Plant essential oils as eco-friendly management tools for root knot nematode on cucumber plants

Transcription

1 The Journal of Zoology Studies 2017; 4(1): ISSN JOZS 2017; 4(1): JOZS 2017 Received: Accepted: Plant essential oils as eco-friendly management tools for root knot nematode on cucumber plants Mostafa MA A, Mahmoud NA B, Anany AE A, El-Sagheer AM B A Agric. Zool. and Nematol. Dept., Fact. of Agric. Al-Azhar University, Cairo-71111, Egypt. B Agric. Zool. and Nematol. Dept., Fact. of Agric. Al-Azhar University, Assiut-71524, Egypt. Corresponding Author: Atef M. El-Sagheer Abstract The effect of plant essential oils from five different plants, including camphor, black seed, castor, sesame and jojoba as ecofriendly materials were evaluated against root knot nematode (RKNs), Meloidogyne javanica infecting cucumber plants under greenhouse conditions. All treatments significantly (p 0.05) suppressed nematode criteria including number of root galls, rate of nematode reproduction and nematode reduction. In general, the highest impact in tested oils were caused by castor oil in 15 ppm/ plant treatment (85, and 62.65) flowed by sesame in 15 ppm/ plant (172, and 50.15) then camphor oil in 15 ppm/ plant treatment and less impact observed in jojoba oil and black seed oil treatments. Consequently, all of used treatments recorded significant (P 0.05) increased in all plant growth parameters. We conclude that this oils as a good option of alternative control for the root knot nematode in protected cultivation of cucumbers. Keyword: Meloidogyne javanica, plant essential oils, eco-friendly nematode control, cucumber 1. Introduction Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is the most important tropical vegetable crop widely used throughout the world. In recent years, root knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. problem has become a threat to cucumber cultivation, the yield loss due to this nematode alone (Garima et al.) [10]. Plant parasitic nematodes are major pests in many countries, particularly in the tropics and subtropics, where they are recognized as the cause of serious yield losses on a wide range of crops. Among all plant parasitic nematodes, root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) (Tylenchina: Meloidogynidae) (RKNs), are economically the most important and agriculture productivity and quality limiting pathogens (Javed et al.) [15]. Nematode control is largely based on synthetic nematicides, which is expensive and potential risk to environment, consequently non-target organisms. For more acceptable alternatives to chemicals, the possibilities are being investigated of exploiting nematode-antagonistic plants for the management of plant parasitic nematodes (Chitwood [4] ; Akhtar [2] ). Current management of nematodes is focused on plant resistance, crop rotation, cultural practices or chemical nematicides (Chitwood) [4]. Because of these disadvantages, scientists found natural product with nematicidal activity such as plant extract, root exudates, plant volatiles etc. The nematicidal effect of castor has been reported (Youssef and Amin [25] and Katoll et al.) [17]. Also, Youssef & El-Nagdi [26] reported that, sesame seed cake significantly reduced nematode galls, egg-masses and prevented nematode build-up on squash plants. Waste residues from black seed (Nigella sativa L.) and jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link Schneider) seed oil extraction produced either by cold press or screw press successfully reduced M. incognita juveniles, galls, egg-masses and consequently, rate of nematode build-up infected chamomile and increased shoot, root, flowers yield parameters under greenhouse conditions (Ismail et al.) [12]. Page 1

2 Journal of Zoology Studies Essential oils extracted from plants were found to possess antimicrobial and insecticidal activity (Oka et al.) [20] also, Ashoub et al. [3] showed that jojoba oil cakes can impair and inhibit significantly M. incognita reproduction, galls formation and egg masses production. Moreover, jojoba oil commercial product is known to have nematicidal properties against M. incognita infecting different hosts (El-Deep & Mansour [7] ; El-Nagdi & Mansour [9] ; El-Nagdi [8] ). The low concentration of black seed caraway oil (Nigella sativa) to stimulate the hatching process of M. javanica eggs before sowing; the host plant hold promise in the control of root-knot disease (Saleem & Shahzad) [21]. Ismail et al. [14] showed that, the improving effect of these substances on increase of the plant growth could be explained in the light of its enhancing effect which supply the essential nutrition to the plants and act as nematode suppressants. Hence, the objective of this research is to compare the potentials of plant essential oils from five different plants, including camphor, black seed, castor, sesame and jojoba used as a soil drench for the control of the root knot nematode, M. javanica infecting cucumber. 2. Materials and Methods Cucumber seeds cv. Hisham were sown in pots (20 cm dia.) filled with sterilized mixture of clay: sand (1: 3, v: v). after germination, plants were treated with 2000 freshly larva /pot, poured into five holes in the soil around the base of the plant stem. Plant oils used in this study listed in table (1) in two concentrations 7.5 ppm and 15 ppm per plant. Treatments were replicated four times and the control was established with M. javanica only, Acetone + M. javanica Ethanol+ M. javanica. and Mixture + M. javanica. The pots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, maintained at 32 ±5 C and watered as needed. Scientific name Cinnamomum camphora Nigella sativa Ricinus communis Sesamum indicum Simmondsia chinensis Table 1: Tested plant oils. Commune name Camphor Black seed Castor Sesame Jojoba Family Lauraceae Raunculales Euphorbia Pedaliaceae Caryophyllales The experiment was terminated six weeks after nematode inoculation. Numbers of galls, egg masses, developmental stages number, adult female and number of eggs/egg mass were determined, processed for nematode extraction according to methods described by Christie & Perry [5] and Southey [23]. Also fresh and weights of the root and shoot systems as well as their lengths were determined. All the data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Computer Statistical Package (Assistat7.6 beta statistical Assistance, and mean values compared by Duncan test (Snedecor and Cochran) [22]. The means were compared according to Duncan s Multiple Range Test at P 0.05 (Duncan) [6]. 3. Results and Discussion The influence of five plant oils camphor, black seed, castor, sesame and jojoba against root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne javanica infecting cucumber plants cv. Hisham were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. The numbers of root galls, developmental stages, nematodes in soil, number eggmass, number eggs per eggmass, final population, rate of nematode reproduction and nematode reduction were significantly reduced (P 0.05) as compared with check (M. javanica only, acetone + M. j., ethanol+m. j. and mixture + M. j.) (Table 2&3). Overall, On the basis of number of root galls, rate of nematode reproduction and nematode reduction, highest impact in tested oils were castor oil in higher dose treatment (85, and 62.65) flowed by sesame in 15 ppm/ plant (172, and 50.15) then camphor oil in 15 ppm/ plant treatment and less impact observed in jojoba oil and black seed oil (in both conc.) treatments compared with check (M. javanica only, acetone + M. j., ethanol. j. and mixture + M. j.). Generally, results showed that all oils treatments gave difference in efficiency reduction of nematodes in the tested plants and soil (Table, 2). Also result indicated that M. javanica criteria were significantly decreased with increasing the conc. of tested plant oil were in some experimental treatments such as castor oil treatment the nematode criteria; root galls, developmental stages per root, nematodes in soil, number of eggmass, number of eggs per eggmass, final population, rate of nematode reproduction and nematode reduction were decreased dose with increase from 7.5 ppm to 15 ppm per plant (101,151, 320, 131, 355, Page 2

3 Concentrations No. of Juveniles/ 250 g soil Developmental stages/root No. of egg masses/root Egg laying female Final population Rate of reproduction Journal of Zoology Studies and 45.73) to become (85, 100, 200, , and 16.22) consecutively, compared with check (M. javanica only) (274, 249, 688, 234, 366, and 43.42). While, there is no significantly difference between the two tested doses even with higher (15 PPM per plant) in jojoba oil treatment were ( , 453, 225, 331, 75358, and 13.23) consecutively, which had not significant difference from the check M. javanica, (274, 249, 688, 234, 366, and 43.42) consecutively and data recorded that slightly decreased in parameters by increased dose from 7.5 ppm to 15 ppm per plant in sesame oil treatment (193, 192, 279, 141, 340, 48772, and 43.85%) and (172, 183, 243, 127, 335, 43301, and 50.15%) consecutively, and noted that were significantly decreased compared with check (M. javanica only) in same parameters (274, 249, 688, 234, 366, and 43.42%). And ranked in moderate influencing on nematode criteria; camphor oil in dose 15 ppm/ plant (207, 172, 357, 158, 357, 57119, 2856 and 34.22%) and black seed in same dose (221,197,423,203,321,65984,32.99 and 24.13%) consecutively and in latest influencing associated with camphor oil in dose 7.5 ppm were (226,211, 376,186,371, 69806, and 19.62%) and black seed in same dose (238, 203, 436, 213, 327, 70502, and 18.82%) consecutively. Table 2: Nematicidal activity of some oil plant against root knot nematodes, Meloidogyn javanica infecting cucumber plants under greenhouse conditions. Nematode population Plant oil No. of galls/root system Nematode reduction C. camphora N. sativa R. communis S. indicum S. chinensis M. javanica only Acetone + M. j. 7.5 ppm 226 c 376 e 211 b 186 d 213 c ppm 207 cd 357 e 172 cd 158 e 184 d ppm 238 b 436 c 203 b 213 c 212 c ppm 221 c 423 cd 197 bc 203 cd 201 cd ppm 101 f 320 f 151 d 131 f 163 e ppm 85 g 200 h 100 e 101 g 121 f ppm 193 c 279 g 192 c 141 ef 262 b ppm 172 e 243 h 183 cd 127 f 230 bc ppm 256 ab 453 b 213 b 225 b 237 bc ppm 241 b 431 c 201 b 211 c 219 c a 688 a 249 a 234 a 365 a a 684 a 245 a 231 a 363 a Ethanol+M. j a 677 a 241 a 230 a 361 a Mixture + M a 680 a 238 a 231 a 360 a j. LSD Means at each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at (P 0.05) according to Duncan multiple range test. The current results confirm the earlier findings by various workers. These oils from other plants mixed in sandy soil reduced the root galling of cucumber seedlings in pot experiments (Oka et al. [20] ).The inhibition of M. incognita population as a result of using some of essential oils may be due to accumulation of toxic by products of decomposition and or to increase phenolic contents resulting in host resistance (Kamal et al. [16] ). The jojoba oil contains 2 glycosides with toxic effects: Simmondsin [2- (cyanomethyene) -3-hydroxyl-4, 3- dimethoxycyclohexyl-d gluoside] at 2.3% and Simmondsin -2-ferulate at 1% (Verbiscar & Page 3

4 Concentrations Journal of Zoology Studies Servie) [24]. Jojoba oil is chemically different from other oil because it is composed of esters (Anonymous [1] ). Moreover, our findings agree with the results of Saleem & Shahzad [21] who found that use of the low concentration of black seed caraway oil Nigella sative L. stimulate the hatching process of M. javanica eggs before sowing; the host plant hold promise in the control of root-knot disease. The significant effect of the evaluated additives may possibly be attributed to their high contents of certain nematicidal compound such as oxygenated compounds characterized by both their lipophilic properties that enable them to dissolve the cytoplasmic membrane of nematode cells and their functional groups interfering with the nematode enzyme protein structure (Knoblock et al. [19], Goswami & Vijayalakshmi [11], Ismail et al. [13] ). Table 3: Plant growth response to nematicidal activity of some oil plant against root knot nematodes, Meloidogy javanica infecting cucumber plants under greenhouse conditions Growth characters Shoot Root Length Fresh weight Length Fresh weight Plant oil C. camphora 7.5 ppm 21.1 b d c c ppm 22.7 b cd bc b 16.5 N. sativa 7.5 ppm 19.3 c de bc b ppm 20.1 b d b b 21.6 R. communis 7.5 ppm 26.1 a b a a ppm 30.5 a a a a 52.6 S. indicum 7.5 ppm 24.5 a c b a ppm 25.7 a b a a 36.1 S. chinensis 7.5 ppm 18.3 cd de d c ppm 18.1 cd de bc b 27.2 M. javanica only d e d cd - Acetone + M. j d de e d - Ethanol+M. j d e e d - Mixture + M. j d de e cd - LSD Means at each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at (P 0.05) according to Duncan multiple range test. On the other hand, data shown in Table (3) revealed that, all of used treatments recorded significant (P 0.05) increased of plant growth compared with check (M. j. only) on the basis of increasing percentages in growth parameters; shoot and root (length and weight). Statistically significant differences were noted between two oil conc. in all plant growth parameters. The highest increase in most shoot, root length and weight was achieved through using castor oil in both tested doses (79.7, 78.5 and 57.5, 52.6) and (55.7, 57.9 and 44.6, 45.4) consecutively, followed by sesame oil treatments (46.8, 44.2 and 36.7, 26.8) and (53.9, 58.9 and 45.6, 36.1) consecutively. While the least increase in all the plant growth parameters as compared to check (M. j. only) recorded in with jojoba oil (9.6, 9.9 and 8.1, 9.7) and (14.4, 16.7 and 19.9, 27.2) consecutively, flowed by camphor oil (26.4, 19.7 and 10.9, 11.3 and ( 35.9, 28.4 and 23.7, 16.5) consecutively. These results are similar to those of Kheir et al. [18]. Ismail et al. [14] found that, the improving effect of these substances on increase of the plant growth in grape could be explained in the light of its enhancing effect which supply the essential nutrition to the plants and act as nematode suppressants. 4. Conclusion This study concludes that camphor, black seed, castor, sesame and jojoba oils as eco-friendly materials is a good option of alternative control for the root knot nematode in protected cultivation of cucumbers. Page 4

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