ETESP Fisheries Lesson Learnt and Foundations for the Future 1

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1 ETESP Fisheries Lesson Learnt and Foundations for the Future 1 Zulhamsyah Imran 2 Bogor Agricultural University I. Introduction On December 26, 2004, an earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale (Source: United States Geological Survey) struck off the coast of Aceh, Indonesia. It was the most powerful the world has seen in a generation. In the subsequent tsunami that followed, over 150,000 people lost their lives including fishermen and farmers, while an estimated 700,000 people were displaced. The tsunami had caused of the damages to the local economy, infrastructure, and administration were unprecedented. World Bank stated, the total estimate of damages and losses from this matter in Aceh was IDR 41,4 Trillion, or US$ 4,45 Billion- equivalent to about 80 percent of Aceh s regional gross domestic product. The earthquake and tsunami also caused unprecedented damage to communities and infrastructure in the coastal areas of Aceh and North Sumatra (Philip and Budiman, 2005). Direct losses to the fisheries sector, including capture fisheries and aquaculture have been estimated at IDR 1,2 Trillion. Lost fisheries production, including aquaculture, as been estimated as IDR 3,8 Trillion. Of the more than 250,000 people dead or missing, fishers and households dependant on fishing and aquaculture make up a disturbingly high proportion of the losses. Based on Word Bank Report, almost boats lost and demage was impact by tsunami dissater. Philip and Budiman (2005) stated, of the estimated ha of coastal fish ponds operating in 2004, a substantial proportion have been directly and indirectly affected by the tsunami. The disaster was response from domestic and international communities in those countries affected by the tsunami. In response to the disaster, an Earthquake and Tsunami Emergency Support Project (ETESP) was approved on 7 April 2005 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Board of Directors, providing $290 million grant financing from the Asian Tsunami Fund to meet the disaster management rehabilitation and reconstruction needs of Indonesia. The Project, a multi-sector project, to be implemented from 2005 to 2008, about $30 million of the grant is allocated to support restoration of the livelihoods of affected people in the fisheries sector The ETESP was provide rehabilitation and reconstruction support to mitigate the damages caused by the devastating earthquake and tsunami. It was also help restore essential public services, rebuild infrastructure and revive economic activity through livelihood support including fisheries sector. This paper will give several lessons learnt, and what is needed to do in the future to extend the program. 1 Present for International Symposium on Lesson Learnt from Sumatera Earthquake and Great Indian Ocean Tasunami in 2004 : Strategic Approach to Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Fisheries Industry and Coastal Community, 9-10 December 2011, at Hiroshima Universtity. 2 Lecturer on Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Bogor Agricultural University. zulhamsyah.imran@gmal.com

2 II. Achievement ETESP Fisheries Sector ETESP fisheries sector had a lot of contribution to restore and recovery livelihood, fisheries infrastructure, brackish water shrimp pond rehabilitation, mangrove, and marine culture development. So, what it had been done could be influence to increase achievement of BRR Key Performance Indicator (KPI). For instance, in aquaculture, ha of brackish water shrimp ponds have been rehabilitated involving beneficiaries and 51 private shrimp hatcheries have been rebuilt. It means for brackish water shrimp pond had contributed for KPI (Perpres Number 47/2008) around 17% or 40, 08% from total brackish water shrimp pond rehabilitation by BRR NAD-Nias, were ha. The others KPI achievement of ETESP Fisheries Sector (According to NACA Completion Report), as follow: Two marine fish hatcheries (DKP) in Nias and Simeulue, which were not yet functioning before the tsunami have been restored, new staff trained and are successfully spawning grouper fish. Aquaculture livelihoods grants have enabled small scale fish farmers to resume aquaculture with cage farming, crabs, and others. Sixteen (16) packages of aquaculture infrastructure, including 26 pondoks (farmer meeting halls) have been completed by local construction; Fisheries livelihood grants have been disbursed through community contracts in 734 fisheries-dependent villages, providing equipment and other inputs to enable small-scale fishers to restart their livelihoods; fifty five fisheries (55) infrastructure sites i.e. fish landings, wharves, markets, ice plants have been rebuilt to approved design, benefiting up to fishermen, traders, and workers; A total of 152 medium and large boats (in range 5 20GT) and fishing gear have been handed over to fishermen in fishermen communities by March III. Lesson Learn After accomplishment ETESP Fisheries component in 2009, should be got several lesson learn in order to design a program fishery in the area will be affected by a disaster in other area in Indonesia, as follow. Several lesson learns as follow: 1. If there is again a big disaster in other areas in Indonesia, the establishment of disaster management institutions which are temporarily must be accompanied with a policy from the beginning of the continuation of the reconstruction activities, functioning and maintenance of assets that have been generated. In addition, communication and coordination process on the implementation of the reconstruction program, including ETESP fishery component must be conducted comprehensive, so that the parties that will manage the asset can prepare a budget to continue the reconstruction program that has not been completed, maintenance and functioning assets that have been generated. For example, of PPI Mini Labuhan Bajo who has not been completed, because it must be done re-scoping, can be continued again by the relevant technical institution? 2. During project lifetime decentralization to District level was encouraged by ETESP, especially technical services to rural producers, but was largely ineffective in terms of involving local government in implementation; DIU actually had a low level role in implementation. Development orientation and attitude in provincial and district government is very poor; these rurally based civil services are low in skills and vision;

3 there is still much focus on control and retribution instead of services to development. Appointment of many petty administrators under Bupati control usually exacerbates the situation. 3. ETESP Fisheries component was planned and designed by consultant in condition under pressure and consider to participatory approach. In consequence, what was community need will accommodation in Activities Design Report; however the government did not preparing land for the building or facility properly some time. When facilities would build by satker, take time to arrange any more land acquisition. In addition, there is any project move to the other location, for example Ice Plant Building in Simeulue. So, concerning for the project development, need to make sure land available and clear ownership status. 4. Regarding too quick action aftermath the disaster, should be provided high quality human resources, have good experience in procedure project implementation, and understand crisis management. Because, they will face under pressure work, quick take decision, and community affected by disaster and lack of knowledge to revival their live. Before starting the project should be conducted workshops and training to the parties that will implement the project, so they have the same perception about operating system on the project, what is the regulations will be used, and understanding the project cycle. 5. Even thought the project was completion, the ownership of the project should be provided the contingency budget for maintained and functioning the facilities. Otherwise, for the community contract also need technical assistant to improve their ability to manage their small enterprise business. For example in ETESP Fishery Component given agro input for one harvest cycle for shrimp farmer, how to encourage and assist them in order to be used it for the next cycle production. IV. Foundation for The future Aceh Fisheries Concept Development Post Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Aftermath tsunami disaster, government designed fisheries development in Blue Print Rehabilitation and Reconstruction just for how to recover the fisheries livehood to relief their income in shortly. However, fisheries development in the future needs to design could be impact for economic growth and trendsetter in regional economic development. In 2008, Agriculture and Fisheries Sector have a contribution for Product Domestic Bruto around 4,5%, shown decreasing 0,4% comparison to In beginning reconstruction phase in 2006 it contribute around 21,2%. By end of 2008, reconstruction is advanced and the economy has been growing steadily According to economic update report on October 2008, agriculture commodity export including fisheries sector had increased 5 times comprising in the same time on The question is how to maintained and make sustainability the fisheries sector after ETESP ADB and toward in global climate change. Figure 1 was shown the concept for Aceh fisheries development post rehabilitation and reconstruction. How to develop the concept? A resume as explanation, as follow: 1. Production Aspect

4 Fisheries development in Aceh has to design four systems toward which others must be interconnected and balanced drive fisheries economic growth. The systems are production, post harvest, marketing and institution, and distribution sub system. If to increase fisheries production, it need how to conserve ecosystem and habitat which the fish use for spawning ground, nursery ground, and feeding ground, most important think. Before tsunami disaster on 26 Th December 2004, almost a mangrove ecosystem was destroyed cause of utilization it for charcoal, conversion for brackish water shrimp pond, rice field and settlement. In the east coast around 80% has been converted for brackish water when shrimp as famous product of fisheries in 1980 and the price so high about IDR This is normal condition for the economic growth, however the shrimp farmers never has a dream one day their brackish shrimp pond will collapse cause of disease, bad water quality, and organic matter accumulation in the pond. A coral reef ecosystem was also heavy damage before tsunami including in Aceh Province and heavier damage aftermath tsunami. Everybody known that it has important function to make suistanable capture fisheries, particularly nutrient supply to offshore which has a role for plankton growth and primer function in food chain. Otherwise it has also as spawning and nursery ground for various species of fish, including Napoleon one of endanger species categorize. And last one is a sea grass, UN famous ecosystem for common people including for fishermen. So, if we want to increase the fish production, we need to preserve three mainly ecosystem in sea for example how to designed Marine Protected Area and manage it for capture fisheries in suistanable way in the future. Figure 1. The concept for Aceh fisheries development post rehabilitation and reconstruction

5 We are here ETESP FISHERIES SECTOR Existing focus on 75 %, ACEH << 75 % ON FARM DEVELOPMENT APPROACH Environmentaly and Friendly Technology Development ACEH FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM Existing focus on 25 %, ACEH < 25 % OFF FARM DEVELOPMENT APPROACH Natural Resources Sustainilibity Utilization Economic & Social Welfare Interesting What is ETESP Fisheries Sector concern to recover and increase capture fisheries production? As above mentioning, the program has various activities to restore boat, brackish water shrimp pond rehabilitation, small hatchery, fish landing, and ice plant. And also it has three most important programs how to improve fish production trough Livelihood Cluster Sustainability for fisheries and aquaculture and Sonar Mapping. Its impact could be increase efficiency for the fishermen to find out the fishing ground, because they have the radio communication, map, and coordinate where it is in the short time. Even, most the fishermen that ETESP Fisheries Sector had delivered fish finder and Global Positioning System (GPS) to make easier hunting the fish in wide sea. In the future, Aceh Province is not only need existing fishery as before tsunami, however it need to develop more modern and offshore fisheries to catch Tuna Fish and compute with outside fishermen. It means, how to develop Tuna Logline which home base in Aceh Province and directly export from Air Cargo Sultan Iskandar Muda to Outside Country. For aquaculture could be continue Best Management Practice for Aquaculture and how to improve environment, especially water quality and organic matter, and how to handle disease like is white spot and virus attack. 2. Post Harvest Aspect Post harvest existing condition was developed in Aceh Province that had been a traditional way, for example salty fish, dry fish and ikan kayu. So many activities in ETESP Fisheries Sector concern on post harvest aspect that deliver and assist on Village Grant activities. Even so many women involve in this activities was indicated so many fish processing unit got the aid from the program. Most of fish processing who got the aid is home industrial scale. In addition, several facilities to support for fish handling have been built, such as ice plant and cold dry room. Even though, the other Non Government Organization had built cool storage which has capacity around 400 ton per day in Bireun District. So, what is still needed for post harvest

6 development? First of all, how to increase capacity building for human resources who will manage the facilities. In the future is needed to design Fish Industrial Estate in several sites in Aceh Province. The Aceh Government has been a regulation, one point for FIE is Lampulo in Banda Aceh. To develop it still needs political commitment from stakeholders and also need high investment. At the beginning, beside still need to complete facilities for port, in short time need to prepare master plan and business plan concept. So many activities for post harvest aspect still need to propose and promote in Aceh Province. 3. Marketing, Institution, and Distribution Aspect Fish product from Aceh pool in Medan before to export to several country. As illustrated, Phillip (2005) was report that Medan as the capital of North Sumatra which is an important trading centre for fishery products. All shrimps produced in Aceh are processed and exported from Medan. Informal reports from processors in Medan suggest that import of shrimps from Aceh has all but ceased since the tsunami, creating economic difficulties for the processing business in Medan. While the export still continues from Medan as outlet, Aceh Government needs to prepare the facilities that support for export activities. Take time to arrange and develop for export activities and to ensure regulation for permit has been available. On the others hand less local actor take function for collect market before deliver to Medan. In addition, no outlet directly could be used for export fish product to abroad. So, how to improve market system, facilities, regulation, transportation, and market institution is needed in the future to develop Aceh Fishery. For example, handling technology fish product, outside market/buyer and air port cargo are urgent concern from Aceh Government. V. Recommendation There were several recommendations for sustainability what were ETESP Fisheries Component have done in the future: 1. Replication project that has success story is needed in others location; 2. Government necessary prepare national and local budget for maintained and operational cost each years; 3. Technical assistant still need to assist and increases capacity building for fishermen and farmer to reach their ability how manage their business and maintained the equipment; 4. Information and communication system for fishermen is needed to improve and expand to the others location; 5. Mangrove rehabilitation have to combine with livelihood activities to protect the coastal zone area and improve the brackish water shrimp pond ecosystem; REFERENCES Rencana Induk Rehabilitasi dan Rekontruksi Pemulihan Kehidupan Masyarakat dan Wilayah NAD dan Nias. BAPPENAS Apa itu Kode Etik Perikanan yang Bertanggungjawab. UN FAO Economic Update. World Bank Masrafah, H. and J. Mckeon Post Tsunami Aid Effectiveness in Aceh : Proliferation and Coordination in Recontruction. Brooking Global Economic and Development.

7 Deputi Bidang Ekonomi dan Usaha Memori Akhir Tugas Kedeputian Ekonomi dan Usaha. BRR NAD-Nias NACA Completion Report Earthquake and Tsunami Emergency Support Project Fisheries Component. Philip, M and A, Budiman An assessment of the impacts of the earthquake and tsunami of the 26 th December 2004 on aquaculture in the Province of Aceh and North Sumatra, Indonesia. FAO.