Corn Nitrogen Management Systems. Newell R. Kitchen, USDA-ARS

Transcription

1 Corn Nitrogen Management Systems Newell R. Kitchen, USDA-ARS

2 How do you define uncertainty?

3 How do you define uncertainty?

4

5

6 2010 April to June Rainfall (inches)

7 2009 April to June Rainfall (inches)

8 courtesy of Peter Scharf

9 % of Years With Greater Than 14" Rainfall During April-June Contributed by Larry Hendrickson, John Deere Inc.

10 N N Fertilizer N Fertilizer 180 lbs 40 lbs

11 When looking at the within-field corn N fertilizer need from numerous Missouri fields: The average field ranged 88 lbs N/acre. 32% of fields had within-field needs that varied by more than 100 lbs N/acre. With all this uncertainty, how de we know how much N to apply and where?

12 Photo courtesy of Peter Scharf

13 Photo courtesy of Peter Scharf

14 Photo courtesy of Peter Scharf

15 Aerial imagery in mid season can detect and guide response to corn N stress Photo courtesy of Peter Scharf

16 Calibrating yield vs. color, 2001 & 2004 Data sources: seven fields two years two very different soil groups two imaging systems Yield Loss, bu ac The relationship between relative green and yield loss was very consistent courtesy of Peter Scharf 60 R 2 Dye = R 2 Hardin = 0.88 R 2 Schnarre1 = 0.88 R 2 Schnarre4 = 0.62 R 2 Schnarre5 = R 2 Banks46 = 0.97 R 2 Banks49 = Relative Green

17 Photo courtesy of Peter Scharf

18 Why does N management have so much uncertainty? Nitrogen mineralization is a complex process that involves a vast collection of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and actinomyces) acting on a wide array of substrates (crop residues, soil humus, dead microbial tissue, and manure) under varying soil environments (temperature, water content, and aeration) to produce a remarkably simple product (nitrate-n) that can be used by plants, lost to the atmosphere as N gases, immobilized, accumulated in soil, or leached from the soil-crop system. Schepers and Meisinger (1994)

19 National/International NUE Project (Tremblay et al., 2012)

20 Soil Resource Interactions of the 3 Management Climate

21 Crop Growth Modeling Courtesy of DuPont Pioneer

22 What decision tools perform best for making corn N fertilizer rate recommendations? Where do they work best? When do they work best? Empirical-Based Models Proximal Canopy Sensing Crop Growth Models Encira Maize-N Climate: Nitrogen Advisor Adapt-N Remote Imagery Soil Tests PPNT Pre-Plant Soil Nitrate Test SDNT Side-Dress Soil Nitrate Test

23 Performance and Refinement of In-season Corn Nitrogen Fertilization Tools David Franzen North Dakota St. University Fabián Fernández University of Minnesota John Sawyer Iowa State University Richard Ferguson University of Nebraska Newell Kitchen USDA-ARS University of Missouri Carrie Laboski University of Wisconsin Emerson Nafziger University of Illinois James Camberato Purdue University Paul R. Carter John Shanahan

24 What is needed? Datasets over a wide range of soil and weather scenarios that allow for simultaneous validation of decision-support tools used in making corn N fertilizer recommendations.

25 Data from Performance and Refinement of In-season Corn Nitrogen Fertilization Tools Evaluate DuPont Pioneer proprietary products and decision aids University Evaluate public-domain decision aid tools, develop agronomic science for improved crop N management, train new scientists, and publish results

26 Project Design 16 Locations/Year Total 48 N Treatments (lbs/acre) Planting Split (plt+v9) Climate Precipitation Temperature Solar radiation Measurements Soil EC mapping (Veris TM ) Soil sampling (3x) Soil moisture ( TRT 3+16) Crop Plant N (VT & R6) Canopy reflectance (V9) Grain yield and moisture

27 Economic Optimal N Rate Tool Assessment Nitrogen response to generate good EONR values (n=96) Tool N recommendation from crop and soil measurements EONR-LP EONR-QP Relate the tool N rate recommendation to EONR Relate the tool N rate to EONR for profitability, NUE, N loss, etc Tool Recommended Rate

28 Summary of 2014 and 2015 Yield Results

29 Economic Optimal N Rate (EONR)

30 Delta Yield at EONR

31 Agronomic Efficiency at EONR

32 Metrics of tool performance

33 What Tools were Evaluated? Farmer s Historical Practice Generic Yield Goal - (1.2 * YG) State Recommendation Yield Goal Maximum Return to Nitrogen (MRTN) Pre-plant Soil Nitrogen Test (PPNT) Side-dress Soil Nitrogen Test (PSNT) Maize-N Canopy Reflectance - different algorithms

34 Tool Performance At-Planting Sidedress N Recommendation Tool n RMSE Mean Diff. RMSE Mean Diff kg N ha Farmer NR General Yield Goal MN Yield Goal (East) IN Yield Goal MO Yield Goal ND Yield Goal NE Yield Goal State-Specific Yield Goal MRTN Maize-N General PPNT MN PPNT (East) MN PPNT (West) ND PPNT NE PPNT WI PPNT IA PSNT IL PSNT IN PSNT Canopy Reflectance Sensor

35 Tool s Strengths are at Different Scales Macro Micro Photo courtesy of Henrietta Christensen

36 Several canopy sensor algorithms are available University of Missouri (MU) Nrec = 250 * (ISR target / ISR reference ) Holland Scientific (HS) Nrec = (N opt - N cred) * SQRT((1 - SI)/ SI) Oklahoma State Univ. (OSU) YP 0 = 1.291*(EXP(NDVI/Sum of GDD * )) RI = NDVI N-rich /NDVI Target YP N = YP 0 * RI Nrec = ((YPN - YP0)* )/expected NUE

37 University of Missouri Overestimated Overestimated Underestimated Underestimated

38 Soil Information SSURGO obtained from NRCS USDA - % clay, % Organic Matter (OM), Plant Available Water (PAWC) Field measured soil properties collected with hydraulic probe and sent to University of Missouri Soil Health Assessment Center for analysis - % clay, % OM, PAWC

39 Weather Information Weather data from planting to canopy sensing were analyzed, including: - Growing degree days - Total precipitation - Shannon Diversity Index (SDI) of precipitation - Abundant and Well Distributed Rainfall (AWDR) SDI * Total Precipitation

40 RMSE: 76 RMSE: kg N ha -1 RMSE: 61 RMSE: 54

41 45 kg N ha-1

42

43 Empirical-Based Models Crop Growth Models Encira Maize-N Climate: Nitrogen Advisor Adapt-N Tool Fusion Proximal Canopy Sensing Soil Tests PPNT Pre-Plant Soil Nitrate Test SDNT Side-Dress Soil Nitrate Test

44 Questions?