African livestock farming. International CSO seminar Debrecen 27/05/11

Transcription

1 African livestock farming International CSO seminar Debrecen 27/05/11

2 Introduction African point of view on livestock farming Demand + environmental challenges Meat / animal products regularly accused in Western countries, what is the reality in the South? What are the impacts of animal products imports in Africa? What are the possible solutions to develop local production?

3 Environmental impacts 1kg meat = 8kg grain 18% of greenhouse gases Linked to land-use change (deforestation), methane emissions and manure management mostly

4 Food consumption in developing countries Change in food consumption habits (urbanization, correlation with GDP growth)

5 Livestock in least developed countries Ethical aspect Safety net for poorest households / insurance against risks Garanty / (micro) credit Source of manure, natural fertilizer Mechanical force (plowing, transport ) Valorisation of food / agricultural waste and unproductive land (pastoralism) Nutritional security (proteins, iron, vitamin A ) Source of raw material, e.g. leather, for artisanal production Cultural / religious dimensions

6 Meat consumption in least developed countries LDC : no major change in food consumption behavior yet Demographic growth, increasingly supported by imports But large consumption increase predicted, e.g. Africa = 11 to 22 kg/inhbt/year in 2050 Import or local production?

7 Increase of agricultural imports? Potential lower prices for consumers but Ecologically non sustainable (transports ) No food security on the long term (e.g food crisis) Unfair competition from more developed and subsidized agricultures (EU, US, South America )

8 Frozen chicken imports from the EU Uncontroled and massive imports of frozen chicken pieces of low quality in Cameroun Threat to people health, local agriculture and national economy

9 Frozen chicken imports from the EU Media campaigns in Africa and Europe

10 Economical Partnerships Agreements Scheme for free trade area (FTA) between EU and ACP countries (WTO framework), following Cotonou agreements Critized on: Potential shock for ACP countries agriculture Favorize export type of agriculture and land grabbing Decreased trade barriers = lack of financial ressources for public support of agriculture Separate EPA = division of ACP countries, weaken regional integration process

11 Increase in livestock production? Africa left behind

12 Increase in livestock production? But which one?

13 Pastoral system Highly efficient + low environmental impact + valorisation of unproductive land But very limited potential for further production growth Need to clarify property rights and promot mechanisms for cooperation

14 Village or poultry-yard farming Poultry-yard production concerns mostly pork, poultry and eggs Very cost / space / time effective Valorisation of food waste Provide a considerable mass of complementary / high nutritional value food

15 Intensive agriculture system Path chosen by emerging countries, e.g. China Based on a low number of large scale farms Concerns mostly poultry, pork and milk High intensity in capital / chemical inputs / technological innovation (genetics ) Use of developed infrastructures and organisations Very efficient but environmental and social externalities + animal diseases and well-being issues

16 Familial agriculture Low intensity but mixt system combining agriculture and livestock farming Low social and environmental externalities Very high potential for growth

17 High potential in milk production Strong demand for milk and milk products, but high levels of milk powder imported Need to organize markets (collection) and networks of small entreprises Milk = potential factor of intensification Combines agriculture and livestock farming, with meat as a by product Example: APESS NGO in Cameroun : empowerment of smallholders Example: program of food acquisition in Brazil

18 Conclusions No single solution, complementary of systems Need for strong investment in public agriculture policies Support to smallholders (credits, inputs, veterinary services ) Transport and communication infrastructures Participative structures, i.e. increased involvement of smallholders Public research (genetic improvement, forage, veterinary services...) Incitative environmental measures (ecosystemic services )

19 Conclusions Scale = regional, similarly to EU! West Africa = Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Regional complementarity: Sahel = extensive farming (cattle, goat ) Costal countries = pork / poultry Development of the entire sector (meat transformation and trade ) Great tool for development and poverty reduction if done in sustainable way Coherence of EU trade / development / agriculture policies