Residual effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield parameters of rabi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under cropping system

Transcription

1 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 2015,Science Huβ, ISSN: X, doi: /ajsir Residual effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield parameters of rabi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under cropping system Abdelmuniem Yousif Elamin 1 and K. Madhavi 2 National Research Center Khartoum Sudan P.O.Box Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 30 Part of Ph. D. thesis submitted by the first author to the Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, -30, India ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled Residual effect of kharif sorghum on growth and yield parameters of rabi chickpea cropping system carried out under field condition during 2012 and 2013 with kharif sorghum variety (CSH16) and rabi chickpea variety (JG11) cropping system at ARI Main Farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Experimental site was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon as well as low available nitrogen, medium in the available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main treatments and three sub-treatments, replicated thrice. There are 9 treatments which included application of three different manures as a main treatments viz., Farm Yard Manure (FYM) Vermicompost, (VC) and Neem Seed Cake (NSC) and their combinations with 0%, 50% and 100% RDF as sub plot treatments. Manures were applied as the recommended 5 t ha -1 for FYM and 2.5 t ha -1 for VC and NSC. The data recorded for two years indicated that plant height, leaf area index (LAI), yield components and seed quality of rabi chickpea during both years was significantly increased as influenced by VC, NSC, FYM, 0%, 50%, 100% RDF and their interactions. The highest LAI was recorded at (60 DAS) in both years 2012 and 2013 for organic manures and inorganic nutrients. VC resulted significantly in higher LAI over FYM and NSC and 100% RDF over 0% and 50% RDF at 60 and 90 DAS, while it was not significant at 30 DAS and at harvest. INTRODUCTION Pulse crops play a vital role in Indian agriculture. India is the major pulse growing country in the world accounting 22.9 m ha area and m tons of world production (Annonymous, 2009). Among the pulse crops, chickpea Cicer arietinum (L.) is India s first ranking pulse crop playing an imperative role in supplementing protein in vegetarian diet. It remarkably predominates among other pulse crops in terms of both area and production. India is the largest chickpea producer as well as consumer in the world. Chickpea is extensively cultivated as winter crop throughout India, especially in northern states. All over the world, chickpea occupies an area of m ha with a production of 8.78 m t and productivity ranges around 756 kg ha -1 (Annonymous., 2008). Today, chickpea is the third most important pulse crop and about 15 percent of the world s total pulse productions belong to this crop (FAO, 2010). Intensive crop rotation and imbalance fertilizer use have resulted in a wide range of nutrients deficiency in fields. For intensive cropping systems, the current recommended fertilizers rates need revision upwards with in balance ratio of vital micronutrients specific to crop to enhance stagnant yields (Tandon, 1989). Integrated nutrient management includes the intelligent use of organic, inorganic, and on-line biological resources so as to sustain optimum yields, improve or maintain the soil physical and chemical properties and provide crop nutrition packages which are technically sound, economically attractive, practically feasible and environmentally safe (Tandon, 1995). The integrated nutrient management has been paid little attention in agriculture areas of developing world (Hedge, 1998). Therefore, the present study was executed to evaluate the residual effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth and yield of rabi chickpea Cicer arietinum L. under cropping system. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2 The field experiment was conducted in black clay loam soil during kharif (rainy) and rabi seasons of 2012 and 2013 at the Main Farm of Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The farm is geographically situated at an altitude of m above Mean Sea Level (MSL) at 18.5 North latitude and 77.5 East longitude. Experimental site was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction (ph), low in organic carbon (O.C) as well as low available nitrogen, medium in the available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main treatments and three sub-treatments, replicated thrice. There are 9 treatments which included application of three different manures as a main treatments viz., Farm Yard Manure (FYM) Vermicompost, (VC) and Neem Seed Cake (NSC) and their combinations with 0%, 50% and 100% RDF as sub plot treatments. Manures were applied as the recommended 5 t ha -1 for FYM and 2.5 t ha -1 for VC and NSC. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant height (cm -1 ): The data on plant height is presented in Table 3.1 indicated a significant difference between the treatments in the main plot and subplot for the two seasons 2012 and 2013 only at 60 and 90 DAS and a non-significant difference at 30 DAS and at harvest. The data at 60 and 90 DAS showed that sole organics nutrient and when integrated with chemical fertilizers (RDF) at (50% and 100% RDF) significantly increased plant height of chickpea. However among the organics VC recorded the highest plant height 41.4 cm at 90 days while in the subplot 100% RDF recorded 33.5 cm plant height and the maximum height 43.9 cm was recorded with application of VC+100% RDF in 2013 at 90 DAS while, the minimum plant Table 3.1 Residual effect of integrated nutrient management on plant height (cm -1 ) of rabi chickpea 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS At harvest t ha t ha t ha SEm CD (0.05) NS NS NS NS CV% main plot Subplot (chemical fertilizers) 0% RDF (no fertilizer) % RDF (40:20:20 N, P 2O 5 and K 2O kg ha -1 ) % RDF(80:40:40 N, P 2O 5 and K 2O kg ha -1 ) SEm CD (0.05) NS NS NS NS C.V% sub plot NS = Non- significant, VC = Vermicompost, NSC = Neem Seed cake and FYM = Farm Yard Manure (Hegde, 1998). Channabasavanna et al. (2008) was also of opinion that chickpea with the application of height 30.7 cm was recorded with 0% RDF at 90 DAS in This might be due to direct effect of inorganic fertilizers and residual effect of application of organic manures. The results were in conformity with those reported by Patel et al. (2007). This might be attributed to the residual effect of the organics nutrient added to the kharif sorghum as it was reported that organic sources of nutrient applied to the preceding crops benefit the succeeding crops to a great extent 100% RDF was found at par with 75% RDF which produced significantly higher values for growth attributes as compared to its lower level and control. The results were in conformity with those reported by Gudadhe et al. (2011) in plant height of chickpea. The interaction showed non-significant differences for the two seasons of the experiment with concern to 104

3 plant height throughout all the plant growth phases 30, 60, 90 and at harvest. Leaf Area Index (LAI): Leaf area fairly gives a good idea of the photosynthetic capacity of the plant. In the present study, the data on LAI of rabi chickpea cultivar JG 11 Table 3.2 revealed that there is a significant differences between the main plot (FYM, VC and NC) and the sub plot of treatments Table 3.2 Residual effect of integrated nutrient management on Leaf Area Index (LAI) (cm -1 ) of rabi chickpea 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS t ha t ha t ha SEm CD (0.05) NS NS CV% main plot Subplot (chemical fertilizers) 0% RDF (no fertilizer) % RDF (40:20:20 N, P 2O 5 and K 2O kg ha -1 ) % RDF(80:40:40 N, P 2O 5 and K 2O kg ha -1 ) SEm CD (0.05) NS NS CV% sub plot Interactions FYM+0% FYM+50% FYM+100% VC+0% VC+50% VC+100% NSC+0% NSC+50% NSC+100% SE.m (+) sls. main plot CD (0.05) sls. main plot NS NS NS 0.91 SE.m (+) sdls. subplot CD (0.05) sdls. subplot NS NS NS 3.24 NS = Non- significant, VC = Vermicompost, NSC= Neem Seed cake and FYM= Farm Yard Manure (RDF at 0%, 50% and 100%) and the interaction between treatments for the two successive seasons 2012 and 2013 at 60 and 90 DAS but non-significant difference obtained at 30 DAS, which may be attributed to incomplete leaf development within the growth and development of crops as it was known generally that the leaf area and LAI increased up to 90 DAS and decreased thereafter in all treatments due to senescence and ageing of leaves. During maximum maturity stage the color of leaves change into yellow and shed, which lead to reduction of leaf area where it affect negatively the leaf area index. The maximum LAI as influenced by the residual effect in the main treatments was recorded by application of VC at 60 DAS (4.01) in 2013 followed by NSC (3.78) which were significantly different compared to FYM while among the sub plot treatments (100% RDF) registered the maximum LAI (4.89) in 2013 at 60 DAS followed by application of 50% RDF. However, the LAI increased significantly by increasing rate of RDF in all crop growth stages, similarly, application of VC + 100% RDF reported significantly the highest LAI compared to NSC and FYM. Doughton et al. (1993) reported that application 105

4 of nitrogen increase the source capacity, namely, leaf area, LAI, early canopy cover and the rate of photosynthesis. The variations in leaf area per plant in different treatments may be a result of less or more number of leaves per plant and availability flow of nutrients from inorganic and organic sources of fertilizers. These results were in accordance with the findings of Ayub et al. (2002) who are reported that application of NP fertilizer significantly increased the leaf area per plant of maize fodder and Haq and Jan (2001) concluded that leaf area increased with progressive increment in fertilizer level. compared to Vermicompost VC 42 and 51 and neem seed cake NSC 43 and 52 DAS as a mean of the two seasons frequently. Application of VC recorded significantly lower number of days to 50% flowering (42 and 52 DAS in seasons 2012 and 2013) respectively, which was significantly lower when compared to NSC and FYM application. In case of days to 50% flowering, there was a significant difference between interactions for the season of 2012 only on the same means of the same levels of means while for season 2013 was significant on both levels. The application of VC+100%, NC+100% and FYM+100% RDF showed variations in the number of days to 50% flowering (41, 47 and 41, Days to 50% flowering: The data with respect to 51 and 44, 53 DAS) respectively, when compared days to flower initiation indicated significant (P only to VC, NC and FYM. Among the interactions, 0.05) differences between the residual effect of main application of VC+100% RDF recorded significantly and sub treatments Table 3.3. But the FYM showed lower number of days for 50% flowering (41, 47 DAS delayed number of days for flower initiation to 44 and for the season of 2012 and 2013) respectively, which 54 DAS for the two seasons 2012 and 2013, was significantly lower when Table 3.3 Residual effect of integrated nutrient management on days to 50% flowering, number of pods plant -1 and seed quality of rabi chickpea Days to 50% flowering No. of pods (plant -1 ) Seed protein (%) t ha t ha t ha SEm CD (0.05) NS NS C.V % main plot Subplot (chemical fertilizers) 0% RDF (no fertilizer) % RDF (40:20:20 N, P 2O 5 and K 2O kg ha -1 ) % RDF(80:40:40 N, P 2O 5 and K 2O kg ha -1 ) SEm CD (0.05) NS NS C.V % sub plot Interactions FYM+0% FYM+50% FYM+100% VC+0% VC+50% VC+100% NSC+0% NSC+50% NSC+100% SE.m (+) sls. main plot CD (0.05) sls. main plot NS NS SE.m (+) sdls. subplot CD (0.05) sdls. subplot NS NS NS 106

5 NS = Non- significant, VC = Vermicompost, NSC= Neem Seed cake and FYM= Farm Yard Manure compared to the rest of treatments. Significantly higher number of days for 50% flowering was noticed in the plots supplied with FYM + 0% FRD (44 and 57 DAS) compared to rest of the treatments. Number of pods plant -1 :The data with regard to the number of pods plant -1 indicated a significant difference between the residual effects of different organic manures, inorganic fertilizers levels and interactions of treatments for the two seasons of experiment Table 3.3 application of FYM resulted in the least number of pods plant -1 (56 pods plant -1 as mean of the two seasons), compared to vermicompost VC and NSC (64 and 65 pods plant -1 as mean of two seasons, respectively). NSC recorded significantly higher number of pods 64, 65 pods plant -1, which was significantly higher compared to VC and FYM. While application of 0% RDF, 50% RDF and 100% RDF reported 57, 62 and 65 pods plant -1 as means of the two seasons respectively. The interaction regards to the number of pods plant -1 showed significant differences for the two seasons of the experiment. It was also observed that the number of pods plant -1 increased as the fertilizer levels increased. So, the treatments of organics +50% and +100% RDF reported the higher number of pods plant -1. The highest number of pods plant -1 was recorded with application of NSC+100% RDF (67 pods plant -1 ) in 2012 followed by VC+100% RDF (66 pods plant -1 ) which was significantly higher than application of sole organics. The addition of organic manures to preceding crop might have a positive impact on all the yield contributing characters of chickpea. The results are in coincidence with Gudadhe et al. (2011). Seed protein content (%): The data related to seed protein content is presented in Table 3.3 showed non-significant differences in protein content between the residual effect of the main, sub plot and the interaction between the treatments. There was a slight increase between the different organic sources among which application of VC and NSC recorded the higher protein (%) than FYM. When organic manures combined with NPK either 50% or 100% RDF resulted higher content than control. This may be due to higher nutritional content of mother plant, which reflected on seed quality due to accumulation of higher quantity of seed constituents like protein and carbohydrates. Similar result was reported by Channaveerswami, (2005) in ground nut and Shrikant, (2010) on protein content of seed due to the application of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizer. Higher protein content with treatment 100% RDF + t ha g ha -1 (23.55 %) and was on par with 100% RDF + 2 t ha g ha -1 (22.84 %) and RDF (25:50:0 Kg NPK ha -1 ) g ha -1 (22.65 %), however, lowest (20.93 %) was noticed in 2 t ha g ha seed weight (g): It is an evident from the Table 3.4 that there was significant difference in 1000-seed weight due to the residual effect of organic nutrient treatments (FYM, VC and NSC) as well as the sub treatments (0%, 50% and 100% RDF). Among the main plot treatments VC was found to have significantly higher test weight of g as a mean of two years over NSC of g as a mean of two years, while among the sub plot treatments organics +100% RDF application was found to had significantly higher test weight of g as a mean of two years followed by organics+50% RDF of g as a mean of two years. Similar results are also reported by Gudadhe et al. (2011) that in cotton residual effect of application of GRDF (10 t FYM ha -1 + RDF) in summer season was found to be on par with 100% RDN through VC and recorded significantly higher values for the yield attributes viz. number of pods, pod weight, number of grains, seed yield plant -1 and 1000-seed weight. Application of organic manures to sorghum resulted in a positive impact to chickpea as preceding crop in all yield contributing characters. Whereas, the interaction effects of treatments 107

6 Table 3.4 Residual effect of integrated nutrient management on1000-seed weight, seed yield, haulm yield and harvest index of rabi chickpea 1000-seed weight (g) Seed yield (kg ha -1 ) Haulm yield (kg ha -1 ) Harvest index (HI) % t ha t ha t ha SEm CD (0.05) C.V% main plot Sub plot (chemical fertilizers) 0% RDF (no fertilizer) % RDF (40:20:20 N, P 2O 5 and K 2O kg ha - ) % RDF(80:40:40 N, P 2O 5 and K 2O kg ha -1 ) SEm CD (0.05) C.V% sub plot NS = Non- significant, VC = Vermicompost, NSC= Neem Seed cake and FYM= Farm Yard Manure was found non- significant. Haulm yield (kg ha -1 ) and harvest index (%): Crop Seed yield (kg ha -1 yield was also measured in terms of harvest index. ):The data related that seed yield kg ha -1 The data on economic and haulm yield was used to differed significantly due to the residual effect calculate harvest index. The data on haulm yield and of the treatments in the organic manures and harvest index specified in Table 3.4 indicated inorganic fertilizer treatments but the residual effects significantly higher haulm yield and harvest index due of interactions are non-significant Table 3.4. Among to the residual effect of the organic manures as main the main treatments, application of VC recorded higher seed yield (1935 kg ha -1 treatment (FYM, VC and NC) as well as the sub ) followed by NSC (1899 kg ha -1 treatments inorganic fertilizers (0%, 50% and 100% ) and in sub plot treatments 100% RDF reported the highest seed yield ha -1 (2076 kg ha -1 RDF). Among the main plot treatments VC was found ) as to have significantly higher haulm yield and harvest a means of the two seasons which significantly index (2397 and 2454), (41.9 and 44.1%) compared higher than 50% or 0% RDF. These results were in to FYM (2302 and 2338) (39.7 and 42.4%). While conformation with those reported by Gawai and among the sub plot treatments 100% and 50% RDF Pawar (2005). showed significant difference compared with the sole Residual effect of application in the subplot 100% RDF to kharif sorghum recorded significantly higher grain and haulm yield in rabi chickpea compared with organics in both parameters but there is no significant difference between 100% and 50% RDF which might be due to availability of macronutrients (NPK) to its lower levels and control. Application of GRDF nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation by showed superiority in grain and haulm yields of chickpea followed by 100% RDN through VC. The increased grain and haulm yield might be attributed due to application of integration of nutrients to preceding crop summer cotton Gudadhe et al. (2011). chickpea however, Giunta and Motzo, (2003) noted that nitrogen application revealed a positive effect on above ground biomass by increasing conversion of solar radiation into dry matter. The interaction was found non-significant. REFERENCES Anonymous, 2008, International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter (ICPN), ICRISAT Anonymous, 2009, Chickpea Research Highlights, All India co-ordinated research project, chickpea. 108

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