The effect of commercial organic fertilizer on N-P-K use efficiency. of lowland rice in the Lao PDR

Transcription

1 Soil Fertility nd Nutrient Mngement The effect of commercil orgnic fertilizer on N-P-K use efficiency of lowlnd rice in the Lo PDR Pheng Sengxu 1, Vongvily Phengsouvnn 2, Somphong Vongsouthy 3 1 Soil Survey nd Lnd Clssifiction Center, NAFRI. P.O. Box 811, Vientine Lo PDR, e-mil: psengxu@lotel.com 2 Phone Ngm Reserch Sttion, Chmpsck Province 3 Agriculture nd Forestry Service Office, Chmphone District, Svnnkhet Province Astrct The Lo government hs policy to use more orgnic fertilizers in the lowlnd rice production system. Therefore, the government is setting up orgnic fertilizer fctories in mny provinces of Los. The im of this experiment is to determine the suitle rte of supplementry NPK, which needs to e pplied with commercil orgnic fertilizer (COF). The experiment ws initited in the 2001 wet seson in five lowlnd rice loctions: Vientine Municiplity (VTM); Vientine (VTP); Svnnkhet (SVNK), Soukhoum nd Phonethong of Chmpsck Province (CPS-S; CPS-P). The experiment ws set up with six different inorgnic fertilizer rtes supplementry to COF ppliction. There ws lrge yield response t ll sites to the ppliction of the high NPK rte (28-165% increses in yields). In response to orgnic fertilizer ppliction lone, incresed significntly only in CPS-P (y 24%). In comined ppliction of orgnic fertilizer with high rte of NPK, yields did not increse significntly compred to the high rte of NPK lone, nd lso not significntly different compred to the comined ppliction of orgnic fertilizer with medium nd low rtes of NPK in VTM nd SVNK. The effectiveness of orgnic fertilizer in the first seson my hve only smll enefits, ut it my improve soil fertility, especilly soil orgnic cron nd plnt nutrients in the soil in the long term. Key words: orgnic fertilizer, inorgnic fertilizer, lowlnd rice, soil orgnic mtter, rice yield. 89

2 Soil Fertility nd Nutrient Mngement ÏíÌÀßËíÍÁÜÃÐîŠÌÜíÃÂßËàÈäÝÃÃàÌÉ ÀàÌÌáåÆ ÐîŠÌ NPK ÁÜÃâÁ àìàîê åì ÅÎÎ Öà ÍíÈÂèÈØÇ Ó ËéÈËàÃÁÜÃÖèÈÊßÍàÌãØŠÃ ÅÎÎ Öà ãóšìâö ÃåÅŠÀàÌÌáåÆ ÐîŠÌÜíÃÂßËàÈâÁ àåìààìïßöéèâá à. È ÃÌ Ì, ÖèÈÊßÍàÌÄ ÃæÈ ÜàÌîÓèÈåØ À Å àãäýããàìïßöéèðîšìüíãâßëàèôïšåìøöàçƒãá Ã. ÄîÈÎßÅíÃÁÜÃÀàÌËíÈ ÖÜÃÌ ãóšìãìååšâñ²üàáìíèüèèéàðîšìââóêë âúàßåíóåáöèíååšýš ÓÀèÍÐîŠÌÜíÃÂßËàÈäÝÃÃàÌ. ÀàÌËíÈÖÜÃ Ì æè âö ÓÎßÉéÎèÈåÌÖßÈïÌàÎê 2001 ÔïŠ 5 ÄîÈÂì: ÀáãÑÃÌßÂÜÌ ÞÃÄèÌ; ãá à ÞÃÄèÌ; ÅßØ èììßâáè; âóìüãåîáîóà ãöß äñìëüã ãá ÃÄáÎàÅèÀ. ãííãïìààìëíèöüãæè àãéàóãíí ÍÖèÜÀÂíÍÊ Ì àããîãäèçíèãâüêì (RCBD), âæªãâýèèâîèìåàóæÿ ãöß ØíÀÆßÌéÈËíÈÖÜÃË ååšðîšìââ ÓêåÌÜèÈÉàãÉÀ ÉŠàÃÀèÌÝŠ ÓÀèÍÐîŠÌÜíÃÂßËàÈäÝÃÃàÌ. ÏßÖéÈÉßÑàÍâÁ àóêààìéüíåßùüãåïãé ÀàÌ ååš ãéšðîšìââóêôïšëîàäîèæè ÏßÖéÈÉßÑàÍâÑ ÓÁ¹ÌãÉŠ 28 Øà 165%. åìâó²üååšãéšðîšìüíãâßëàèïßöéèéß ÑàÍ âá àâñ ÓÁ¹ÌÔŠàÃÙ àâæìñüêìæè ÓêãÉŠÄîÈË âóìüãäñìëüã ãá ÃÄáÎàÅèÀ(ÎßÓàÌ 24%). åìâó²üååšðîšìââ ÓêåÌÜèÈÉàÅïÃÝŠ ÓÀèÍÐîŠÌÜíÃÂßËàÈâØèÌÏßÖéÈÉßÑàÍâÁ àâñ ÓÁ¹ÌÑÞÃâÖèÀÌ ÜÇ ãöß Í âæìñüêìæè âó²üëþí ÀèÍÆßÌéÈËíÈÖÜÃË ååšãéñðîšìââóê ãöß ÆßÌéÈËíÈÖÜÃË ååšðîšìââóêåìüèèéàîàìààã ãöß ÉœÔïŠåÌÄîÈË ãá ÃÀáãÑÃÌßÂÜÌ ãöß ÅßØ èììßâáè. ÎßÅéÈËéÏíÌÁÜÃÐîŠÌÜíÃÂßËàÈäÝÃÃàÌÜàÈÄßÇèÃÉœåÌÖß ÈïËáÜéÈ, ãéš ŠàÓèÌÜàÈ ÆŠ ÇÎèÍÎîÃÈéÌâÎèÌÉ ÌãÓŠÌÜéÌÆê èèêî ãöß ËàÈÜàØàÌÑìÈÔïŠåÌÈéÌåÌæÖÇßÇà ÌàÌ. Introduction The Lo government hs policy to use more orgnic fertilizers in the lowlnd rice production system, ecuse most of the soils in the six mjor rice producing res re modertely cid loms, sndy loms nd lomy snds which re low in orgnic mtter, ction exchnge cpcity (CEC) nd percent se sturtion. The government is encourging the mnufcturing of orgnic fertilizers nd hs set up severl orgnic fertilizer fctories in Los. Previous reserch dt indicted rice yield responses to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) nd potssium (K) pplictions of 60 to 90 N kg/h, 15 to 60 P 2 kg/h, nd 20 to 45 K 2 O kg h. The ppliction of oth commercil orgnic nd inorgnic fertilizers my mke it possile to increse inorgnic fertilizer use efficiency nd reduce the input of NPK in inorgnic form for rice production. The im of this experiment ws to determine the suitle rte of NPK tht needs to e pplied in comintion with commercil orgnic fertilizer (COF). Mterils nd methods The experiment ws initited in the 2001 wet seson (WS) in five rinfed lowlnd sites: Xythni district, Vientine Municiplity (VTM); Phonehong district, Vientine Province (VTP); Chmphone district, Svnnkhet Province (SVNK), Phonethong nd Soukhoum districts in Chmpsck Province (CPS-P nd CPS-S). The experiments were set up s rndomized complete lock design with six tretments nd three replictions (Tle 1). COF of DDiofer (Dongxiengdy io-fertilizer, Vientine Municiplity) ws used for the VTM nd VTP sites nd Dokchmp (Chmpsk, km 46) for the 90

3 Soil Fertility nd Nutrient Mngement Chmpsk nd Svnnkhet sites (Tle 2). Properties of these fertilizers re provided in the Annex (Tle 6). COF ws pplied t rte of 1 t/h. The plot size ws 4 x 5 m including 0.6 m on ech side for order rows, nd seprted y unds. Rice seedlings (cv TDK 1) were trnsplnted t hill spcing of 20 x 20 cm (25 hills/m 2 ) with 4 to 6 seedlings per hill. The N ppliction ws split eqully into three pplictions: sl, 30 nd 50 dys fter trnsplnting (DAT). COF, P nd K fertilizers were pplied s sl ppliction. Pesticide (Furdn, 33 kg/h) ws pplied t 25 nd 45 DAT to control gll midge nd stem orer. Weeding ws done s necessry. Tiller nd pnicle counts were tken t 50 DAT nd t mturity, respectively. At mturity, order rows were removed from round ech plot nd the remining hills hrvested. Pnicles were threshed, the grin weighed nd moisture content determined. Grin yields were djusted to 14% moisture content. Tle 1. Tretments to exmine the NPK rte with commercil orgnic fertilizer. Tretment # NPK rte COF kg/h t/h 1 Control (High NPK) (High NPK) (Medium NPK) (Low NPK) 1 Tle 2. Loction of experiments nd commercil orgnic fertilizers used in ech site. Sites Fctory nme Trde rnd Mteril source Vientine Municiplity Dongxiengdy DD iofer pet, phosphte rock, cttle mnure, Vientine Province t mnure, sugr nd Rhizoium Svnnkhet-Chmphone Chmpsk 46 km Dokchmp pet, phosphte rock, t mnure, sugr nd Chmpsk-Soukoum Chmpsk-Phonethong some io-extrct from neem tree, fruit nd vegetles. Results nd Discussion Dt received from Vientine Province were unrelile, therefore results will e presented nd discussed for Vientine Municiplity, Svnnkhet nd the two sites in Chmpsck Province only. The grin yields without either orgnic or inorgnic fertilizers were 2.1, 3.5, 2.2 nd 1.3 t/h in VTM (Fig. 1), SVNK nd Phonethong nd Soukhoum district of CPS respectively (Fig. 2). In response to orgnic fertilizer ppliction lone, yields incresed significntly only in CPS-P (y 24%). With the ppliction of the high rte of inorgnic fertilizer lone, yields incresed significntly in ll sites y 65, 28, 37 nd 165% in VTM, SVNK, CPS-P nd CPS-S, respectively compred to the control (T1). When comined ppliction of COF with inorgnic fertilizer t the high rte ws used (T4) yields were similr to the high rte of NPK lone except t the CPS-P where yields incresed. Yields t the lower NPK rtes when comined with COF were similr to the high rte of NPK pplied lone. This my suggest tht the comined ppliction of COF with inorgnic fertilizer improves efficiency, however results re inconclusive ecuse the yields of the lower NPK rtes pplied lone were not determined. 91

4 Soil Fertility nd Nutrient Mngement The enefits from the COF in these studies re generlly similr to those oserved for on-frm residues when pplied lone or in comintion with inorgnic fertilizers. Tht is, the enefits of the orgnic mteril (COF or residues) re seen when pplied lone. However, in the first yers, when pplied with fertilizer there is little enefit. In the long-term there my e lrger enefit from repeted pplictions of orgnic mterils. The economics of using COF need to e evluted closely, prticulrly given the low response nd the fct tht on-frm residues which give similr response, re freely ville on frm. Grin yield (kg/h) Control COF NPK1 NPK1+COF Tretment NPK2+COF NPK3+COF Figure 1. Rice yields response to DDiofer nd inorgnic fertilizer lone nd in comined ppliction in the 2001 wet seson in Vientine Municiplity. Vlues re mens of three replictions. Mens with identicl letter re not significntly different. COF, commercil orgnic fertilizer; NPK1, kg/h N, P 2 O, NPK2, kg/h N, P 2 O, nd NPK3, kg/h N, P 2 O. Prcticl implictions for extension The response to these fertilizers is similr to when on-frm residues re pplied. Bsed on mny reserch trils with on-frm residues, it is recommended to pply either mnure, strw or rice husks to lowlnd rice fields. Doing this recycles micronutrients nd cron ck into the soil. In most cses, there is yield enefit (20-50% yield increse) to pplying these residues lone. This enefit increses in ech yer tht residues re pplied. It is lso recommended to pply fertilizer in order to mximize yields, however, during the first yer or two N, fertilizer use efficiency is not lwys incresed when pplied with residues. For the commercil orgnic fertilizers (COF) the economics of pplictions needs to e crefully evluted 92

5 Soil Fertility nd Nutrient Mngement Grin yield (kg/h) c CPS-S CPS-P SVNK d c c c Control COF NPK1 NPK1+COF Tretment NPK2+COF NPK3+COF Figure 2. Rice yield responses to Dokchmp orgnic nd inorgnic fertilizer lone nd in comined ppliction in the 2001 wet seson in Chmpsk nd Svnnkhet provinces. Vlues re mens of three replictions. Mens with identicl letter re not significntly different. COF, Commercil orgnic fertilizer; NPK1, kg/h N, P 2 O, NPK2, kg/h N, P 2 O, nd NPK3, kg/h N, P 2 O. Acknowledgements We would like to thnk the Swiss Agency for Development nd Coopertion (SDC) through the Lo- IRRI Project nd the Agriculture nd Forestry Service office of Vientine Municiplity, Svnnkhet nd Chmpsck Provinces nd the Phone Ngm Rice Reserch Sttion, for their support of this reserch ctivity. We would like to thnk ll our collortors nd frmers, nd lso Dr. Rente Brun nd Philip Gison, who helped us to write this pper. References Linquist B, Sengxu P, Whitred A, Schiller J, nd Lthvilyvong P, In Ldh JK, Wde L, Doermnn A, Reichrdt W, Kirk GJD, nd Piggin C: Rinfed Lowlnd Rice: Advnces in Nutrient Mngement Reserch IRRI: pp

6 Soil Fertility nd Nutrient Mngement Annex Tle 1. Effect of orgnic fertilizer on NPK use efficiency of rice in Vientine Municiplity (Xythni dist.), during the 2001 WS. Rice yields re djusted to 14% moisture. In column, mens followed y common letter re not significntly different (LSD=0.05) Fertilizers Yield Tiller Pnicle # NPK rte (kg/h) Residue (2t/h) kg/h Tiller/m 2 Pnicle/m 2 1 Control No fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Pr>F NPK rte ns % CV Loction: B. Xisvng Sowing: My 25/2001 Design: RCBD, 3 reps Trnsplnted: Jun 22/2001 Vriety: TDK 1 Flowering: Sep 15/2001 Hill spcing: 20x20 cm Hrvest: Oct 12/2001 Fertiliztion: Orgnic fertilizer, P 2 O pplied t trnsplnting. N ws pplied in three equl splits t trnsplnting nd 30 nd 50 DAT. Tle 2. Effect of orgnic fertilizer on NPK use efficiency of rices in Vientine Province (Phonhong dist) during the 2001 WS. Rice yields re djusted to 14% moisture. In column, mens followed y common letter re not significntly different (LSD=0.05) Fertilizers Yield Tiller Pnicle # NPK rte (kg/h) Residue (2t/h) kg/h Tiller/m 2 Pnicle/m 2 1 Control No fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Pr>F NPK rte. ns Ns % CV Loction: B. Miphosi Sowing: Jun 8/2001 Design: RCBD, 3 reps Trnsplnted: Jul 7/2001 Vriety: TDK 1 Flowering: Sep 24/2001 Hill spcing: 20x20 cm Hrvest: Oct 20/2001 Fertiliztion: Orgnic fertilizer, P 2 O pplied t trnsplnting. N ws pplied in three equl splits t trnsplnting nd 30 nd 50 DAT. 94

7 Soil Fertility nd Nutrient Mngement Tle 3. Effect of orgnic fertilizer on NPK use efficiency of rice in Chmpsck Province (Phonthong nd Soukhoum dist), during the 2001 WS. Rice yields re djusted to 14% moisture. In column, mens followed y common letter re not significntly different (LSD=0.05). Fertilizers Yield Tiller Pnicle # NPK rte (kg/h) Residue (2t/h) kg/h Tiller/m 2 Pnicle/m 2 1 Control No fer 2258 d c c Orgnic fer 2812 c Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Pr>F NPK rte ns % CV % LSD Loction: B. Lk 11 Sowing: Jun 13/2001 Design: RCBD, 3 reps Trnsplnted: Jul 12/2001 Vriety: TDK 1 Flowering: Sep 30 to Oct 6/2001 Hill spcing: 20x20 cm Hrvest: Oct 27/2001 Fertiliztion: Orgnic fertilizer, P 2 O pplied t trnsplnting. N ws pplied in three equl splits t trnsplnting nd 30 nd 50 DAT. Tle 4. Effect of orgnic fertilizer on NPK use efficiency of rice in Chmpsck Province (Phonthong nd Soukhoum dist), during the 2001 WS. Rice yields re djusted to 14% moisture. In column, mens followed y common letter re not significntly different (LSD=0.05) Fertilizers Yield Tiller Pnicle # NPK rte (kg/h) Residue (2t/h) kg/h Tiller/m 2 Pnicle/m 2 1 Control No fer 1343 e Orgnic fer 1511 e Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Pr>F NPK rte % CV % LSD Loction: B. Soukhoumneu Sowing: My 30/2001 Design: RCBD, 3 reps Trnsplnted: Jul 6/2001 Vriety: TDK 1 Flowering: Hill spcing: 20x20 cm Hrvest: Oct 9/2001 Fertiliztion: Orgnic fertilizer, P 2 O pplied t trnsplnting. N ws pplied in three equl splits t trnsplnting nd 30 nd 50 DAT. 95

8 Soil Fertility nd Nutrient Mngement Tle 5. Effect of orgnic fertilizer on NPK use efficiency of rice in Svnnkhet Province (Chmphone dist), during the 2001 WS. Rice yields re djusted to 14% moisture. In column, mens followed y common letter re not significntly different (LSD=0.05) Fertilizers Yield Tiller Pnicle # NPK rte (kg/h) Residue (2t/h) kg/h Tiller/m 2 Pnicle/m 2 1 Control No fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer Orgnic fer 4452 Pr>F NPK rte % CV 8.9 Loction: B. Sowing: Design: RCBD, 3 reps Trnsplnted: Vriety: TDK 1 Flowering: Hill spcing: 20x20 cm Hrvest: Fertiliztion: Mnure nd P 2 O pplied t trnsplnting. N ws pplied in three equl splits t trnsplnting nd 30 nd 50 DAT. Tle 6. The properties of two commercil orgnic fertilizers. Item DDiofer Dokchmp ph % OM % N totl C/N 8 9 % P 2 totl % K 2 O % Moisture