The Toolbox. The Solutions: Current Technologies. Transgenic DNA Sequences. The Toolbox. 128 bp

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1 The Solutions: Current Technologies Anne R. Bridges, Ph.D. Technical Director AACC International Acknowledgement: Ray Shillito, Bayer Corp. The Toolbox Mutation creation produce large numbers of mutants, sort between preferred and deleterious Wild Crosses cross two species, use tissue culture to identify hybrid Gene stacking different traits in different growing environments Transgenic plants recombinant DNA (rdna from selected sources) Back-crossing into varieties for different geographies The Toolbox Mutation creation produce large numbers of mutants, sort between preferred and deleterious Wild Crosses cross two species, use tissue culture to identify hybrid Gene stacking different traits in different growing environments Transgenic plants recombinant DNA (rdna from selected sources) Back-crossing into varieties for different geographies Transgenic DNA Sequences RR Soy: BT11 Corn: BT176 Corn: CaMV 35S Promoter 123 bp CaMV 35S Promoter 123 bp CDPK Promoter 128 bp 211 bp Petunia CTP CP4 EPSPS NOS Terminator ivs 2 - Intron 128 bp 189 bp pat-gene cryla(b)-gene PEPC Intron #9 118 bp NOS Terminator 118 bp CaMV 35S Terminator

2 Soy Genome base pairs Important to - Grower/Consumer Developer GE Event Traits Yield/Quality Attributes Other Agronomic Traits Toolbox Herbicide Drought Yield Nitrogen Use Insect Multiple pests Multiple modes of action after Weber 2010 History of GEs - commercial releases built on early successes Roundup Ready canola Roundup Ready soybeans U.S.A Roundup Ready canola - U.S.A. Canada Bollgard cotton U.S.A. Liberty Link soybean U.S.A. Roundup Ready sugar beets - U.S.A. History of GMOs - commercial releases built on early successes Roundup Ready canola Roundup Ready soybeans U.S.A Roundup Ready canola - U.S.A. Canada Food Environment Cotton, Corn, Soybeans, Canola Bollgard cotton U.S.A. Liberty Link soybean U.S.A. Roundup Ready sugar beets - U.S.A Roundup Ready canola, InVigor canola - AUS Roundup Ready canola, InVigor canola - AUS soybean - Canada, U.S.A. soybean - Canada, U.S.A. 2 nd Generation 2 nd Generation

3 Gene Stacking - a Stacked Event The use of plant breeding to combine two or more genetically engineered Traits into a single plant variety (plant or seed) Source APHIS USDA Seed and Field Stacks? Stacked Event Traits A Seed Stack Stack in which the Events have been deliberately combined during the breeding process to be present in every seed in the lot A Field Stack is an adventitious combination of Events arising from field Important to - Grower/Consumer Developer Other Agronomic Traits Grain Quality Traits assembled in various combinations Glufosinate Glyphosate Sulfonylurea Herbicide Commodity grain may contain Mixtures and Field Stacks of a variety of commercial events Drought Yield Nitrogen Use Insect Multiple pests Multiple modes of action after Weber 2010

4 History of GEs - commercial releases built on early successes Improvements in genetic engineering capabilities allowed breeders to 2004 combine traits in elite crop varieties 2006 RR - Three-way stack in corn combines gene for a Bt protein (European corn borer), a gene for another Bt protein (protection corn rootworm) and herbicide tolerance in the same hybrid herbicide tolerance in the same plants History of GMOs - commercial releases built on early successes Maize Approx. 24 mono-trait events Improvements in genetic engineering 2004 capabilities allowed breeders to combine traits in elite commercialised crop varieties 2006 RR - Three-way stack in corn Translates combines to potential gene for over a Bt protein 2,000 (European triple-stacks corn borer), and over 12,000 a gene for quadruple-stacks another Bt protein (protection corn rootworm) and herbicide tolerance in the same hybrid herbicide tolerance in the same plants 2008, 11 of 25 biotech countries USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Philippines, Mexico, South Africa, Honduras, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica 2010 planted stacked traits rd and 4 th Generation Genuity SmartStax - Eight-way stack that delivers multiple modes of action against several insect pests as well as the opportunity for growers to choose among key herbicides for efficient weed control rd and 4 th Generation Genuity SmartStax - Eight-way stack that delivers multiple modes of action against several insect pests as well as the opportunity for growers to choose among key herbicides for efficient weed control

5 Number of releases approved by APHIS by GE trait (includes permits and notifications)* Virus 1463 Fungal 1554 Other 2870 Marker Gene 2662 Insect 5477 Bacterial 273 Nematode 229 Product Quality 5695 Herbicide Tolerance 7834 Agronomic Properties 7466 USDA (APHIS) authorizes releases to allow field testing * As off August 25, 2016, Source Corn 8448 Soybean 2498 Cotton 1179 Potato 955 Tomato 719 Wheat 538 Tobacco 508 Alfalfa 475 Rapeseed 330 Rice 317 Beet 196 Bentgrass 182 Poplar 135 Melon 118 Sugarbeet 117 Sugarcane 110 Loblolly Pine 106 Barley 101 Lettuce 81 Peanut 69 Apple 68 Safflower 53 Grape 53 Strawberry 47 Number of releases approved by APHIS by GE trait (includes permits and notifications)* USDA (APHIS) authorizes releases to allow field testing * As off August 25, 2016, Source Corn 8448 Soybean 2498 Cotton 1179 Potato 955 Tomato 719 Wheat 538 Tobacco 508 Alfalfa 475 Rapeseed 330 Rice 317 Beet 196 Bentgrass 182 Poplar 135 Melon 118 Sugarbeet 117 Sugarcane 110 Loblolly Pine 106 Barley 101 Lettuce 81 Peanut 69 Apple 68 Safflower 53 Grape 53 Strawberry 47 Global Spread International Planting * Planted 50,000 hectares or more ISAAA 2016 briefs Source Clive James, Million Hectares

6 Uptake Bt Cotton in China ISAAA Report, Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences Bt Approval process Risk assessment GE Regulations Labeling policies Traceability system Co-existence management Membership in International agreements GE related Codex Alimentarius (consumer health and fair trade), Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety (shared procedure for risk assessment, risk management and trans-boundary movements of Living modified Organisms, LMOs) GE and Trade GE and Trade U.S.A. Soya Canada Argentina Brazil Paraguay Soya Maize

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