable III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Sustainability of Ecology Dimension Fundamentally, Samekto [2] defines sustainable agriculture or alternative agriculture as a system of agriculture, which emphasize on environmental conservation, economic sustainability, and environmental issue. The World Bank construe the paradigm of sustainable development within the shape of Environmentally Sustainable Development Triangle, which relies on sustainability and one of them, is ecology dimension. Ecology dimension sustainability based on the concept of sustainable development is an activity that utilizes harmless input for humans, surrounding environment and natural resources. The assessment of sustainability status of rice production in West Kalimantan in particular ecology dimension was conducted by applying Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) modified with Rapfish or RAPPRORICE. The analysis entailed seven most influenced attributes toward the sustainability of ecology dimension. The results of the Rap-Prorice sustainability analysis of ecology dimension toward seven attributes as revealed in Figure 1 produces sustainability index value 43,57%, which is categorized as less sustainable. The finding signifies that the current ecological condition of field land is less supporting for enhancing the sustainability of rice production in West Kalimantan Source: Primary Data Analysis, 2016 Fig BAD GOOD Ecology Dimension Sustainability Index of Rice Production in west Kalimantan The analysis result reveals that stress value is 0, and value of Squared Correlation (RSQ) are 0, According to Kavanagh and Pitcher (2004), when the stress value is less than 0.25 (S <0.25) and R 2 close to 1 (100%), the model or results of the analysis is categorized into good enough. Thus, it can be concluded that the analysis model of MDS produced is accurate and sufficient to estimate the ecology dimension sustainability of rice production in West Kalimantan. If it is identified from the comparison of the analytical result of MDS with Monte Carlo at the trustworthy level of 95%, (Table 3) indicates very small value in distinction, specifically 0,01. This indicates that: the error in making a score is relatively small, the variety of scoring due to distinction in opinion relative small, the process performed repeatedly is relatively stable and the error of entry and loss data can be avoided [3],[4]. TABLE 3. THE DISTINCTION IN SUSTAINABILITY INDEX VALUE OF ANALYSIS RAP- PRORICE (OF MDS) WITH MONTE CARLO ON ECOLOGICAL DIMENSION RICE PRODUCTION IN WEST KALIMANTAN Dimensions Sustainability of UP DOWN Fisheries Sustainability Real Fisheries References MDS Monte Carlo Difference Ecology 43,56 43,57 0,01 Source: Primary Data Analysis, 2016 RAPFISH Ordination B. Sensitive Factors Influencing the Sustainability of Rice Production Of the seventeen attributes analyzed by leverage, there are six attributes that have a significant influence on the sustainability of rice production in West Kalimantan. Of those attributes, embrace (1)the accuracy of the rainy

5 Attribute Ekawati et al / ADRI International Journal Of Agriculture 1 (2017) season; (2) the use of chemical fertilizers; (3) the potential for pest organism; (4) the use of seed; (5) the dry period; (6) the rainfall. They are sensitive attributes that have the significant influence on the ecology dimension sustainability of rice production that entails serious attention or intervention to improve the sustainability status of production in the future. As it can be seen atfigure 2 for more details. the start of the rainy season and the dry season, floods, droughts and rising sea levels. Based on the data from BMKG in Siantan, that during the last three years it has been a shift in the start of the rainy season in West Kalimantan with an interval of 4-5 weeks, as described in Table 4 below: TABLE 4. EARLY RAINY SEASON IN WEST KALIMANTAN Leverage of Attributes Water Resource Flood Dry Period The potential of pest The use of chemical The use of organic The use of chemical The use of organic The use of rice seed The Accur acy og rainy Rainfall Suitability of land Pressure of use Paddy Land Convertion Extensification Paddy Field Potential Forest Area Root Mean Square Change in Ordination when Selected Attribute Removed (on Sustainability scale 0 to 100) Fig. 2 Sensitive Ecological Factors Affecting Sustainability Rice Production in west Kalimantan Among the sensitive attributes, that has a close link between the attribute with other attributes. In West Kalimantan, most of the rice plants cultivated in the rain-fed and fields. Local farmers rely heavily on rainfall as a source of water to irrigate their agricultural land. Climate change that has been happened in the last few years have an impact on the amount of rainfall, shifting Year Normal Early Rainy Season 2012/2013 September III October II 2013/2014 September III October III 2014/2015 September III October III 2015/2016 September III November II Source: BMKG Siantan, 2016 The friction begins in the rainy season is very influential on the activities of farmers. It often occurs in the study area, the farmer must perform repetitions in seed nurseries to avoid the mistake in determining the commencement of the rainy season. According to [5], the climate change give the impact on the agricultural sector which is characterized by 1) changes in rainfall patterns, 2) increasing the frequency of extreme climate events (floods and drought), 3) an increase in air temperature and sea levels. On the other hand, heavy rainfall triggered the emergence of various pests on rice plants and the incidence of flooding in various areas in West Kalimantan that ultimately affect the rice production. Based on the data from the Department of Agricultural UPTPH Food Crops and Horticulture Kalbar that during the period of the number of wetland area were hit by the OPT continues to increase. In 2013 the amount of land area stricken rice pest that some ha, increased to ha in 2014, and increased to ha in 2015, with an area of crop failure in a row 141.3, 638, 75 ha and ha. A pest that gives the most worry among farmers is walang rice pest, rat. Blast, stem borer, brown leaf spot, white and slug pests' mulberry. Rainfall linked to the availability of water for the rice crop. In West Kalimantan, most of the rice plants cultivated in the rain-fed and fields, Local farmers rely heavily on rainfall as a source of water to irrigate their agricultural land. In setting, the planting schedule based on predictions of the month and the rainy season and in the last few years the incidence of the rainy season has often missed the estimates, and it causing risk of crop failure. Climate change causes an increase in seasonal rainfall in the rainy season, causing flooding and it makes a decrease in seasonal rainfall in the dry season, causing drought in the long period. In addition, heavy rainfall during the rainy season flooding and inundation affects the wetland. According to the data, over the period the area of land affected by floods in a row is as follows: ha, 6243 and

6 Ekawati et al / ADRI International Journal Of Agriculture 1 (2017) ha. While droughts lead to a decline in harvested area and production. In addition, during that period, rice area has experiencing drought consecutive number of 393 ha, ha and ha with puso extents respectively by 144 ha (36.64%), ha (21.02%) and 61 ha (1.63%). The development of paddy land area experiencing drought, flooding and pest attacks during the period were presented in Table 5. TABLE 5. DEVELOPMENT AREA OF WETLAND EXPERIENCING DROUGHT, FLOODING AND PEST ATTACKS IN WEST KALIMANTAN PERIOD Year Size Drought Size Flood Comprehensive pest attack struck puso struck puso struck puso Source: UPTPH Kalbar, 2015 It is very necessary for water management technologies that can capture the excess of rainwater during the rainy season and take advantage of the water in order to irrigate the fields in the dry season, for example by building dams, reservoirs in surrounding farmland. Other ecological sensitive attributes that affect the availability of rice in West Kalimantan is the use of chemical fertilizers. In general, farmers in West Kalimantan rely more heavily on the use of chemical fertilizers to boost rice production, only a fraction of farmers using the organic fertilizer with a number lower than the recommended. The organic fertilizer is often used is waste rice straw and animal manure. The use of inorganic fertilizers such as Urea, KCl which farmer has used for a long period and continuously, furthermore it has believed by farmers to increase the production of rice. Even with the various activities of government through the Department of Agriculture use of inorganic fertilizers is increasing through the help of fertilizers. In the concept of sustainable agriculture, more inorganic fertilizers use increasingly unsustainable. In the case of the use of rice seed, in general, there are still a few farmers in West Kalimantan who use superior seed certified (labeled) because the price is relatively expensive and its availability is inadequate. Certified rice seed requirements / labeled harvested area of ha of paddy fields (Asem 2015) a number of tons of rice seed, while the production of labeled seedlings produced local seed breeders are a number of tons, which means a deficit of seedlings of ton. Finally, due to overcoming the shortage of seeds that farmers use before, even the use of local varieties is still much to be done by farmers. Despite the resulting of the low production as the reason of pest resistant, produce rice that suit the tastes of farmers, and in certain areas of the rice local varieties produces is relatively high price such as brown rice and black rice (varieties of Bengkayang Belia) which has a selling price of around Rp. 20,000-25,000 at the farm level. IV. CONCLUSION Based on the sustainability analysis of ecology dimension Rap-Prorice on the seventeen attributes, less sustainable with the index of 43.57% demonstrates the current wetland's ecology condition. This condition does not have significant influence to improve the sustainability of rice production in West Kalimantan. Six attributes that affect the sustainability of rice production in West Kalimantan are; The accuracy of the rainy season; the use of chemical fertilizer; the potential of pest organism; the use of rice seed; dry period; and rainfall. These six attributes are sensitive attributes that affect the sustainability of ecology dimension of rice production in west Kalimantan. It is strong recommended that these three attributes give more attention or intervention to improve the status of production sustainability in future. REFERENCES [1] Kementan, Rencana Strategis Kementerian Pertanian Tahun Kementan RI. Diunduh Minggu, 23 April [2] Samekto, Riyo Neraca Hara Nitrogen Sebagai Indikator Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Jurnal Inovasi Pertanian (INNOFARM) Vol. 10 No. 1 Mei P [3] Fauzi, A., dan S. Anna Permodelan Sumberdaya Perikanan dan Kelautan untuk Analisis Kebijakan. Gramedia Pustaka, Jakarta. [4] Pitcher, T.J., M.E. Lam, C. Ainsworth, A. Martindale,K. Nakamura, R.I. Perry, dan T.Ward Improvements to Rafish: A Rapid Evaluation Technique for Fisheries Integrating Ecological and Human Dimensions. Journal of Fish Biology 83 (4): [5] Salinger, M.J Climate Variability and Change: Past, Present, and Future Over Vier. 29.-Climate Change 70:9