PERSPECTIVE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN HARYANA AGRICULTURE - A CASE OF HYV TECHNOLOGY

Transcription

1 PERSPECTIVE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN HARYANA AGRICULTURE - A CASE OF HYV TECHNOLOGY *Dr. (Mrs.) Kiran Mor ABSTRACT In this study an attempt has been made to analyze the adoption level of high yielding varities of food grains production in Haryana for the period to This High Yielding Varities Programme (HYVP) was introduced in the form of a package programme since it depended on regular and adequate irrigation, fertilizers, high yielding varities of seeds, pesticides and insecticides. For this purpose the study has considered six important indicators of adoption level of HYV programmes. These indicators are intensity of irrigation, intensity of cropping, density of tractors, per unit use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and high yielding varities of seeds. The results show that all the technological indicators have increasing trend during the study period except per unit use of pesticides and HYVs. In the end some prospects of technological changes in Haryana Agriculture has been suggested for further agricultural growth. Key words: HYVP, Adoption level, Intensity, Density. * Associate Professor, Department of Humanities and social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra,

2 INTRODUCTION: The agricultural scenario all over the world has undergone rapid and tremendous changes over the years particularly since middle of 20 th Century from the status of agricultural being a subsistence occupation to meet the food and fiber demands of farmers and his family. Farming has crucially transformed from an occupation to an agri business. India is no exception to this phenomenon. This new agricultural strategy was put into practice for the first time in India in the kharif season of 1966 and was termed High-Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP). This programme was introduced in the form of a package programme since it depended crucially on regular and adequate irrigation, fertilizers, high-yielding varieties of seeds, pesticides and insecticides. The present study is conducted in Haryana which is a small-sized state provides an example of the operation of the process of agricultural development because substantial changes in agrarian structure have taken place during the last four decades. The technological dissemination in agriculture in Haryana is so distinct that not only the deficit stage of food production prior to the sixties was pushed to a stage of selfsufficiency, but also it has helped to attain the stage of surplus in food production, particularly after 1966 the year when new agricultural strategy of the diffusion of green revolution technology was launched. Technological advance in Haryana tends to follow the pattern similar to Punjab and some other progressive states in the country i.e., starting with the use of high yielding varieties and fertilizers at the base, it proceeds by stages to irrigation, number of tractors and use of pesticides. Thus keeping in view the above facts the study covers the following objectives: OBJECTIVES: 1. To analyze the adoption level of high yielding varities of food grains production in Haryana. 2. To examine the prospects of technological changes in Haryana Agriculture for further agricultural growth. 1. DATA COLLECTION: This study is based on secondary data. The required data have been collected from different sources viz. various issues of statistical abstracts of Haryana, Bulletins of agricultural Situations in India (Directorate of Economics and Statistics), Reports of National accounts Statistics, five year plan and other government official records. It is a time-series study and the relevant data have been collected for the period of to ANALYTICAL METHODS: In order to measure the adoption level of HYV Technology the data on various agricultural inputs (i.e. net area irrigated (1000 hectares), net area sown (1000 hectares),

3 total cropped area (1000 hectares), number of tractors (per 1000 hectares), fertilizer consumption (tonnes), pesticide consumption (tonnes), area under high yielding varieties of seeds (1000 hectares) have been calculated by making use of the following formulas: 1. Intensity of irrigation = Net area irrigated X 100 Net area sown 2. Intensity of cropping = Total cropped area X 100 Net area sown 3. Density of tractors = Number of tractors X 1000 Total cropped area 4. Use of Chemical fertilizers = Fertilizers (Kilograms) Per hundred hectares of cropped area(kg.) X 100 Total cropped area 5. Use of pesticides per hundred = Pesticides ((Kilograms) Hectares of cropped area (Kg.) X 100 Total cropped area 6. Use of high-yielding varieties = Area under Hyvs (Hectares) Per hundred hectares of cropped area X 100 Total cropped area RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: Table-1 reveals the adoption level of irrigation, cropping pattern & tractors in Haryana ( to ). From the table it can be seen that the intensity of irrigation has increased from 37.8 percent in to percent during in Haryana. It also can be seen from the table-1 that intensity of cropping has increased from ( ) percent to ( ) percent in Haryana. It indicates a healthier trend in the intensity of cropping during the study period. Moreover, the table shows density of tractor per thousand hectares of total cropped area during the last forty years. It is evident from the analysis that this input as an increasing trend during the study period. The table shows that the density of tractors has increased from 1.04 ( ) to 38.8 ( ).

4 Table-2 shows that the use of chemical fertilizers per hundred hectares of cropped area in Kilograms in Haryana has an increasing trend during the study period. The table reveals that the use of chemical fertilizers has increased from Kgs ( ) to Kgs ( ) per hundred hectares of cropped area in Haryana. It can also be seen from the table that the use of pesticides has increased from 5.92 Kgs ( ) to Kgs ( ). The analysis shows that the use of pesticides has not increased significantly because now the farmers have started the organic farming system. Table 2 also shows the percentage of area covered by high-yielding varieties of different crops. It is indicated by the table that the percentage area under HYVs has increased from percent ( ) to percent ( ) in Haryana. Thus the analysis indicated that the percentage area under HYVs increased consistently over a period of four decades in Haryana. Moreover, it can also be seen from both the tables that some of the indicators of adoption level of HYV Technology have touched upper limit and after that they have started to decline as the case age with use of HYVs & pesticides. But the use of fertilizers and tractors etc. has an increasing trend. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS: Thus the study has considered the six important indicators of Technological change in Haryana for the period to These indicators are intensity of irrigation, density of tractors, intensity of cropping, per unit use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and high-yielding varieties of seeds. It can be concluded from the study that adoption of existing HYV technology has reached its limit in the state of Haryana. Therefore, it appears that future pace of agricultural growth will be slow, unless there is further technological break through by way of HYVs, hybridization, tissue culture, genetic engineering, etc. There may be still some scope for improving the food grains production through balanced use of chemical fertilizers and manure and better management practices but the past policies have not been really favorable for this purpose. Therefore, in case of use of pesticides a scientific approach is needed because this approach is lacking in most of our farmers. They are not aware of the actual quantity of toxicant needed to destroy a pest and tend to use more quantity than is necessary. The surplus used appears as a residue that may persist and accumulate with in the eco web. Besides the very fact that there is still a vast acreage of land under local varieties for most of the cereal crops due to various agro-climatic constraints, demands an evolution of location specific suitable varieties for such lands. Moreover, adequate infrastructural support in terms of irrigation, credit, market, road, delivery services, etc. would be essential. In addition to this the following policy measures are suggested: New farm technology as a package should be made available to farming community in all the zones of Haryana. The farm inputs which are required to increase agricultural production should be made available to farmers at a cheaper rate particularly to the small and marginal farmers. There is need to increase the utilization of irrigation potential and promote water conservation and its efficient management. The farmers must be ensured to use a sprinkler irrigation system for making efficient use of scarce water resources. The programmes like a small farmers development agency(sfda) and marginal farmer and agricultural labour agency (MFAL), integrated rural development programs(irdp) launched by government should benefit the weaker sections of society, so far the benefit of these programs have been enjoyed by large and upper class of the people.

5 Agro service programmes should be initiated in the state of Haryana.Each agroservice center should serve a few village and extend the facilities if package of inputs in the interior areas. It is imperative for the decision maker that they should take proper steps to reduce inequalities in the technological variables for the balanced development of the economy of Haryana.They should formulate the policies in such a way that more thrust should be given to correct the imbalances like less irrigated areas and more irrigated areas, drought prone regions and rain fed regions. For better technology transfer bottom up approach rather than top down should be followed, although the lot of technologies are generated, their adoption is poor due to unrealistic nature. Finally it may be stated that policy decision suggested above must be implemented to bring about further revolution in agricultural sector of the state of Haryana. REFERENCES 1. Sharma, V.K. and Haque, T (1996), Perspective of Technological Change in Indian Agriculture A case of HYV Technology, Agriculture situation in India, Vol.LIII, No.9 PP Bhalla, G.S. and Gurmail Singh (1997), Recent development in Indian Agriculture: A state level analysis, Economic and Political weekly, vol. 32, No. 13, March 21-29, PP.A-2-A Bhalla, Sheila. The changes in Acreage and Tenure structure of landholdings in Haryana, , Economic and Political weekly, 26 march Desai, Bashir A and N.T.Thing alya (1965), Irrigation factor and yield variability in rice growing districts in India. Indian journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol.20.P Grewal, S.S. (1992), Farming systems in Post-Green revolution belt. Indian journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol.47.P Iminder Pant Singh, Sunita Verma and A.C.Gangwar (1992). Resource use efficiency in Haryana agriculture. Indian journal of Agricultural Econmics. Vol.47.P Jha, Brijesh Kumar (Oct.1994): Growth and Instability in agriculture associated with New Agricultural Technology. Agricultural Situation in India, Vol. XLIX. No. 7.PP Joshi, P.K. (1979): Linkage between Agriculture Output Growth and New Technical Inputs (as Industrial Sector)- In Selected States of India. 9. Junghare, Y.N., Factors Influencing Adoption of Farm Practices. The Indian Journal of Social work, vol. XXIII, No.3, 1962.

6 10. Kahlon, A.S. and Johl, S.S., Resource variable programming with improved production techniques: Analytical Case Study, Journal of Research, Punjab Agricultural University, I (I), Kahlon, A.S. (1970), New farm Technologies: its implications in Agricultural economics. Indian Journal of Agricultural economics.v.25.p Mellor, John W. and Uma J Lele (1973), Growth Linkages of the new foodgrain technologies. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol.28.P N.Jaganathan (Dec. 1994): Farm Size, Productivity and Technology Relationships (A Case Study), Agricultural Situation in India, Vol.XLIX, No. 9, PP Pandey, U.K., Suhag, K.S. Manocha, V.P. and Chiikara, O.P. Evaluation of Agricultural Performance across Regions in Haryana, Indian Journal of Agruicultural Economics, Vol.52, No.3 July-Sept Singh, I.J., Rai, K.N. and Karwasra, J.C. Regional Variations in Agricultural Performance in India, Indian journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 52, No. 3 July- Sept Table-1: Adoption level of different technological indicators in Haryana ( to ) Sr. no. Year Intensity of irrigation Intensity of cropping Density of Tractors

7 Source: Based on the calculations from the data obtained from different statistical abstracts of Haryana, to , Chandigarh. Table 2: Adoption level of different Technological indicators in Haryana ( to ) Sr. no. Year Use of Chemical Fertilizers in (Kgs) Use of Pesticides in (Kgs) Use of HYVs

8 Source: Based on the calculations from the data obtained from different statistical abstracts of Haryana, to , Chandigarh.