TRIP REPORT. India IPM CRSP Sites in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. August 21-29, 2009

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1 TRIP REPORT India IPM CRSP Sites in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka August 21-29, 2009 E. A. Short Heinrichs, Consultant, VA Tech Srinivasan Ramasamy, Entomologist, AVRDC- The World Vegetable Center Tamil Nadu farmer in her field of brinjal infested with the papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus. The 1.5 acre field has been sprayed with insecticide several times at a cost of Rupees27,00 0 ($ 600) but will be plowed due to lack of effective mealybug control. 1

2 PurposeofTrip: ToreviewtheprogressoftheIndiasiteprojectsandtoidentifyactivitiesforthenextphaseof thesouthasiaregionalproject,indiasite. SitesVisited: TNAUactivitiesintheCoimbatore,TamilNaduareaandTERIdemonstrationplotsinBengarpet, Kolar,Karnataka. DescriptionofActivities/Discussions: Date Contact/metwith Activities/Discussions 2122 August 23August 24August MohanKumar K.Angappan TNAUandKVKstaff Dr.V.Udayasuriyanand Dr.R.Samiyappan Dr.E.I.Jonathon Dr.KalaiSelvan Dr.P.Karuppuchamy Dr.G.Chandrasekaran Dr.S.Subramanian LeftLincoln,Nebraska21 st arrivingincoimbatoreon23 rd. ArrivedCoimbatore9:00am. 1:004:00pmDiscussedtheproposedprogramofvisit,currentstatusof theproject,proposedactivitiesforthenextphaseandcomponentsof thenextannualreportsubmission. 8:009:00TrainingProgrammeonStrategiestoMitigatePapayaMealy Bug 9:009:30DiscussionwithProfessorandHeadDPMB&BDr.V. UdayasuriyanandDirectorofCPMBDr.R.Samiyappan 9:3010:00DiscussionwithDirectorCPPSDr.E.I.Jonathon 10:0010:30DiscussionwithDirectorofExtensionEducationDr.Kalai Selvan 10:301;00pmDiscussionwithProf.andHeadofAgric.EntomologyDr. P.Karuppuchamy,PlantPathologyDr.G.ChandrasekarandNematology Dr.Subramanian 2:305:30pmDiscussiononTNAUIPMCRSPactivitiesandproposed plansforthenextphase.participants: Dr.MohanKumar,Entomologist 2

3 3 Dr.K.Angappan,PlantPathologist P.Karuppuchamy,Head,Entomology Dr.C.Durairaj,Entomologist Dr.S.Suresh,Entomologist Dr.E.I.Jonathon,DirectorCPPS Dr.G.Chandrasekar,Head,PlantPathology Dr.S.Subramanian,(incharge),Nematology Dr.R.Samiyappan,Director,CPMB 7:00 9:00pmDinnerwithTNAUPlantProtectionstaffhostedbyTNAU ViceChancellorDr.P.MurugesaBoopathiandRegistrar,P.Subbian 25August TNAU,KVKIndian FarmersFertiliserCo operativveltd(m. Krishnan)andStateDept. ofhorticulturestaff 10:00am2:00pmFarmersmeetingandgraftingtrainingat Thondamuthurblock VegetablefieldvisitsatPullagoundanpudurarea 26August Dr.NutanKaushik,TERI IPMCRSPCoordinatorand SriManjunath,TeriField Asst. VisitTERItomatoIPMdemonstrationsitesinBengarpet,Kolar, Karnatakaarea 27August Dr.NutanKaushik,TERI IPMCRSPCoordinatorand SriManjunath,TeriField Asst. VisitTERItomatoIPMdemonstrationsitesinBengarpet,Kolar, Karnatakaarea 28August Dr.K.P.Jayanth,VicePres.; Dr.SwapanKumarGhosh, Sr.ManagerResearch; M.S.Prabhakara, ManagerExtension;Dr. MalvikaChaudhary, ManagerResearchandDr. GangadharB.N.,Manager Research. Dr.N.G.Kumar,Headof Ent.Dept.,Dr.B.Mallik, Acarologists,Dr.A.V.R. Kumar,Entomologistand Dr.C.Virakatamath, 8:002:00pmVisittoPCIBioControlResearchLaboratories(BCRL), DodballapurRoad,Bangalore,Karnataka.Note:Severalofthe technologiesusedintheipmcrspdemotrialsweredevelopedand providedbybcrl. 2:003:00pmVisitUniversityofAgriculturalSciences(UAS)Department ofentomology

4 29August ProfessorEmeritus Dr.R.J.Rabindra,Director, 3:005:00pmVisittoNationalBureauofAgriculturallyImportant Insects,ICAR,BellaryRoad,Bangalore(formerlyCommonwealthBureau ofbiologicalcontrolcibcfollowedbyprojectdirectorateofbiological Control) 7:00pmLeaveforDelhi 2:00amLeaveDelhiforLincoln,NEviaFrankfurtChicago. TrainingActivitiesConducted: Programtype(workshop, seminar,fieldday,short course,etc.) Date Audience Numberof Participants Men Women TrainingProvider TrainingObjective WorkshopatTNAU 8/24/09 TamilNaduKVK (KrishiVigyan Kendra) extensionstaff Workshopin Pullagoundanpudurvillage, Coimbatore,TamilNadu 8/25/20 09 Vegetable farmersof Thondamuthur block TNAU Papayamealybug sensitization TNAU,TamilNaduStateDept. ofhorticulture,localkvkagent IntegratedVegetable GraftingTechnologyfor ManagingSoilBorne Diseases SummaryoftheTrainingon IntegratedVegetableGraftingTechnologyforManaging SoilBorneDiseases atthondamuthur,coimbatore,indiaonaugust25,2009 TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity(TNAU),CoimbatoreincollaborationwithAVRDC TheWorldVegetableCenter,Taiwan,USAIDsupportedIPMCRSP,VirginiaTech,Blacksburg,USA andstatedepartmentofhorticulture,tamilnadujointlyorganizedatrainingon Integrated vegetablegraftingtechnologyformanagingsoilbornediseasesandincreasingtoleranceto floodinginthehotwetseason atthondamuthurblock,coimbatoredistricton Dr. E.A. Heinrichs, IPM CRSP Consultant, Virginia State University, USA and Dr. R. Srinivasan,Entomologist,AVRDCgavespecialaddressesemphasizingtheneedsofvegetable 4

5 graftingandprospectsachievedwiththetrainingindifferentcountries.dr.a.chandrasekaran, Director,CentreforPlantProtectionStudies(I/C),ProfessorandHeadsandscientistsfromDept. ofplantmolecularbiologyandbiotechnologyandagriculturalentomology,tnauparticipatedin thetraining.fromthestatedepartmentofhorticulture,thiru.m.thangarasu,deputydirector ofhorticulture,coimbatoreandthirumathi.r.rajamani,assistantdirectorofhorticulture, Thondamuthuralsoparticipatedintheprogramme. MembersofDheeeranChinnamalaiPrecisionFarmersAssociation,Pullagoundanpudur participatedandbenefittedfromthetraining.outof58,twentythreewomenfarmersalso activelyparticipated.theparticipantsweredividedintosixgroups.thefarmerswereexplained regarding construction of tunneltype grafting chamber, which is the prerequisite for establishment of vegetable grafted seedlings using locally available materials. Grafting techniquewasexplainedandahandontrainingwasimpartedusingprotrayraisedseedlingsof tomato,brinjalandchillies.aftertraining,asessionwasarrangedtohavediscussionbetween scientistsandfarmers. Dr.A.Chandrasekaran,Director,CentreforPlant ProtectionStudiesTNAUaddressingthegathering Dr.E.A.Heinrichs,VirginiaTech,USAaddressingthe gathering 5

6 Dr.R.Srinivasan,AVRDCemphasizingtheneedsof vegetablegraftingtechnique Thiru.M.Thangarasu,DeputyDirectorof Horticulture,Coimbatoreaddressingthegathering Demonstrationofgraftingtechniquetopaticipants Handsonexperienceinvegetablegraftingtechnique ProfessorandHead(AgriculturalEntomology)TNAU interactingwithfarmersaboutipmofpapaya mealybug Professor(PlantPathology)TNAUinteractingwithfarmers 6

7 ObservationsofTNAUandTERIActivities 1. ThereisnoapparentlinkagebetweentheGlobalThemesandtheTNAUandTERI demonstrationactivities. 2. ThelinkagesbetweentheIndiasite,BangladeshandNepalareweakandhavelittle appearanceofaregionalproject.exceptfortrainingofbangladeshscientistsattnau therehasbeenlittleinthewayofsynergisticcollaborationamongthethreecountries. 3. ThelinkagesbetweentheIndiacomponents,TNAUandTERIareweak.Thismaybedue toaninsufficientbudget. 4. SinceTERIdoesnotdeveloptechnologytheyneedalinkagewiththosewhododevelop technologyincludinguniversitiesandprivatecompaniessuchasbiocontrolandseed companies. 5. The project needs more interaction and collaboration with private industry. For example,manyofthetechnologiesemployedareprovidedbythebiocontrolresearch Laboratories (BCRL) in Bangalore and are agencies and are commercially available throughoutindia.examplespseudomonas,trichoderma(niprot),nuclearpoyhedrosis Virus(NPV),NeemBaan,Beauveriabassiana(MycoJaal)andBacillusthuringiensisand pheromonesforhelicoverpaarmigera(americanbollworm),spodopteralitura(tobacco Caterpillar),Plutellaxylostella(DiamondBackMoth),Chiloinfuscatellus(SugarcaneEarly ShootBorer),Leucinodesorbonalis(BrinjalFruit&ShootBorer),Bactroceracucurbitae (MelonFly)andBactroceradorsalis(FruitFly).Thereshouldalsobeclosercollaboration withthevegetableseedindustry. 6. Thereisaneedtoincreasethechancesofsustainabilityoftheproject.TNAUhas linkageswithextensionviathekvkwhichcancontinuepromotingvegetableipmwhen TNAUfundingisterminated.However,TERIhasnosuchlinkages. 7. Sincethisprojectisanappliedresearchandtechnologytransferprojectitseemslogical thatthetnaucomponentwouldbeleadbythecentreforplantprotectionstudies (CPPS) rather than by the Centre for Plant Molecular Biology as is the current arrangement. 8. Thetechnologyusedinthedemonstrationplotsappearstobeeffectiveinminimizing pesticideuse,iseconomicallyviable,increasesyieldsandincreasesfarmerincome.the farmerswemetwereenthusedwiththeipmtechnology.however,theimpactona national(orstate)basisisinconsequentialsincesofewfarmersareinvolved. 9. Anumberoftechnologiesarebeingusedbutitisnotclearwhichtechnologiesare contributingtotheincreasedyield.tnauhasconductedsomeresearchcomparing technologiesandhaspreparedapaperforpublicationwhichwillshedsomelightonthis subjectforbrinjal.however,thispaperhasnoeconomicdatainregardtothevarious IPMtacticscomparedtothefarmers practice. 10. ThereisaneedtodocumentwhethertheIPMdemonstrationplotsareactuallymore productivethanthefarmers normalpractice.forexample,farmerssaytheiryieldsare 1.5timestheiryieldsinthepreviousyearor2timesthatoftheirneighborsbuthaveno 7

8 scientificproofforeither.itisdifficulttopromotethetechnologybasedonthelackof scientificevidence. 11. Demonstrationplotsaremostlyinisolatedfarms,farfromaroadandcannotbereadily seenbyotherfarmersastheypassbyonthewaytotown.thustheimpactisminimal. 12. TERIhasinsufficientfundstoconductthedemonstrationsproperly.Forexample,when peacocksdestroythepheromonetrapsinanattempttoeattheinsectsfromtheplastic bagtheydonothavefundstoreplacethetraps.toteri scredittheyaresubsidizingthe projectfromnonipmcrspfunds. Recommendations for the next phase( ) of the South Asia RegionalIPMCRSPProjectIndiaSite Networking 1. AstrategymustbedevelopedtofullyintegratetheGlobalthemesofInvasiveSpecies, InsectTransmittedViruses,RegionalDiagnosticLabsandImpactAssessmentintothenext phase. 2. TheSouthAsiaRegionalProjectwasnotaregionalprojectinthethirdphasebutthree countryprograms;bangladesh,nepalandindiaoperatingindependently.thepotential synergisminnetworkingwasnotachieved.thenextphaseofthesouthasiaregional Projectmustbedesignedtoinsurenetworkingandclosecollaborationnetworkingamong thethreecountries.inclusionofsrilankainthenetworkshouldbeexplored. 3. AcloseworkingrelationshipmustbedevelopedbetweenTERIandTNAUandpotential otheragenciesthatarecomponentofthenextphase.technologydevelopedattnau shouldbeincorporatedintotheteridemonstrationplots. 4. InadditiontoacloserlinkagewithTNAUTERIshoulddeveloplinkageswithtechnology development(research)andtechnologytransfer(extension)agenciesinkarnataka,andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in order to incorporate the latest technology in their demonstrationplotsandtomoreeffectivelyspreadthetechnologywithintheregion.one approachwouldbetoprovidetheopportunityforuniversityofagriculturalscience(uas), Bangalore,KarnatakatoconducttheirM.Sc.thesesevaluatingtheeffectivenessofvarious technologiesintheteridemonstrationsitesinkarnataka.thiscouldalsobedoneinthe sitesinandhrapradeshandinuttarpradesh. 5. Toprovide newtechnologyforthe demonstrationsites,provideincreasedimpactand promotesustainabilityoftheprojectonceipmcrspterminatesitsinvolvement,theaddition 8

9 ofprivateindustryascomponentsoftheprojectshouldbeconsidered.theseinstitutions couldincludeamongothersthebcrlforbiologicalcontrolagentsandgujaratagrigenetic Ltd.forvegetableseeds.Bothhaveindicatedaninterestindevelopingformalcollaboration. 6. TheIndiasitehastechnologyandexpertisethatshouldbesharedwithothercountriesin theregionalproject(bangladeshandnepal)andwithotherregionalprojectssuchascentral Asia.Thiscouldincludeworkshopsandshorttermtraininginthecollaboratingcountries andinindiaanddegreetraininginindia. Sustainability 1.In designing the next phase of the India site project sustainability is of major importance.intamilnadu,tnauneedstointensify,expandandstrengthentheirlink tothekvkcenters.tnaushouldalsoexpandtheircontactsandcollaborationwith NGOsandcommercialindustries.TERIHasnosuchlinkstoextensionandwhenthey close their sites there will be no agency to continue the promotion of the IPM concept. A strategy should be developed to link TERI with technology transfer agenciesattheirsitesinkarnataka,apandup.tericanalsoconsiderexpandingto additionalstates. 2.ToincreasetheimpactandprovideforsustainabilityofthevegetableIPMprojectwe mustconsidercollaborationwithotherrelevantindianagenciesandngos.onesuch agencyisthenationalcentreforintegratedpestmanagement(ncipm)whichwould provide linkages to ICAR institutes, the Plant Protection Information Network, DirectorateofExtensionoftheMinistryofAgriculture,CentralandStateAgricultural universities,krishivigyankendras(kvks),andindustry.thencipmpromotesipm modulesinmajorcropsatvillagelevels,developspestforewarningsystems,computer softwareandpreparationofgeographicalpestdistributionmapsaswellasconducting trainingprogramsinvariousfieldsofipm.theirinterestincollaboratingwiththeipm CRSPinpromotingvegetableIPMdeservesexploration. Management 1. TheTNAUcomponentshouldbeunderthedirectionoftheCentreforPlantProtection Studies(CPPS)ratherthantheCentreforPlantMolecularBiologyasisthecurrent arrangement.itwouldthenhavedirectlinkstotheweedscientists,entomologists,plant pathologists and nematologists and a strong link to the Director of Extension for technologytransfer. Impact 1. Theimpactofthecurrentprojectonanational(orstate)basisisinconsequentialsince sofewfarmersareinvolved.ifthetechnologyisasgoodasthefarmerssayitisweneed togivemajoremphasisondevelopingastrategytoreachmorefarmerswiththeipm technologies.onestrategyistosignificantlyincreasethenetworkingwithagricultural universities, state agricultural departments, national plant protection agencies technologytransferagencies,ngosandprivateindustry. 9

10 2. Thedemonstrationsitesshouldbestrategicallylocated.Placingthemnearabusyroad ratherthaninahardtoreachfarmers fieldwoulddefinitelycreatemoreawarenessand haveanincreasedimpact. Applied Research 1. Researchisneededtodeterminewhichtechnologiesarecontributingtotheincreased yield,ifanyineffectare.whenweaskedafarmerinbengarpet,karnatakawhosaidhis yieldsweredoubledusingipmtechnologies,whattechnologywasgivinghimthebig yieldboost,hereferredtothestickytraps.however,thisishisguessbutwebelievethat itismorelikelytrichodermaorpseudomonastreatmentsorthevarietyplanted.more researchontheeffectivenessofcurrentlyusedtechnologiesandonnewtechnologiesto beintroducedisneeded.thesestudiesshouldincludeyieldandeconomicdata.they wouldmakeexcellentm.sc.thesesandcollaborationwithagriculturaluniversitiesinthe regionshouldbeencouraged.thesestudieswouldprovidebothvaluablepotential impact data (ex ante) and promote institutional capacity building by training the studentsinvegetableipmresearchandbylinkingtheirprofessorswithvegetableipm activitiesinthearea. 2. ThereisaneedtodocumentwhethertheIPMdemonstrationplotsareactuallymore productivethanthefarmers conventionalpractice.allofthefarmerswetalkedto indictedincreasedyieldsinipmplotsoverpreviousyearsorthatoftheirneighborsnon IPM plots in the current season. However there is no scientific proof for either statement.aneedforproperlydesignedtestsisnecessary.otherwise,itisdifficultto promotethetechnologybasedonthelackofscientificevidence.thesestudieswould alsoprovidedataform.sc.theses. 3. Becauseofthewiderangeofhostplants(includingvegetables)andtheseverityofthe damagecausedthenewphaseshouldincludeastrategytomanagetheinvasivepapaya mealybug,paracoccusmarginatus.becausebiocontrolagentshavethemostpotential tomanagethispestcollaborationwiththenationalbureauofagriculturallyimportant Insectsisrecommended. Project Development 1. InthedevelopmentoftheworkplanforthenewtheU.S.universitycontractedtolead thesouthasiaregionalprojectshouldworkverycloselywiththeindianagenciessub contractedtocarryouttheindiasiteactivities.mostoftheshortcomingsofthecurrent phasecanbeavoidedwithproperplanning.thisrequiresthattheu.s.projectleaders meetwiththeirindiancounterpartstojointlydeveloptheworkplan. 2. Thenewphaseshouldbuildonthesuccessesofthefirstphase.Technologiesthatwere mosteffectiveinthefirstphaseshouldbeincludedinthedemoplotsinthenewphase. 3. Targetcropsinthethirdphasewerebhendi(okra),brinjal(eggplant)andtomatoes.The nextphaseshouldbeexpandedtoincludecucurbits.farmers at Meerut (near Delhi) have previously indicated that cabbage be included in addition to cucurbits. 10

11 4. The new phase should include more emphasis on the screening and selection of vegetablevarietiesforresistancetoinsectsanddiseases,especiallyinsecttransmitted viruses.thistactichasbeenunderutilizedinthecurrentphase. Funding 1. Projectdevelopmentshouldbebasedonthefundingavailableforeachagencyinvolved inthenextphase.toincreasethequalityoftheactivitiestheyshouldberealistically basedonthefundingavailable. TNAU sproposedworkplanandtimelineforthesecondphase Activities Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 1. Regional network establishment Activity 1.1 Regional meeting (proposed to be held at TNAU, Coimbatore) Activity 1.2 Establish a national network of IPM expertise (NCIPM, TERI, NBPGR) Activity 1.3 Seek USAID support 2. Promote Regional and International Communication Activity 2.1 Website development Activity 2.2 Establish a Yahoo group on South Asia IPM Activity 2.3 Establish an expertise directory Activity 2.4 Publish an e-news letter on South Asia IPM activities 3. Collaborate with Global Theme Projects and Regional Centers Activity 3.1 Meet with lead PI of the virus gloabal theme and conduct a workshop at TNAU Activity 3.2 Meet with lead PI of the pest diagnostic laboratories global theme and conduct a workshop at TNAU Activity 3.3 Meet Lead PIs of the South Asia Regional Project at TNAU Activity 3.4 Meet with the national partners at TERI, New Delhi 11

12 4. Develop baseline information Activity 4.1 Mini-participatory appraisal Activty 4.2 Pest and beneficial survey Activity 4.3 Pesticide usage pattern survey Activity 4.4 Baseline toxicity assay for newer molecules of pesticides Activity 4.5 Cataloguing of pests and diseases of under utilized vegetable crops 5. Farmer participatory technology development Activity 5.1 Collection and assembling of biotic stress resistant vegetable germplasm (wild, varieties and hybrids) from national and international agencies Activity 5.2 Evaluation for pest resistance and pest resistance breeding using conventional and molecular tools Activity 5.3 Development of mass multiplication Activity 5.4 Developing an IPM package for gourds Activity 5.5 Developing an IPM package for vegetable nurseries Activity 5.6 Developing an IPM package for cabbage and cauliflower Activity 5.7 Developing an IPM package for chillies and onion Activity 5.8 Developing IPM for protected (screen net) vegetable cultivation Activity 5.9 Molecular diagnostics Activity 5.10 Evaluation of new environmentally low-risk molecules (both synthetic and botanicals) for plant protection 6. Vegetable ecosystem safety analysis Activity 6.1 Pesticide residue analysis in vegetables Activity 6.2 Monitoring the impact of commercialized transgenic crops Activity 6.3 Cataloguing and monitoring ecotype variation in pests 7. Training and institutional capacity building 7.1 Evaluation of training needs 12

13 7.2 Training in molecular pest diagnostics 7.3 Training in virus-vector dynamics in the vegetable ecosystem 7.4 Formulation development of botanicals 7.5 Pest reisistance breeding using conventional and molecular tools 7.6 Partcipating/presenting results in international congresses/workshops and symposia 8. Technology transfer Activity 8.1 Identify technology transfer collaborators Activity 8.2 Development of IT-enabled resource material for safe vegetable cultivation Activity 8.3 Identification and testing of available technologies Activity 8.4 Validation and transfer of technology developed through this project Activity 8.5 Transfer of technology through extension Activity 8.6 Conducting frontline demonstrations on IPM modules 9. Monitoring and evaluation Activity 9.1 Activity Impact Assessment (collaborate with Global Theme on Impact Assessment) 13

14 Photo Gallery TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu and TERI, Bengarpet, Karnataka Sites August 2009 PapayamealybugParacoccus marginatuswilliamsandgranarade Willinkonapapayaleaf. PapayamealybugParacoccus marginatusonapapayafruit. 14

15 Papayamealybug,Paracoccus marginatus,infestedbrinjalfieldat Pullagoundanpudurvillage, Thandamuthurblock,Coimbatore. FirstinstarPapayamealybug,Paracoccus marginatus,crawlersonabrinjalleafat Pullagoundanpudurvillage,Coimbatore. 15

16 Papayamealybug,Paracoccus marginatus,ovisacsonabrinjalfruitat Pullagoundanpudurvillage,Coimbatore. Malformationofokra(causalagentnot determined) atbengarpet,kolar District,Karnataka. 16

17 Yellow vein mosaic virus on okra at Bengarpet,KolarDistrict,Karnataka. Mylabrispustulatafeedingonanokra flower at Bengarpet, Kolar District, Karnataka. Tomatofruitworm,Helicoverpa armigera,virus,alternariafruitrot(?) andenvironmentalstressdamaged tomatoesatbengarpet,kolardistrict, Karnataka. 17

18 Tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa armigera,damageonayoungtomato fruit at Bengarpet, Kolar District, Karnataka. Tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa armigera larva on a tomato plant at Bengarpet,KolarDistrict,Karnataka. Alternariafruitrot(?)onatomatofruitat Bengarpet,KolarDistrict,Karnataka 18

19 Septorialeafspotonatomatoat Bengarpet,KolarDistrict,Karnataka. Wilt on tomato at Bengarpet, Kolar District,Karnataka. 19

20 Mr.ThimmaryaReddy,Village Battegoudanur,BengarpetTaluk, KarnatakaintheTERIIPMCRSPtomato IPMdemonstrationplot. Mr.ThimmaryaReddy,TERIIPMCRSP collaborator,villagebattegoudanur, BengarpetTaluk,Karnatakainfrontof hisnewlyconstructedhouse(behindthe paddyfield).becauseofthehighyields oftomatoesandothervegetablesmr. Reddyhasharvestedthelasttwoyears andthepremiumpricespaidforhisfruit hehasbeenabletopurchaseadditional landandconstructedanewhouse(seen inrear)inthelastyear. 20

21 Lastraw,aneworganicsaltbased productdevelopedbythebiocontrol ResearchLaboratories,Bangaloreis effectiveagainstawiderangeofsucking insectsandmites. Mealybuginfestedplant(left)and healthyplant(right)treatedwith LastrawinBioControlResearch Laboratoriestests. 21