EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH CHARACTERISTIC OF KHARIF MAIZE

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1 EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH CHARACTERISTIC OF KHARIF MAIZE Madane K. T., M. S. Narale and D. M.Sawant Asst. Prof. Department of Agronomy, Shriram College of Agriculture, Paniv Received: 25/10/2017 Edited: 02/11/2017 Accepted: 10/11/2017 Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2013 on the medium black soil at the Post graduate research farm, College of Agriculture Kolhapur to study the integrate nutrient management on growth and yield of maize (Zea maize L.) The experiment was laid in a randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. Application of 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha-1) through inorganic fertilizers recorded significantly the highest growth characteristics viz, plant height, number of functional leaves plant -1, leaf area plant- 1, dry matter production plant -1,grain and also straw yields of maize as compared to rest of the nutrient management treatments. However, 75% RDF + 10t FYM ha -1 was on par with 100% RDF in respect of growth and yield of maize. This indicate application of 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha -1 are equally effective with 100% RDF for getting maximum growth and yield of hybrid maize (cv. Rajarshi KMH-22168). Key words: Nutrient management, kharif maize, kharif season. Introduction Maize (Zea maize L.) is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro-climatic conditions, soil types, biodiversity and management practices. It is also efficient converter of solar energy into dry matter, as it is C 4 type of crop. Hence, it has the highest genetic yield potential among the cereals and maize is known as queen of cereals. In India, maize is grown on area of 8.78 million hectars with an annual production of million tones and productivity of 2478 kgha -1 (Anonymous 2012). The major maize growing states in India are Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Productivity of maize is higher in Tamil Nadu (4686 kg ha -1 ). In Maharashtra, maize occupies an area of 8.81 lakh hectares withproduction of lakh tones and productivity of 2762 kgha -1 (Anonymous 2012). The maize productivity is largely depend on its nutrient management. Among the production factors, nutrient management plays significant role in improving the productivity of maize. Continuous and an inappropriate use of only chemical fertilizers in intensive cropping system results into imbalance of nutrient in the soil had deleterious effect leading to decline in the productivity due to limitation of one or more of micro-nutrients (Nambiar and Abrol,1989). While on other hand the crop response to organic and biological sources of nutrients are not spectacular as to inorganic fertilizers, but the supplementary and complementary use of these resources is known to enhance the use efficiency of applied fertilizers, beside improving soil physicochemical properties prevent deficiency of micro nutrients. The integrated nutrient management philosophy combines economic and deficient traditional technology to gain from symbiosis and synergy of crop, soil, environment bioenergy. The concept of an integrated nutrient management involves use of various inorganic, organic and biological sources of nutrients for improvement of soil fertility leading to sustain crop productivity. Therefore, the an application of 50% or 75% recommended dose of fertilizers with 12 t FYM ha -1 vermicompost recorded significantly higher productivity of maize as compared with the application of either only inorganic fertilizers or UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

2 organic sources, indicating the roleof integrated nutrient management in increasing the maize productivity (Nanjappaet al.,2011). In order to sustain soil fertility and to reap rich harvest of maize it is important that to apply adequate quantity of FYM, vermicompost or other organic sources. Similarly, due to ever increasing cost of inorganic chemicals fertilizers, their use in combination with organic manures and crop residues has become imperative for sustained crop production and maintenance of soil health. Therefore, in the present contest, a judicious combination of organics and chemical fertilizer help to maintain soil and crop productivity. In view of these the present field experiment was planned on the integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of maize cultivar Rajarshi (KMH-22168) at Kolhapur, during Kharif season of Material and Method The study was carried out on medium black soil at the Post graduate research farm, College of agriculture Kolhapur. The available nutrient content in the soil was nitrogen (260 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus (28.62kg ha -1 ) and potassium (265 kg ha -1 ). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments viz, T 1 -Control,T 2-100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha-1),t 3-75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha-1,t 4-75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha -1,T 5-75% RDF t vermicompost ha -1,T 6-75% RDF t vermicompost ha -1,T 7-50% RDF + 10 t FYM ha-1,t 8-50% RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1,t 9-50% RDF t vermicompost ha -1,T 10-50% RDF t vermicompost ha -1. BothFYM, vermicompost samples were analysed for available N,P and K content and the composition of N,P,K in FYM and vermicompost was (0.6% N, 0.3%P and 0.5%K and1.0% N, 0.5%P and 0.6%K) respectively. The quantity of FYM and vermicompost required for each plot was calculated as per treatment and were incorporated into soil 15 days before sowing. Urea, single super phosphate and murate of potash were used as source of N,P and K respectively. The entire dose of P and k was applied at the time of sowing N was applied in two splits. The seeds were sown in June 2013 with spacing 75 cm rows at 20 cm apart. Result and Discussion Plant count The results revealed that the initial count and final plant stand of maize was not influenced significantly due to different treatments under study. Thisindicate that the variations obtained in the different treatments under study were real effect of treatments, as the plant count at harvest was fairly uniform. However, the mean initial plant count of maize during the kharif season of experimentation was 66.60thousand plants ha -1 at 15 DAS, which was per cent to the expected plant population. However, mean final plant count at harvest was thousand plants ha -1, which was per cent to the expected plant population. Table 1: Mean initial and final plant count of maize per hectare as influenced by different treatments Initial plant count ha -1 final plant count ha -1 (000) % (000) % T 1)Control (no fertilizer) T 2) 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) T 3) 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 4) 75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 5) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 6) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 7) 50% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 8) 50% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 9) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha T 10) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha S.E.± C.D. at 5% NS - NS - General Mean UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

3 4.2 Growth studies Plant height (cm) The mean plant height was progressively increased with increasing age of the crop and found maximum at harvest. However, the rate of increase in plant height was rapid up to 70 DAS. The periodical plant height of maize was significantly influenced by different treatments. Application of 100 % RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha-1) through inorganic fertilizers recorded significantly the highest plant height over rest of the treatments and was on par with 75% RDF (90:45:30 kg NPK) + 10 t FYM ha -1. The percentage increase in plant height at harvest under 100% RDF& 75%RDF (90:45:30 kg NPK) + 10 t FYM ha -1 over control was to the tune of 24.66% and 20.95% respectively, which indicate the role of integrated nutrient management in increase in plant height with integrated nutrient management in increases in plant height as that of chemical fertilizers. The increase in plant height with integrated nutrient management was mainly due its influence on the vegetative crop growth resulting in higher plant height. Similar results were reported by Sarmaet al.,(2000). Pathaket al (2002), Rajeshwari (2005) and Karkiet al.,(2005). Table 2: Mean plant height (cm) of maize as influenced by different treatments T 1)Control (no fertilizer) T 2) 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1) T 3) 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 4) 75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 5) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 6) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 7) 50% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 8) 50% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 9) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha T 10) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha S.E.± C.D. at 5% General Mean Mean number of functional leaves per plant of maize: The mean number of functional leaves per plant was increased up to the 70 th DAS and then decreased due to senescence of leaves. The mean number of functional leaves per plant was 7.51, 8.22, 11.25, and 7.16 at 28,42,56,70 DAS and at harvest, respectively. The number of functional leaves per plant was significantly influenced due to different treatments during all the crop growth stages. The 100 % RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) through inorganic fertilizers recorded significantly the higher number of functional leaves per plant over rest of the treatments and it was on par with 75% RDF (90:45:30 kg NPK) + 10 t FYM ha -1 during all growth stages of crop, which indicate the role of integrated nutrient management in increasing number of functional leaves per plant. The higher number of functional leaves under100% and 75% RDF (90:45:30 kg NPK) + 10 t FYM ha -1 may be due to increase in assimilation rate, cell division and metabolic activities in plant. Integrated nutrients management might be due to increase availability of nutrients in the soil which culminated into more absorption and higher uptake of nutrients by the crop plants and led to better plant growth.similarresults was reported by Rajeshwari (2005). UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

4 Table 3: Mean number of functional leaves per plant of maize as influenced periodically by different treatments T 1)Control (no fertilizer) T 2) 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) T 3) 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 4) 75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 5) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 6) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 7) 50% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 8) 50% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 9) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha T 10) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha S.E.± C.D. at 5% General Mean Mean leaf area per plant(dm 2 ) of maize: The mean leaf area per plant was increased up to the 70 th DAS and there after decreased due to senescence and maturity of crop.the leaf area of 18.12, 44.29, 55.58, and dm 2 at 28,42,56,70 DAS and at harvest, respectively. The mean leaf area per plant was periodically was significantly influenced due to different fertilizer treatments. The fertilizer level of 100 % RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) recorded significantly higher leaf area per plant as compared to remaining integrated nutrient management treatments. However, this was on par with 75% RDF (90:45:30 kg NPK) + 10 t FYM ha -1 during all the crop growth stages.thisindicate the role of integrated nutrient management in increase in leaf area per plant. The increment in leaf area with 100% RDF and integrated nutrient management treatments was mainly due to increased amount of cellular protoplasm and proteins. This resulted in the expansion of cell wall which was manifested in the increased linear and lateral dimensions of leaves of the plant. Similar results were reported by Kumar (2008). Table 4: Mean leaf area per plant (dm 2 ) of maize as influenced periodically by different treatments T 1)Control (no fertilizer) T 2) 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) T 3) 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 4) 75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 5) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 6) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 7) 50% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 8) 50% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 9) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha T 10) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha S.E.± C.D. at 5% General Mean UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

5 4.2.4 Mean dry matter production per plant (g) of maize: The meandry matter production per plant increased with increase in crop age and recorded maximum at harvest. The mean dry matter production per plant was recorded 12.3, 28.19, 64.29, and g, at 28,42,56,70 DAS and at harvest, respectively. The mean dry matter production per plant was significantly influenced due to different fertilizer treatments. The dry matter production per plant was recorded significantly higher with the application of 100 % RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) through inorganic fertilizers over rest of the treatments during all growth stages expect, 75% RDF (90:45:30 kg NPK) + 10 t FYM ha-1, which indicate that integrated nutrient management treatments helped in increasing dry matter production of maize per plant. The maximum dry matter production was obtained under 100% RDF and combined application of nutrient which may be due to more availability of nutrient. Similar results were reported by Pathaket al (2002), Rajeshwari (2005), Karkiet al (2005) and Jadhav et al (2012). Table 5: Mean dry matter production per plant (g) of maizeas influenced periodically by different treatments T 1) Control (no fertilizer) T 2) 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) T 3) 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 4) 75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 5) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 6) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 7) 50% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 8) 50% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 9) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha T 10) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha S.E.± C.D. at 5% General Mean Mean number of days to 50% tasseling and silking: The mean number of days to 50% tasseling and silkingwas significantly influenced by different treatments. The 100 % RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) through inorganic fertilizers took significantly minimum days to 50% tassel and silk emergence over the rest of the treatments. While among the integrated nutrient management treatments, application of 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha -1 took minimum days for 50% tassel and silk emergence. Similar results were reported by Kumar (2002), and Tetarwalet al.,(2001). Table 6: Mean number of days to 50% tassel emergence and days to 50% silk emergence of maize as influenced periodically by different treatments Days to 50% tassel Days to 50% silk emergence emergence T 1)Control (no fertilizer) T 2) 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) T 3) 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 4) 75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 5) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

6 T 6) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 7) 50% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 8) 50% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 9) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha T 10) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha S.E.± C.D. at 5% General Mean Effect on yield of maize Application of 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) through inorganic fertilizers recorded significantly the highest grain and stover yield of maize as compared to remaining treatments and this was on par with 75% RDF + 10t FYM ha -1. This indicate the 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha -1 are equally effective as that of 100% RDF through chemical fertilizers for increasing grain and stoveryield of maize. The higher grain yields was obtained with recommended dose of NPK or combined application of NPK with organic sources might be due to significant improvement in growth and yield attributes resulting into higher grain yield of maize. The results corroborated with those reported by Sarmaet al.,(2000). Pathaket al., (2002), Rajeshwari (2005) and Karkiet al.,(2005). Table 7: Mean grain & straw yield of maize as influenced by different treatments Grain yield Straw yield T 1)Control (no fertilizer) T 2) 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1 ) T 3) 75% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 4) 75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 5) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 6) 75% RDF t vermicompost ha T 7) 50% RDF + 10 t FYM ha T 8) 50% RDF + 5 t FYM ha T 9) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha T 10) 50% RDF t vermicompost ha S.E.± C.D. at 5% General Mean References Anonymous Annual Progress Report Kharif Maize AICRP on maize, Directorate of Maize Research, Pusa Campus, New Delhi , INDIA, P Karki, T.B., Kumar, A. and Gautam, R.C Influence of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield, content and uptake of nutrients and soil fertility status in maize (Zea mays). Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 75 (10): Pathak, S.K., Singh, S.B. and Singh, S.N Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and economics in maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system. Indian J. of Agron. 47 (3): Rajeshwari, R.S Integrated nitrogen management on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). A thesis submitted for M.Sc. (Agri) degree to University library UAS Dharwad. Sarma, N.N., Paul, S.R. and Sarma, D Response of maize (Zea mays) to nitrogen and phosphorous under rainfed conditions of the hills zone of Assam.Indian J. of Agron. 45 (1) : UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor: