Putting fish in the menu Today and into the future. Manuel Barange Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, Italy,

Transcription

1 Putting fish in the menu Today and into the future Manuel Barange Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, Italy,

2 Sustainability Poverty Hunger Addressing Poverty and Hunger is a priority, but it puts pressure on Resources Max Roser (2016) Hunger and Undernourishment

3 FAO The Future of Food Population Growth = Need more Food Economic Development = Need more Protein Demand for ANIMAL PROTEIN is increasing Asia Africa LAC/ Caribbean Europe North America Oceania

4 Millions Fish is an Under-recognized source of Food, and yet production has outpaced other protein industries, and Human Population Growth Animal protein production (Mt) and Per capita fish consumption Capture Fisheries Aquaculture Meat, cattle 160 Meat, chicken Meat, pig Per capita food 21 Kg/year

5 Fish is more that protein : Nutrient dense fish.. a special role in nutrition and health * * source: Fish, a source of nutrients Daily need (RDI) for children Iron Vitamin B12 Zinc Vitamin D EPA Calcium DHA Selenium Protein Iodine Vitamin A DHA+EPA (Ω-3); seafood main source Vitamin A; 250 million preschool children deficient Iron; 1.6 billion people deficient Iodine; seafood natural source, 20 million people deficient Zinc; child deaths per year 150 mg 500 µg RAE 8.9 mg (at 10% bioavailability) 120 µg 5.6 mg (at moderate bioavailability)

6 The Fish we eat Crustaceans 9% Aquatic animals, Other 1% Marine, fish, Cephalopods Other 3% 12% 2013 Freshwater and diadromous fish 38% Small pelagics 10% Molluscs, excl. cephalopods 13% Demersal fish 14%

7 Fish Rich food for poor, undernourished people

8 Trade and Employment the other side of the food coin (US$148b in % to Developing Countries) Exports 520 m fishery dependent people 1ary Capture Fishers 2014 (37,88 m) Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania 1ary Fish Farmers 2014 (18,75 m) Imports Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Africa Asia Europe Latin America and the Caribbean North America Oceania

9 The Challenge of Food in the 21 st century Global Population (m) 14,000,000 13,000,000 12,000,000 11,000,000 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 4,000, ,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000, % 10.9% 10.7% 10.5% 10.3% 10.1% 9.9% 9.7% 9.5% Marine fish landings (t) Arable land (as % of land)

10 The Challenge of Food in the 21 st century Expectations from a Fish angle Mt 120 Aquaculture Capture for human consumption Capture

11 And then there are the disproportional impacts of climate change 1.5 warming (RCP2.6) = (-) 2.5% potential catch 3.5 warming (RCP8.5) = (-) 8.0% potential catch (Cheung et al Science) 1.8 warming (A1B scenario) = (+) 3.0% potential catch in EEZs of ~75 countries (Blanchard et al Proc. Trans. Roy. Soc.) (Barange et al. 2014) VERY SIGNIFICANT Regional / Local variations Winners and Losers will need different adaptation support (Barange et al. 2014)

12

13 Aquaculture and inland fisheries Can they meet global fish demand? Simon Funge-Smith Marine & Inland Fisheries Branch Fisheries & Aquaculture Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

14 Aquaculture now provides much of our fish 50% Aquaculture produces 50% of all fish and shellfish eaten Buffers global fish prices Fish are highly efficient convertors of feed into animal protein Aquaculture production methods intensifying Half of aquaculture production relies on feed and this is growing

15 Aquaculture systems are worldwide and very diverse China and Asia >90% of production Huge range of species >590 species, families, groups Freshwater/brackish & marine 79% still comes from freshwaters Fed supplemental feed, unfed Carps, bivalve molluscs, plants Mechanized labour intensive Opportunities for more Africa Mariculture New systems Continent Aquaculture production 2014 (thousand tonnes) Production 2014 Proportion China 45, Asia 20, Europe 2, South America 2, Africa 1, North America Oceania

16 Aquaculture growth is slowing in some areas Increasing competition with livestock for feedstuffs for fresh water for culture environments and feedstuffs Demands for greater environmental accountability Profit margins squeezed Pushed in tighter operational parameters Greater disease risks Threatened by climate variability, shocks, input price fluctuations Source: FAO FishStatJ, Cumulative growth (smoothed, 5 years)

17 More aquaculture may not feed more people Focus on luxury species & larger fish better margins and upper-end market Aquaculture can (and does) produce cheaper fish for poorer markets Potential for: Small fast growing species Herbivorous species Heterotrophic systems Backyard systems Innovative marine systems.. what fish farmers produce.. what poorer consumers purchase

18 Innovation and reduced consumption of environmental services required for continued benefits Must reduce aquaculture footprint Especially water and fishmeal/oil Improve aquaculture value chains to withstand shocks Aquaculture is not growing fast enough where need is greatest Innovate Increase system efficiencies Freshwater use Unicellular protein, algae, Should we be eating more herbivorous fish? Unicellular algae Reduction of fishmeal in shrimp feed Rabbitfish

19 Aquaculture has huge potential..but not for everyone. In quite a few countries inland fisheries are far more important

20 Inland fisheries important role Hidden contribution of inland fisheries 12.5 million tonnes >8% of global food fish Modelling indicates this is an underestimate Employ ~45% of the world s 28 million capture fishers At least half are women Nearly all of which is used for direct human consumption. Little waste Practically no by-catch or trash fish Highly efficient producer of quality food

21 If inland fisheries are so important, why don t we hear about them? Majority of tropical inland fisheries small-scale Local catch defies direct enumeration Catch and contribution overlooked An inconvenient truth when large scale water/environmental changes are planned? Major importance is to Low Income Food Deficit Countries 40% of global inland catch Limited access to marine fish and aquaculture Crucial micro-nutrients Alternatives too costly for diets of the poor Spot the fish? Rice-fish, fish ponds, North VietNam highlands

22 Multiple threats to inland fish Most impacts environment-related Harvesting (fishing) often a lesser impact Solutions outside fishery management Water and habitat quantity and quality Habitat loss, wetland drainage Damming, loss of water connectivity Deforestation/land use changes Urbanization Pollution, erosion, acid deposition Introduction of exotic species Reduced freshwater availability in 30% of the world s rivers water abstraction and climate change Drained wetlands Failed hydropower dam fish pass

23 Considerable potential for pro-fishery water & land management Build inland fisheries into development Improve water connectivity Assist fish breeding, dispersal Restore habitat Dry season refuges Breeding habitat rehabilitation/protection Active stocking of flood plains Rice fields can yield kg/ha aquatic animals ~80 spp (other than rice) if managed for fish Strategic timing of water releases Seasonal opening of dam gates helped bring back 130 spp. Take advantage of high water to inundate flood plains

24 In a blue future There is no one size fits all, and still plenty of opportunity to do things better

25 Status of and Challenges to The Sustainable Management of World Marine Fishery Resources Yimin Ye Marine & Inland Fisheries Branch Food and Agriculture Organization The United Nations Y Ye 25

26 Landings (mt) Trends of Global Marine Fish Landings (Ye et al. 2017) Peaked at 88 million tonnes in 1995 Declined since then Stable excluding anchoveta Year Y Ye 26

27 Status and Trends of Global Marine Fishery Resources Sustainability (FAO 2016) Under-fished Fully fished Overfished Y Ye 27

28 Sustainability of Marine Fishery Resources by Area Great difference among areas More sustainable stocks in Pacific and Indian Oceans Y Ye 28

29 International Legal Framework for the Sustainability of Fisheries UNCLOS: maintain or restore populations at B MSY (Article 61.3) UNFSA: maintain or restore stocks to levels that can produce MSY (Par 30a) CBD: (Article 10) conservation and sustainable use of biological resources avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological diversity The Code: long-term sustainable use of fisheries resources, States and subregional or RFMO/As adopt appropriate measures, based on the best scientific evidence available, which are designed to maintain or restore stocks at levels capable of producing MSY, Y Ye 29

30 Millennium Summit (2000) Goal 7- Environmental Sustainability The United Nations Initiatives to Achieve Sustainable Fisheries Indicator 7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits WSSD (2002) Maintain/restore stocks to levels that can produce the MSY with the aim of achieving these goals fro depleted stocks on an urgent basis and where possible no later than 2015 SDG (2030 Agenda) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Indicator by 2020, restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics Y Ye 30

31 Zero Overfishing by 2020 (SDG 14 & CBD Aichi Target 6) Failed to achieve the WSSD goal Unlikely to achieve the SDG No progress at all? Some progress Y Ye

32 % Examples of Success in Rebuilding Fisheries Percentages of overfished stocks in Australia Y Ye 32

33 Disparity between Developed & developing countries (Ye & Gutierrez 2017) Developing countries Developed countries Y Ye 33

34 How to Achieve the Zero-Overfishing Target? Enhance institutional and governance capacities through global partnership, particularly in developing countries Sharing of success experience and knowledge Technology transfer Capacity building in science-based policy making Control fishing capacity at sustainable levels through policy and regulations judicious use of subsidies eradication of IUU fishing Establish a seafood trading system that rewards sustainable fisheries International rules and bilateral agreements Domestic policy Market driven mechanisms (eg eco-labelling) A stronger global monitoring system SDG 14.4 Aichi Target 6 Y Ye 34

35 Thanks for Your Attention! Y Ye 35

36 Y Ye 36

37 Understanding regional differences in performance of fisheries Ray Hilborn School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington

38 Thanks to collaborators

39 Thanks to the thousands who collect the data

40

41 Most assessed stocks in North America, South America, Europe and Oceania Source: Global Assessment Database (ramlegacy.org)

42 U and B trends US Alaska US East Coast US Southeast and Gulf US West Coast Year Biomass

43 U and B trends US Alaska US East Coast US Southeast and Gulf US West Coast Year Biomass Exploitation rate

44 U and B trends Europe non EU European Union New Zealand Russia Japan Year Biomass

45 U and B trends Europe non EU European Union New Zealand Russia Japan Year Biomass Exploitation rate

46 U and B trends Mediterranean Black Sea Pacific Ocean South America West Africa Year Biomass

47 U and B trends Mediterranean Black Sea Pacific Ocean South America West Africa Year Biomass Exploitation rate

48 Summary of stock status Some places never overfished Some were overfished and now recovering Some continue to be overfished Where we don t have assessment data we generally believe status is poor

49 Overall intensity of fisheries management Melnychuk, M., Peterson, E., Elliott, M., Hilborn, R Fisheries management impacts on target species status Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114:

50 Abundance of stocks (expert opinion)

51 Key elements correlated with good stock status Stocks status is assessed The management system effectively regulates fishing pressure in response to changes in abundance Fisheries regulations are enforced

52 Yield lost by overfishing (red) and underfishing (yellow) From Hilborn and Costello Marine Policy. The potential for blue growth in marine fisheries yield, profit and abundance of fish in the ocean.

53 Is no overfishing a realistic goal? % overfished From Worm et al Rebuilding global fisheries

54 Final Words For wealthy countries with strong national control we know how to sustain fisheries and are largely doing so There are certainly exceptions, the Mediterranean stands out. The major challenges are for small scale, freshwater, and industrial fisheries in countries where there is little infrastructure for effective fisheries management.

55

56