CWR in resistance breeding

Transcription

1 Dept of Plant Breeding Inger Åhman CWR in resistance breeding examples from barley and salix Workshop on Plant genetic resources for food security and ecosystem services 18 November 2015

2 Photo: Växtskyddscentralen BARLEY pre-breeding for quantitative resistance to: the bird-cherry oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and net blotch Pyrenophora teres Photo: Sate Al-Abassi

3 Photo: Leonardo Crespo Bird cherry oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi Winter host: bird cherry Photo: Sate Al-Abassi Summer hosts: Several grass species Worldwide pest on oats, barley, wheat, rye Vector of BYDV Increasing problem in winter wheat and winter barley due to climate change So far not a single R. padi-resistant cereal cultivar has been bred and released

4 A breeding program for bird cherry oat aphid resistance started 25 years ago*! Resistance source: wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum accession Canada Park from Israel *At the plant breeding company Svalöf AB

5 Screening method is based on reduced aphid weight To screen 22 lines takes 40 man-hours

6 High gramine concentration a potential resistance character to use for selecting aphid resistant plants

7 Failed since High gramine concentration did not cause increased resistance* However, one of the high gramine wild barleys was resistant anyhow! It had been crossed with a common cultivar at that time, Lina

8 But many back-crosses to modern barley cultivars are needed! Wild barley to the left and barley cultivar Lina to the right

9 Field validation of BC3 in 2012

10 The two most resistant lines and their mothers BC Barke BC Lina 42 Barke Lina

11 Results: The most resistant had just 1/10 of the aphids compared to the mother cultivar However, its yield was still lower than the mother cultivar Thus more BC are needed

12 Korn: Pyrenophora teres/drechslera teres Foto: Växtskyddscentralen

13 Resistance sources evaluated Three promising resistance sources have been found and used in crosses DH lines have been produced and tested both in lab and field The best source has proven to be a landrace from Ethiopia, conserved at the Vavilov Institute

14 Sweden has been a pioneer in domestication and breeding of willow to become an established agricultural biomass crop

15 The genus Salix Ca. 300 species Species hybrids common Trees & bushes Traditional use: baskets, furniture, wood for various products, wind shelter, fodder, ornamentals, soil conservation, medicine

16 The crop salix its advantages as a biomass producer Easy and cheap to propagate Grows back after cutting (coppices) High initial growth rate compared to other woody plants High energy input/output ratio of 1:18 (range 11-24) Land can easily be restored even improved!

17 Salix breeding 1970 Collection of plant material (wild & basket willow plantations) Testing of collected clones 1980 Pre-breeding at SLU 1990 Commercial breeding at Svalöf AB, Farmer s coop Collections of new plant material in Russia First cultivars on the market Ca. 30 cultivars bred of which ca. 10 are still marketed

18 Breeding goals High yield Resistance to pests and diseases Low moisture content Upright growth and straight shoot growth

19 Common disease and pests Melampsora rust Leaf roll gall midge Chrysomelid leaf beetles

20 Shoot tips damaged by: None, shoot gall midge, lepidopteran/game, deer, rabbit/hare

21 Plantations for the north Frost tolerance High yield Resistance to pests and diseases Upright growth Rolf and Gudrun Natural willow in the north

22 Genotypic differences in inwintering

23 Willow material for southern Europe Collections from Croatia, Greece, Italy, Czech Republic Crossings in Sweden Clonal tests in Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia etc. aki Croatia Greece Slovakia Italy

24 Specific problem in the south: heat damaged leaves Italy

25 Breeding procedure

26 Combined resistance to pests in salix cultivars Clone Yield Leaf rust Tip damage Leaf beetles Leaf roll g.m. L Jorr Tora Torhild Sven Gudrun Tordis Inger Doris Karin Klara Priority order:

27 Conclusions of relevance for the workshop The most valuable CWR resistance sources for crops to be grown in Sweden have been foreign ones (aphid resistance from Israel, leaf blotch resistance from Ethiopia and rust and pest resistance from Russia)

28 Thank you for your attention!