EPPO Standards PHYTOSANITARY PROCEDURES METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION OF STORED PRODUCTS TO CONTROL STORED-PRODUCT INSECT PESTS IN GENERAL

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1 EPPO Standards PHYTOSANITARY PROCEDURES METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION OF STORED PRODUCTS TO CONTROL STORED-PRODUCT INSECT PESTS IN GENERAL PM 3/12(3) English oepp eppo Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes 1, rue Le Nôtre, Paris, France

2 APPROVAL EPPO Standards are approved by EPPO Council. The date of approval appears in each individual standard. REVIEW EPPO Standards are subject to periodic review and amendment. The next review date for this set of EPPO Standards is decided by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations. AMENDMENT RECORD Amendments will be issued as necessary, numbered and dated. The dates of amendment appear in each individual standard (as appropriate). DISTRIBUTION EPPO Standards are distributed by the EPPO Secretariat to all EPPO member governments. Copies are available to any interested person under particular conditions upon request to the EPPO Secretariat. SCOPE EPPO Phytosanitary Procedures are intended to be used by National Plant Protection Organizations, in their capacity as bodies responsible for the inspection, testing and treatment of plants and plant products moving in trade, or for the implementation of surveys against quarantine pests. REFERENCES OEPP/EPPO (1996) Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms. EPPO Technical Documents no CABI/EPPO (1997) Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd edition (Ed. by Smith, I.M.; McNamara, D.G.; Scott, P.R.; Holderness, M.), CAB International, Wallingford, UK. OEPP/EPPO (in preparation) Specific Quarantine Requirements. Available as electronic documents from the EPPO Web Site. DEFINITIONS Phytosanitary procedure: Any officially prescribed method for performing inspections, tests, surveys or treatments in connection with plant quarantine. Inspection: Official visual examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine if pests are present and/or to determine compliance with phytosanitary regulations. Survey: An official procedure conducted over a defined period of time to determine the characteristics of a pest population or to determine which species occur in an area. Test: Official examination, other than visual, to determine if pests are present or to identify pests. Treatment: An officially authorized procedure for the killing, removal or rendering infertile of pests. 2

3 OUTLINE OF REQUIREMENTS EPPO Phytosanitary Procedures describe the methods to be followed for performing inspections, tests, or treatments of commodities moving in trade, or surveys against quarantine pests. For many quarantine pests, a reference to the relevant EPPO Phytosanitary Procedure is made in the corresponding EPPO Specific Quarantine Requirements. The development of EPPO phytosanitary procedures started many years ago, and these methods have been published in the Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin under several titles: Fumigation standards, Quarantine Inspection Procedures and Quarantine Procedures. All of them are now appearing under the title EPPO Phytosanitary Procedures and are being edited into EPPO Standard format. The numbering of these procedures will continue to follow the sequence described in the Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 20(2), , which corresponds approximately to the chronological order of appearance of the Phytosanitary Procedures. 3

4 EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES PM 3/12(3) English Phytosanitary procedure METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION OF STORED PRODUCTS TO CONTROL STORED-PRODUCT INSECT PESTS IN GENERAL Specific scope This standard describes the methyl bromide fumigation of stored products to control stored-product insect pests in general. Specific approval and amendment First approved in September Revision approved in 1980 and in Edited as EPPO Standard in Commodities: stored products and some other commodities. Pests: all stored product insect pests. Methyl bromide fumigation at atmospheric pressure Dosage g m - 3 Group Commodity <10 C C >20 C Time (h) 1 Rice, peas, beans, cocoa beans, dried vine fruits (also empty freight containers) Wheat, barley, oats, maize, lentils Pollards, rice bran a Sorghum, nuts, figs b Groundnuts, oilseeds, dates, empty sacks Oilseeds, cakes and meals Fishmeal, dried blood etc Flour

5 Estimated minimum CTP giving at least 99.9 % kill of all stages of a variety of common stored product insect pest species CTP in g m -3 h Diapausing larvae Temperature C Normal insect pests Ephestia elutella Trogoderma granarium Notes 1. These dosage rates apply to fumigations under gas-proof sheets and in freight containers which are usually fully loaded. Recent work has shown that CT products of the order of 600 mg h litre -1 may be necessary to control all stages of the mites commonly infesting stored produce. If this method is to be used for mites, dosage rates should accordingly be doubled. 2. Penetration of methyl bromide into commodities in Groups 5 and 6 is poor and fumigation may be uneconomic using the recommended dosage rates. In such cases the use of phosphine (OEPP/EPPO, 1993) should be considered and this is the preferred fumigant for Group 7 (flour). 3. To reduce the possibility of taint the dose for flour should never exceed 50 g m Diapausing larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Khapra beetle) and Ephestia elutella (warehouse moth) are highly tolerant of methyl bromide. In this case, these dosages should be increased by one half and, where applicable, exposure periods increased to 48 h in order to achieve the requisite CT products. References Anonymous (1974) Fumigation with methyl bromide under gas-proof sheets. 3rd edition. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. London (GB). Anonymous (1986) Guidance Note CS12 Fumigation using methyl bromide (bromoethane). Health & Safety Executive. HMSO, London (GB). Anonymous (1987) Safe handling of fumigated freight containers. ADAS Slough Laboratory, Slough (GB). Bell, C.H., Hole, B.D. & Wilson, S.M. (1985) Fumigant doses for the control of Trogoderma granarium. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 15, OEPP/EPPO (1993) Quarantine procedures. No. 18 (revised). Phosphine fumigation of stored products to control stored-product insect pests in general. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 23,

6 Thompson, R.H. (1966) A review of the properties and usages of methyl bromide as a fumigant. Journal of Stored Products Research 1, Thompson, R.H. (1970) Specifications recommended by the United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for the fumigation of cereals and other foodstuffs against pests of stored products. EPPO Publications Series D No. 15, Wainman, H.E. (1982) The design, construction and operation of fumigation chambers for methyl bromide and phosphine. ADAS Slough Laboratory, Slough (GB). 6