2014 Weed Control Tactics Alabama Vegetable Conference. Stanley Culpepper UGA Tifton Campus

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1 2014 Weed Control Tactics Alabama Vegetable Conference Stanley Culpepper UGA Tifton Campus

2 Weed Control Responsibilities

3 Weed Management At Its Best Herbicide/ Fumigant

4 Agronomic Weed Control Herbicide

5 Resistance Impacts Agronomic Crops

6 Changes in Herbicide Management 2002: $24/A 2010: $63/A Roundup Burndown Roundup POST 1 Roundup POST 2 Roundup + diuron PD Roundup + Valor Burndown1 Gramoxone + Reflex + Direx PRE Roundup + Staple POST 1 Roundup + Dual POST 2 Direx + MSMA PD

7 2004: 17% of growers hand-weeded 5% cotton acres at $2.40/A Photo by A.C. York : 92% of growers hand-weeded 52% cotton acres at $23.70/A

8 Tillage is now a common scene 2004: 13.1% of cotton acres cultivated 2010: 32.1% of cotton acres cultivated Herbicide incorporation: 264,266 A (26.7%) Deep turn: 256,075 A last 3 yr

9 Weed Management At Its Best DIVERSIFICATION Herbicide/ Fumigant

10 Replacing Methyl Bromide Great Progress Breakout session-this afternoon

11 Herbicides for Specialty Crops Many believe few options currently available with few products on the horizon!

12 New GA Veggie Labels Last 7 Yr 1. Chateau tomato RM 2. Chateau pepper RM 3. Chateau eggplant RM 4. Chateau watermelon RM 5. Chateau cantaloupe RM 6. Chateau cucumber RM 7. Chateau squash RM 8. Dual Magnum pepper topical 9. Dual Magnum broccoli topical 10. Dual Magnum cabbage topical 11. Dual Magnum collards topical 12. Dual Magnum cauliflower topical 13. Reflex tomato preplant 14. Reflex pepper preplant 15. Caparol in Okra 16. Sandea in Okra 17. Dual Mag. Carrot 18. Dual Mag. Watermelon 19. Dual Mag Cantaloupe 20. Dual Mag. Sweet Potato 21. Dual Mag. POST in Tomato 22. Dual Mag. POST in Beans 23. Dual Mag. POST in Kale 24. Dual Mag. POST in Collard 25. Reflex in Watermelon 26. Reflex in Squash 27. Reflex in Pumpkin 28. Treflan - Intercropping

13 Grower Standard + Future Product? Grower Standard (not a check!!) Notice pigweed

14 Herbicides More Available for GA Vegetable Growers 4 NEW HERBICIDE USES PER YEAR ON AVERAGE OVER LAST 7 YEARS

15 Why So Successful? University/Commodity Commission/Department of Ag

16 Why So Successful? University/Commodity Commission/Department of Ag Syngenta Indemnified Labels Valent 3 rd party registration

17 Why So Successful? University/Commodity Commission/Department of Ag Syngenta Indemnified Labels Valent 3 rd party registration IR-4

18 Limitations and Concerns 1. Limited number of scientists working in specialty crops. 2. Most growers scared to death of herbicides

19 Limitations and Concerns 1. Limited number of scientists working in specialty crops. - most of our labels studies - new corn label 550 studies

20 Dual PRE Dual POST

21 Herbicide Injury Greatly influenced by excess moisture, cold, and incorrect spray calibration.

22 Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1. Droplet Size nozzle, pressure, speed

23 GreenLeaf TwinJet Air Induction There is a fine line between drift management and weed control!

24 Table 1. ASAE S Spray Tip Classification by Droplet Size 1. Category Symbol Color Code Approximate VMD 2 (Microns) Extremely Fine XF PURPLE ~50 Very Fine VF RED <136 Fine F ORANGE Medium M YELLOW Coarse C BLUE Very Coarse VC GREEN Extremely Coarse XC WHITE Ultra Coarse UC BLACK >622 1 Source: TeeJet Technologies Catalog 51, page VMD = Volume median diameter.

25 Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1. Droplet Size nozzle, pressure, speed 2. Adjuvants some products need

26 Photo credit: Webster

27 Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1. Droplet Size nozzle, pressure, speed 2. Adjuvants some products need 3. Persistence

28 No Reflex Reflex 1 pt/a applied 205 days before transplanting

29 Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1. Droplet Size nozzle, pressure, speed 2. Adjuvants some products need 3. Persistence 4. Relationship with mulch

30 Roundup Preplant No Roundup

31 Sandea Dissipation on Mulch 100 halosulfuron retained (%) % halosulfuron Dry % halosulfuron Wash off 65% 6% Event

32 Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1. Droplet Size nozzle, pressure, speed 2. Adjuvants some products need 3. Persistence 4. Relationship with mulch 5. Labels 6. Extension/Manufacture/Dealer

33 Weed Management At Its Best DIVERSIFICATION Mechanical Tillage Pre-plant cultivation after harvest Herbicide/ Fumigant

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35 Number of Palmer Amaranth Plants During Early Season. Macon Co., Georgia 2008.* No Deep Tillage Deep Turn No Herbicide Treatment

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37 Influence of burial depth on Palmer Percent (%) emergence amaranth emergence S-Palmer amaranth R-Palmer amaranth 0 0.5" 1" 4" 16" Depth of burial (inches) Keeley et al. (1987) reported 36-44% emergence at 0-1, 7% at 2, and 2% at 3.

38 Deep Turn Drilled

39 Nutsedge Number 1 Problem in Plastic

40 Don t plow unless you have to!!!!!!!!!!

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42 Weed Management At Its Best DIVERSIFICATION Cultural Herbicide/ Fumigant Crop rotation Plant population Row spacing Planting date Cover crops

43 Rolling Creates a Mulch that is Critical in Reducing Palmer amaranth Emergence

44 After Cover is Terminated and it Rains; Planting will be Ideal for a Significant Amount of Time

45 Rye Mulch Reduces Palmer Emergence 70 to 95% control in middle

46 Rye/Mulch System

47 Palmer amaranth plants per acre as influenced by herbicide, rye cover crop, and fumigant. 80,000 60,000 88,015 d 40,000 20,000 0 no herbicide 30,350 c no herbicide 7830 b herbicides 2465 a herbicides no rye rye no rye rye

48 Annual grass plants per acre as influenced by herbicide, rye cover crop, and fumigant. 60,000 50, c 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 no herbicide 2030 b no herbicide 1740 b herbicides 435 a herbicides no rye rye no rye rye

49 Yellow nutsedge plants per acre as influenced by herbicide, rye cover crop, and fumigant. 50,000 40,000 30,000 44,805 d 20,000 10, b 8845 c 2900 a 0 no herbicide no herbicide herbicides herbicides no rye rye no rye rye

50 Rye/Mulch System Fumigant under mulch if wanted

51 Rye/Mulch System Two Biggest Challenges: 1. Time required to get rye established 2. Delay in maturity

52 Diversity and Integration = Survival BIOLOGY Management programs Integrated to remain sustainable

53 Rapid Growth Becoming Extremely Large

54 Number of Seed Produced per Plant 500, , , K 350, , , K 200, , K 100,000 50, Giant ragweed 28 K Johnson -grass Horseweed Waterhemp Palmer amaranth Ragweed = Harrison et al. 2001; johnsongrass = Warwick and Black (1983); horseweed = Regehr and Bazzaz (1979); waterhemp = Nordby and Hartzler (2004); Palmer amaranth = Macrae et al (2009).

55 Palmer amaranth seed production allows for rapid field domination Year 1 Year 3 to 4

56 Weakness of Pigweeds 1. Emergence depth! 2. Seed life longevity? 3. Light requirement for emergence.

57 Nutsedge Tuber Production: The Key YEAR 1: 10 plants (tuber) survive fumigation 35,000 plants ready for year 2 YEAR 2: control = 95% control (1750 plants survive) 6,125,000 plants ready for year 3 YEAR 3: control = 95% control (306,250 plants survive) 1,071,875,000 plants ready for year 4

58 About 3 wk after emergence = tubers

59 ROTATE DISKING WITH ROUNDUP EVERY 3 WKS. ADD SANDEA IN WITH ROUNDUP ONCE IF NOT CARRYOVER PROBLEMS

60 Non-treated control Hoelon 2X rate

61 Non-treated control PowerFlex 3X rate or Osprey at 3X rate

62 Non-treated control Axial XL 2X rate

63 Non-treated control Was A Future Product

64 EPA will have great influence 1. Regulatory 2. More difficult to get new tools 3. Loss of old tools 4. Media sensitivity 5. More paperwork 6. Required training

65 INDUSTRY Georgia Department of Agriculture Commissioner Gary Black

66 Questions/Comments Culpepper, University of Georgia, Tifton Campus

67 Cotton/Melon Intercropping Melons planted as normal Cotton generally planted about 3 week later. GA acreage exceed 3000 during 2013

68 Cotton/Cucurbit Intercropping Cantaloupe Watermelon Squash 30 days after transplant

69 Cantaloupe-Cotton Intercropping Cantaloupe Cotton Yield No reduction 0-12% reduction Crop value 17% increase >1,000 increase

70 Watermelon-Cotton Intercropping Watermelon Cotton Yield No reduction 12-18% reduction Crop Value 14% increase >1,000 increase

71 Row crop Cucurbit crop Watermelon Cantaloupe Squash Soybean Soybean Soybean Peanut Peanut Peanut Cotton Cotton Cotton

72 Comments?