EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. METHODOLOGY

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2 Page 2 of 20 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Main objective: Specific objectives: Location: Sample 1 Period of field assessment: The main objective of this rapid needs assessment was to assess population vulnerability in Swat district at village cluster level in the aftermath of the floods that hit Pakistan in August Data collection focused on the assessment of the following points: Access to the district Affected population (displacement, casualties, etc.) Shelters needs Water, sanitation and hygiene needs Access to health facilities Education facilities Damages on key agricultural facilities and risk regarding food security Livelihoods KPK province, Swat district 59 Union Councils assessed 171 village cluster 2 assessed From August 3 rd to August 7 th METHODOLOGY 1.1. CONTEXT Overall context Since July 21st Pakistan has been affected by some of the worst floods it has experienced in decades. Causalities are estimated to people (National Disaster Management Authority NDMA report August 11 th 2010) and the affected population amounts to 14 millions. The federal government declared a state of emergency. The worst affected areas in Pakistan are the province of KPK, which has alone recorded 1,036 deaths (NDMA report August 11 th 2010), Punjab and Sindh. Within the KPK province, Swat and Dir are some of the worst-affected districts. Swat District Swat district had already been heavily affected in by the conflict, resulting in massive displacement of population and increased constraints on food security and livelihoods. This, along with recent floods, is compounded by the underlying vulnerability that already characterised remote mountain areas prior to the crisis. Considering the major damages caused by the floods in this area, a rapid need assessment has been conducted from August 3 rd to August 7th in all accessible UCs of Swat in order to provide immediate assistance to the flood-affected populations. 1 The list of assessed UCs and village cluster is provided in annex 2 2 Village clusters are groups of villages, locally referred to as Mouza, and comprising from 1 to 5 villages (settlements).

3 Page 3 of OBJECTIVES Comprehensive assessments were conducted in three flood affected districts of KPK province: Swat, Lower Dir and Upper Dir. The present assessment report details data collected at village cluster level in 59 UCs of Swat district TOOLS The most affected village clusters in accessible UCs were assessed. A focus has been done on the main village of each village cluster. In each main village assessed, interviews were conducted with traditional authorities of villages (elderly, notables, etc) and local authorities. A specific questionnaire has been developed for this purpose. This survey has been conducted by the AMEU (Appraisal, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit). Besides, four AMEU teams in Pakistan were mobilized for this rapid need assessment. AMEU is an autonomous unit within ACTED Pakistan, dedicated to improving the relevance, quality and accountability of ACTED s programs by facilitating Project Cycle Management and conducting research and assessments to inform and influence policy and practice SAMPLE This rapid needs assessment focused on the most affected UCs of Swat. As such, 59 UCs out of 66 for the whole Swat have been assessed. Overall, a total of 171 village clusters have been surveyed. A map of assessed UCs is attached in annexe OVERVIEW PER UNION COUNCIL All assessed UCs have been heavily affected by monsoon floods, but on different scopes. The present chapter will present an overview of the worst hit UCs regarding immediate damages to population, access roads, communal facilities, agriculture and food security. An overview table of floods impact on each UC is attached in annexe OVERVIEW PER SECTOR 3.1 POPULATION Displacement Population status before floods: 266, 417 families were listed with community leaders before the floods, with an average number of 7 persons per family. Displacement: 16,909 families were displaced with the floods, i.e. 5.3 % of the total number of families. Displaced families came from 73% of the assessed village clusters; i.e. 123 main villages. Displacement remained within the territory of the village cluster, displaced families being hosted by relatives or neighbours. 552 displaced families found shelters with neighbours or relatives within their village cluster. For some locations, displacement has been massive. Around 8 % of the village clsuters assessed got more than 50 % of their population displaced. However, the entire population has been displaced in 7 village clusters. The below table details information for these 7 villages.

4 Page 4 of 20 UC Village clusters Nb of displaced Nb of shelters destroyed families At the time of the assessment, 3,152 families had returned to their village Casualties 207 persons were reported being killed in the floods. High losses were reported in four particular villages clusters. UC Village cluster Nb of casualties Bar Abakhel Kabal 50 Dorshkaila Bar Droshkhaila 13 Tall Dardia 25 Tall Tall/Kamyarai 20 TOTAL persons have been injured during the floods. High number of causalities was reported in 12 villages (i.e. higher than 20 persons), mainly located in Fatehpur, Bar Abakhel, Aazara and Kala Kalay UCs Houses damages Housing status before floods: 138,555 houses have been listed, with the following structure type However, it should be noted that houses structures can significantly vary from one village to another.

5 Page 5 of 20 Houses damages due to floods: 2,281 houses were partially destroyed and 9,405 entirely swapped away by floods, accounting for almost 18 % of the total number of houses. Around 83 % of the assessed village clusters have been affected in terms of houses destruction. Houses in 7 village clusters have been particularly affected, some being partly damaged, others completely destroyed. Damages were particularly widespread and critical in following 9 village clusters where more than 25% of houses have been damaged/destroyed by floods. UC Village Cluster Nb of partly damaged houses Nb of totally destroyed houses % of damages/destruction vs total nb of houses Shelters needs resulting from house destruction/damages: A total of 4,922 shelters are needed, i.e. 5 % of the total number of houses to be built. Number of needed shelters is believed to be higher: 32 % of the assessed village clusters highlighted their needs for shelter but could not specify the quantities needed. Shelter is particularly needed in Madyan, Bahrein, Ghaligay, Hazara, Islampur, Kalam, Shin and Gulibagh UCs. 11 village clusters accounted for more than 53% of shelters needs, as detailed below: UC Village Cluster Nb of shelters needed 16 village clusters (mainly located in Guly Bagh, Khwaza Khela, and Cahr Bagh UCs) received 240 shelters. 8 more village clusters indicated having received shelters, but did not specify how much. UNHCR was mentioned as one of the agencies distributing shelters.

6 Page 6 of WATER & SANITATION Water sources Water supply schemes: o Status before the floods: 286 water supply schemes located in 113 village clusters were identified by community leaders. 57% of these water supply schemes are communal. Only 60% of them are providing drinkable water. o Floods damages: Almost 60 % of water supply schemes have been damaged by the floods, leaving only 136 schemes functional. 95 % of the village clusters with prior water supply schemes have been affected. The largest damages are found in village clusters having more than 10 water supply schemes. UC Village cluster Nb of water supply schemes before floods Nb of water supply schemes damaged by floods Hand pumps 843 hand pumps were reported in 47 village clusters, among which half is communal. A majority of them (76%) are providing drinking water. 94 hand pumps have been damaged by the floods in the 10 village clusters listed as follows: UC Village cluster Nb of water supply schemes before floods Banr Banr Ingiro Dherai Bar Abakhel Sersenai 8 5 Hazara Malooch 7 2 Ingiro Dherai Ingiro Dherai Khwazakhela Khwazakhela Koz Abakhail Kotalai, Malaga, 10 5 Powela Koz Abakhail Dagai, Dadahara 10 5 Landikas Makanbagh N/A 4 Landikas Mulababa N/A 4 Sarmai TOTAL Nb of water supply schemes damaged by floods Springs o Status before floods: 622 springs were identified in 94 village clusters. 70 % of these springs are communal property.

7 Page 7 of 20 o Floods damages: More than 59 % of these springs were damaged by the floods. 69% of the assessed springs are providing drinkable water after the floods. The worst damages are found in village clusters having a large number of springs, namely: UC Village cluster Nb of springs before floods Nb of damaged springs Type of springs Wells: wells were identified in 79 village clusters. Only 20% are communal property. 70 % are providing drinkable water. 24% of the wells (1.200) were damaged during the floods. Damages were more important for four villages, as follows: UC Village Cluster Nb of wells before floods Nb of damaged wells Type of wells Boreholes: 820 boreholes were listed in 13 village clusters, mainly located in Ghaligay, Landikas, Kwawaz Khela and Shamozo UCs. Only 30% are communal property. 84 % are providing drinkable water. A total of 6 boreholes were damaged during the floods, all located in Faizabd village cluster (Faizabd UC) that is to say 100% of the boreholes of the village cluster. Streams: 49 streams are used as water sources in 22 village clusters (mainly located in Mandyan village cluster). Half of them are provided drinkable water. 63 % are communal property. 65 % of the identified streams were damaged by the floods. Damaged streams are found in 12 village clusters, where percentage of destruction is high (from 70 to 100%), as detailed in the table below: UC Village Cluster Nb of streams before the floods Nb of streams damaged

8 Page 8 of 20 Rivers: 6 rivers were listed in 11 village clusters (5 village clusters mentioned using rivers as a water sources but did not mention their number). Half are communal property. All the identified rivers are providing drinkable water Water supply schemes: 209 water supply schemes have been fully assessed by the community leaders during this rapid needs assessment. 68 % of the water supply schemes (144) have been damaged by the floods. 20 village clusters have 3 or more damaged water supply schemes. An estimate total of 41.8 km of water supply schemes are to repair Water tanks and springs boxes Water tanks: 478 water tanks were identified in 88 village clusters. Out of them, 32 water tanks have been damaged by the floods. Two villages clusters have at least 4 water tanks damaged: Paleer village cluster (Kalam UC) and Kotanai village cluster (Kotanai UC). Springs boxes: 87 spring boxes were identified by the community leaders in 31 village clusters. 34 springs boxes were damaged by the floods. The village cluster of Badalia (Bishigram UC) has at least 4 damaged springs boxes. None of the assessed communities indicated that rehabilitation was ongoing for the damaged water tanks or spring boxes Sanitation Flush latrines: 50,896 flush latrines were identified by the community leaders out of which 6,360 have been damaged by the floods. 10 village clusters have been heavily affected, with damages on flush latrines equal to 40 %. UC Village cluster Nb of flush latrines before floods Nb of damaged flush latrines Pit latrines: 26,278 pit latrines were reported in the assessed village clusters, among which 1,378 have been damaged. Two village clusters have been heavily hit, as detailed in the table below:

9 Page 9 of 20 UC Village clusters Nb of pit latrines before floods Nb of damaged pit latrines Hygiene education % of damaged pit latrines 21% of the assessed village clusters benefited from hygiene promotion campaigns before the floods. These hygiene promotion trainings were organized by various organizations. Since the floods, no hygiene promotion havs been conducted. 3.3 HEALTH Medical Facilities 48 % of the assessed village clusters reported having medical facilities. A breakdown of these facilities by type is provided below.

10 Page 10 of 20 6 village clusters have access to a second health facility (either dispensary or a TBA Traditional Birth Attendant). More than half of identified health facilities (68%) were found to be functional after the floods. 13 health facility buildings were damaged, among which 9 are no longer functional since the floods, listed as follows: UC Village clusters Health facility type Closest Health facilities 91.8% of assessed village clusters have access to health care through a medical facility located at close range, at an average distance of 5 km. In more than 50% of the cases, the most accessible health facility is the hospital.

11 Page 11 of % of these facilities are still functional after the floods and adequately staffed. 27 buildings have been damaged, out of which 15 are no longer functional. However, the population of 8 village clusters (detailed in tables below) has limited access to health care since no health facility is available at immediate or close range. The village clusters with no health facilities available at immediate or close range are the following: UC Village Cluster Multiple health facilities nearby: 43 % of the assessed village clusters have access to several health facilities at a close range (solely BHU and doctor). Only 24 % of these facilities are functional and 22 % adequately staffed.

12 Page 12 of EDUCATION Education facilities: 390 education facilities were listed by community leaders, according to the following breakdown: Primary schools are the most available facility, with an average of 2 primary schools per village cluster. However, higher education facilities, especially high schools and colleges, are rare (only Canal village cluster in UC Bahrein, Kabal village cluster in UC Bar Abakhel and Faiz Abad village cluster in UC Faiz Abad have access to a college). 7 village clusters do not have any education facility. UC Village Education facility available nearby Primary School Primary School Primary School Primary School Out of the 390 education facilities listed, 93 % have been assessed in details by the community leaders, and comprehensive information collected regarding their functioning, staffing and enrolment records as well as damages caused by the floods. A majority of these education facilities (81 %) were found to be functional after the floods. 58 education facilities have been damaged by the floods, out of which 4 are no longer functional. It should be noted that floods are not the sole explanation for the schools disruption: lack of access and teachers must be taken into account. UC Village clusters Type of school Nb of male students Nb of female students

13 Page 13 of 20 The disruption of these 4 schools directly affects 480 students. Education facilities nearby: 241 education facilities located nearby the assessed village cluster were identified, with the following breakdown. A majority (81.3%) of these education facilities are properly staffed. Among these 241 education facilities nearby, 35 got their building damaged by the floods. The high school located nearby village cluster, attended by 1,000 male students (UC Bishigram) is not functioning anymore. One primary school is reported as being sheltered under tent following the floods. This school is located in Imamdherai village in Baranbandai UC with an estimated 20 students. 3.5 ROADS ACCESS Accessibility The average distance from village clusters to the main road is 2.2km. Main villages assessed are accessible through the following main road types: The overall length of all access roads (taking into accounts secondary and third access) is estimated to 533 km. 11 village clusters have at least 3 access roads to their main villages. The second and third access roads are mainly dirt roads or foot path Floods impact 47% of the access road to the main villages, i.e. 253 km, has been indicated as damaged by the floods. Only half of the access roads are indicated as functional after the floods. Difficulties of access can be classified in two criteria: % of the road length damaged and their accessibility (i.e. whether they are passable or not). 38 main villages experienced complete damage of their connecting roads (100% of the total length) for a total of 90km. 34 of these access roads are no longer functional.

14 Page 14 of AGRICULTURE Active population An estimated population of 106,235 farmers has been identified by community leaders, half of them (52 %) being owners of their land. It should be noted that the division between land owners and tenants may vary significantly from one village to another Irrigation system All assessed village clusters use irrigation channels for agriculture, 62 % of agricultural land being irrigated lands. The average length of irrigation channels is 2.9 km. Floods damaged almost 38% of the existing irrigation channels which put irrigated crops at risk for the coming months. A total of 160 km of irrigation channels is estimated to be damaged and in needs of repair Food availability The figures stated below are a rough estimation of food stock losses as indicated by community leaders. Although they are not exact data, they give a good indication of possible food shortages. Flood damages per food commodity Food commodity Stock before flood (Mt) Swapped by floods (Mt) % of destroyed food commodities Wheat Wheat flour Maize Rice Oil Dry Fruits Onion TOTAL Most affected areas with food losses Food losses are massive in many villages, especially in Dog UC. However, 5 village clusters in Madyan UC (Madyan Jugar and Madyan- Bedag village clusters) and Shin UC (Nawey Kalai and Ghar Shin village clusters) became highly food insecure since all food stocks (wheat, wheat flour, maize and rice) were lost during the floods. Damages are therefore massive (over 90 %) and their extent is detailed in the table below: Food commodity Nb of affected Estimated affected Location village clusters population Wheat Wheat flour Maize Rice

15 Page 15 of 20 Oil Onion TOTAL Crops damages Flood damages per type of crop Type of crops Cultivated land Destroyed land % of crops destruction (hectares) (Hectares) Maize Rice Orchards Vegetables Others (potatoes, peas, tomatoes, peaches) TOTAL Most affected areas in terms of crops damages (over 90 % of crops are destroyed) Type of crops Nb of affected Estimate numbers Location (UC) village clusters of affected farmers Maize Bahrein, Hazara, Madyan, Shahdara, Tirat Rice Barthan, Faiz Abad, Hazara,Kotanai, Shahdara, Tintadog Orchards Bahrein, Bishigram,Kokarai, Madyan, Tirat Vegetables Bahrein, Hazara, Madyan, Shahdara TOTAL Losses in staple food crops are high since 12 % of the assessed village cluster lost more than 70% of maize crops and 8.2% of the assessed villages lost more than 70% of their rice crops. It should be noted that maize and rice fields in Gul Jaba village cluster have been entirely flooded Livestock Type of livestock Little information was available on the impact of floods on livestock. Primary data tends to indicate that damages on livestock are widespread in Swat district. However this does not take into account the impact of the floods on fodder. Nb before floods Nb dead during floods Nb slaughtered due to floods Nb sold after floods Nb of cattle loss Affected areas (UC) Buffalos All assessed UCs Cow All assessed UCs Sheep All assessed UCs

16 Page 16 of 20 Goats All assessed UCs Chicken/Hen All assessed UCs Donkeys Bahrein, Bar Abakhel, Kala Kalay Kwaza Kela, Kotanai, Koz Abakhail UCs Horses Bar Abakhel, Gwaliray UCs 3.7 LIVELIHOOD Income sources vary a lot from one village cluster to another, depending on geographical situation, accessibility, existing facilities (markets, banks, public administration etc. As such, the figures stated below underline a general trend, but certainly not local profiles. Economic recovery activities should to take into these specific profiles. Few highlights are detailed as follows: Agriculture Agriculture except onchard in livelihood - Average on Swat : 50 % UC Village cluster Share of agriculture in the village clusters livelihood (%) Livestock

17 Page 17 of 20 Livestock in livelihood - Average on Swat : 6.9 % UC Village cluster Share of livestock in village clusters livelihood (%) Salaried Employment Salaried employment as main source of income - Average in Swat : 8.3 % UC Village cluster Share of salaried employment in village clusters livelihood (%) Daily Labour Daily Labour as main source of income- Average in Swat : 18.7 % UC Village cluster Share of daily labour in village clusters livelihood (%) Business Small Business as main source of income Average in Swat : 7.6 % UC Village cluster Share of business in village clusters livelihood (%)

18 Page 18 of Overseas financial support (remittance) Remittances as main source of income Average on Swat : 2.8 % UC Village cluster % of remittances in village clusters livelihood (%) Orchards Orchards as main source of income Average on Swat : 14.5 % UC Village cluster Share of orchards in village clusters livelihood (%)

19 Page 19 of MAIN NEEDS Main needs Among the 171 village clusters assessed during the post-floods rapid needs assessment, the following priority needs were identified by the community leaders and summarized in the graph below. However, priority needs vary a lot from one village to another. As such, each need will be reviewed separately, as follows: Food 66 villages stated access to food as their first priority need. Food is ranked as first and second priority need by 63% of the 171 village clusters. All Swat UCs have been affected to one or several sectors related to food security. Food insecurity is due to damages on access roads and destruction of food stocks (jeopardizing immediate access to food), destruction of irrigation channels and flooding of fertile land and orchard (jeopardizing mid to long term access to food) Access to water Access to drinkable water is the first priority in 17 of the assessed village clusters. Indeed, these village clusters reported extensive damage to wells, water supply schemes and springs which put high constraints on access to drinkable water. The lack of drinking water and proper sanitation can trigger water borne diseases, particularly among vulnerable population (children under 5, pregnant women, elders) Agriculture After access to food and water, support to agriculture and especially rehabilitation of irrigation channels is a top priority in 28 village clusters. Crops destruction (maize and rice especially) has been massive. Moreover, damages to irrigation channels (38% of irrigation channels were found damaged) puts mid-term income generation at risk, in view of the upcoming planting season in late august/ mid-september Shelter Shelter was not stated as a top humanitarian need but was reported as priority need in 24 village clusters. A total of 1,882 displaced families and 973 damaged/destroyed houses were identified in these village clusters.

20 Page 20 of 20 Community leaders indicated a need for 1,090 shelters in these 24 village clusters. Needs are higher than destruction since several families are hosting displaced relatives as well Health Health is stated as the first priority need in 7 village clusters. All of them have no or limited access to health facilities, e.g. Malam Juba in Kishowora UC has access to a doctor only and Chuprial village cluster in Chuprial UC has only a TBA available. On average, health facilities are available at relatively close range: within a 15km range for hospitals and within a 5km range for BHU Income generation Income generation was indicated as a priority need in 3 village clusters, namely in Kolakarin village cluster, Jukhtai village cluster (Miandam UC) and Barikot village cluster (Barikot UC) Education Access to education was mentioned as first priority need in the following 8 village clusters where few or no education facilities are available. ***