Resilient Farming Practices towards Reshaping Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh

Transcription

1 Keynote Speech Resilient Farming Practices towards Reshaping Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh Venue: ICCCAD, Independent University, Bangladesh January 2015 Prof. Zahurul Karim PhD FBAS, FTWAS Development Practitioner on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change Apt. 2D, House # 74, Road # 11/A, Dhanmondi, R/A Dhaka ID: zkarim.karim@gmail.com 1

2 What is in the Talk Snapshot on Bangladesh Agriculture and Food Security Climate Change Vulnerabilities Resilient Farming Practices Revisiting NAPA & BCCSAP on Adaptation Measures Strategies for Climate-smart Farming Practices Working Ahead 2

3 Agriculture in Bangladesh Agriculture plays an important role in Bangladesh economy contributing about 19% of the GDP Forestry 9% Fisheries 23% Crops- 55% Livestock 13% Contribution of Agriculture to GDP (%) at constant price ( Base year ) 3

4 Rice is the Dominant Crop Jute, 2.86 Potatoes, 1.71 Oil Crops, 3.06 Pulses, 3.49 Vegetables, 1.73 Spice & Condiment s, 1.74 Fruits, 1.3 Sugarcane, 1.19 Others, 1.69 Tea, 0.34 Rice, Wheat,

5 Extend of Land Type in Bangladesh Land class Land Characteristics Area (ha) % of total Area Highland (H) Land which is above normal flood-level 4 1,99, Medium Highland (MH) Land which normally is flooded up to about 90 cm deep during the flood season 50,39, Medium Lowland (ML) Lowland (L) Land which normally is flooded up to between 90 cm and 180 cm deep during the flood season Land which normally is flooded up to between 180 cm and 300 cm deep during the flood season 17,71, ,01,560 8 Very Lowland (VL) Land which normally is flooded deeper than 300 cm during the flood season 1,93, Total

6 Trend of Land use Pattern of Bangladesh ( ) 6

7 Climate Factors Depicts Growing Season in Bangladesh 7

8 82/83 83/84 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 98/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 Area Irrigated in 000' ha Irrigated Agriculture Enhances Vulnerability due to Dwindling Water Resources : 8

9 Climate Change Threats Aggravating Poverty Incidence At least 45 million people in Bangladesh ( almost 33%) live below poverty line (36% rural and 28% urban); Barisal 39.4%, Rajshahi- 35.7%, Khulna- 32.1%, Dhaka-30.5%, Sylhet-28.1%, Chittagong-26.2%. 9

10 Major Events of Climatic Vulnerabilities in Bangladesh Drought Cyclone Storm surge, salinity Flood Water logging Bank Erosion Mazumder, 2011

11 Geographic Features of the Country Dominantly a floodplain Country with some terraces and hills. Interface of two different environments- Bay of Bengal to the south and the Himalayas to the north. About 10% of the country is hardly 1 meter above the Mean Sea Level (MSL), and onethird is under tidal excursions. Have too much water in monsoon and little water in winter. Such geographic location and geo-morphological conditions made Bangladesh one of the most vulnerable countries due to Climate Change. 11

12 Vulnerability to Bangladesh Agriculture Bangladesh The Extend a least developed of Climate country with Change predominantly Vulnerability low-lying alluvial plain most vulnerable to CC- IPCC/UNFCCC; Average temperature has registered an increasing trend of about 1 0 C in May and C in November during the 14 year period from The annual mean rainfall exhibits trends in Bangladesh. Decadal rain anomalies are above long term average since 1960s. Serious and recurring floods have taken place during 2002, 2003, and Cyclones originating from the Bay of Bengal have been noted to decrease since 1970 but the intensity has increased. Frequency of monsoon depressions and cyclones formation in Bay of Bengal has decreased. Salt water from the Bay of Bengal is reported to have penetrated 100 km or more inland along tributary channels during the dry season. The precipitation decline and droughts has resulted in the drying up of wetlands and severe degradation of eco-system 12

13 Climate Change Threats to Agriculture Crop Climate change will bring major change in reference growing periods, necessitating restructuring of crops and cropping pattern. Crop modeler/world Bank predict 7.4% loss of annual rice production. Temperature increase will drastically affect wheat area and productivity- decrease of 400 kg /ha for 1 o c increase. All other temperate crops are also susceptible to rise of temperature during Jan-Feb. Increase in fogginess and relative humidity increase incidence of pest and diseases and some times causes devastating failure of potato, pulses, etc. Due to unpredicted and erratic rainfall pattern crops yields are expected decrease 30% in Production of rice & wheat will reduce 8.8%, and 32% within 2050 respectively. 13% areas of Bagerhat, Khulna & Satkhira of southern coastal districts are salinity affected which will increase up to 16% in 2050 and 18% in 2100 Livestock Reduction in the quality and availability of feed and water; Heat and other environmental stresses arising from warmer, drier or more wet conditions; Preponderance of livestock parasites, pests and disease vector. 13

14 Fisheries Climate Change Threats to Agriculture (Contd.) Most deleterious effect ~ Loss of Floodplains and destruction of habitat; Death rate of shrimp s fingerlings will increase if the water temperature is more than 32 C (CEGIS). Diseases of fish may increase. Carps culture may reduce due to saline water intrusion in the ponds and open water bodies. Production of sweet water fish will shrink and extinct if the sea level rise. Corals are vulnerable to thermal stress, if the sea surface temperature increases 1-3 c corals bleaching will occur frequently. Habitat damage of Hilsa fish. Mangrove Forest About 75% area of mangrove forest, Sundarban (60007 Sq. km) will submerse if the sea level will increase 45 cm. If the sea level rise 1 m then the islands of Bay of Bengal and whole Sundarban will destroy including its fauna & flora. 14

15 Varietal Development Resilient Farming Practices -Crops Climatic Stress Tolerant Rice Varieties Salt Tolerant Boro: BRRI Dhan 47, 61, 67; Bina dhan-8 & 10 T.Aman: BRRI Dhan 40, 41, 53,54 and Aus: BRRI dhan 65 Flood Tolerant: Late Monsoon Flood: T.Aman: BR-22 and BR-23; Bina sail Flash Flood: Submergence Tolerant: BRRI dhan 51 and 52; Bina dhan-11 & 12 Drought Tolerant: BRRI dhan 56,57 and 66 Suitable for Monga Area: Short Duration: BRRI dhan 33, 56, 57 and 62; Bina dhan 7 & 16 Wheat Salt tolerant : Bijoy, BARI Gom-25, BAU-1059 line Heat tolerant : BARI Gom-26 15

16 Resilient Farming Practices Crops (Contd.) Potato Salt tolerant : BARI Alo-22 CIP Clone Sweet Potato Salt tolerant : BARI Mishti Alo-8,9 Pulses Salt & Heat tolerant : BARI Mug- 2,3,4,5,6, BM-01, BM-08 BARI Falon- 1, BARI Sola-9 Oilseeds Short duration & Salt tolerant : BARI Sharisha-14,15 BARI Chinabadam -9, BINA China badam-1, BINA China badam-2, BARI Soyabean-6 BARI Til-2,3,4 Salinity Resistant Jute variety by BJRI: i) HC-2, ii) HC 95,iii) CVL 1 Saline Tolerant Sugarcane variety by BSR: i) ISWARDI-40 16

17 Resilient Farming Practices-Crops (Contd.) Management Practices Some management practices, such as tillage, mulching, raised bed planting system, floating techniques of vegetables cultivation; Fertilizer and irrigation recommendation both for drought and coastal saline regions; conducted adaptive trials with some success of strains of Wheat, Maize Potatoes and Leafy vegetables; Developed Ektibari Ekti Khamar model suited for climate stress conditions; Developed water harvesting technology appropriate for farm water management and soil conservation practices. 17

18 Farmers Resilient Practices Raised-bed cultivation in saline area Supplementary irrigation Floating Cultivation Tall and aged seedling transplanting Rain water harvesting Floating fish cum vegetable growing 18

19 i) Flooded Situation: In T. Aman cultivation - Use aged seedlings for survival in the flooding condition, - transplant seedlings thickly in flood free land and transfer to the main field after flood water recession, - transfer old seedlings from established crop field to land from where flood water recedes lately Cultivate quick growing vegetables, millets, maize etc; ii) Drought Situation: Kharif Season (Aman Crop) Dig small tank or ditch at corners of the land and hold flood water to give supplementary irrigation by indigenous methods or hose pipe. ; Avoid drought in pick period by early or delayed planting; Rabi Season Use deep tillage and plant seedlings or sow seeds at deeper layer of the soil; Adjust crop calendar to escape drought; Use mulches in high value crops like tomatoes, Potatoes Practice Relay cropping; grow shade trees crops in the crop field; Farmers Resilient Practices Irrigate at critical growth stage (tillering and panicle initiation stage of wheat, tuberization stage of potatoes )

20 iii) Tidal Zone Crop Cultivation Cultivate saline tolerant crops such as groundnut, water melon, knolkhol, maize, potatoes, millets, Salinity tolerant local or modern crop varieties Practice low-cost irrigation method like use of sewing, treadle pump and other simple technologies for irrigation Cultivate vegetables on raised beds, dyke or on floating beds, Produce fruits and vegetables in the homestead area, Cultivate beans, gourds, okra and other vegetables on the embankments surrounding prawn Ghers or ponds, Practice rice-fish-vegetables cultivation in the same plot of land, Use ditch and dyke and sorjan system of planting to avoid saline water flooding, iv) Waterlogged areas Boro rice cultivation by pumping out water; Aquatic vegetables Farmers Resilient Practices 20

21 Farmers Resilient Practices-Fisheries & Livestock Fisheries Netting of fish pond or Ghers, Use of shifting techniques for fish culture (transferring stock from dense pond to field) Practice case culture in household ponds or in small water bodies; Culture brackish fish species/strains developed by Fishery research, Practice prawn fish poly-culture in fresh water Ghers (ponds), Shrimp fish poly-culture in fresh water Ghers (ponds), Crab fattening Livestock Rearing livestock in the homestead area (tala model), Rearing local adaptive species (sheep, buffalos, duck ) best suited in the region, 21

22 Initiatives on Good Practices for LULUCF Co-management practices in protected area of IPAC (FD & CSOs) focuses on i) Stakeholder & Institutional capacity ii) developing innovative training courses and iii) integrated participatory co-management. Arrannyak Foundation initiatives in CHT community based conservation and restoration of forest. GoB and some DPs started carbon trading activities including awareness building, capacity development, carbon stock assessment. Some initiatives of FD/IPAC on capacity building for REDD+. 22

23 Revisiting NAPA & BCCSAP NAPA & BCCSAP identified few priority activities and programs on agricultural adaptation; These are small in number and too general in nature. Adaptation programs must be for specific situations and locations during the preparation of NAP; Participatory adaptations program for diversified locations on different commodities should be developed and implemented; There should be some means of up scaling the farmers resilient practices through location specific adaptation; 23

24 Strategies for Climate-Smart Farming Practices Building institutional and individual capacity for assessment of loss and damage in the whole agriculture sector; Ensuring access to global resources for rehabilitating loss & and damage in the sector; Un-earth the famers innovations and document into an inventory for upgrading and up-scaling in different Hot-spots; Expanding On-farm climate-smart activities and participatory adaptation trials on all agro-ecological niches to address the harsh of Climate Change; Setting of Climate Change Field Schools (CCFSs) in all climate vulnerable regions for mass transfer of technologies and upgrading of farmers innovations; Launching coordinated and joint programs involving field level GOs (DAE, DoF, DLS and FD), Local government institutions, NGOs and Private Sector organizations for reconstruction of damages to agriculture due to CC: All long-term structural measures to combat the threats of CC must be based on people s opinion and its ownership must be built ahead of implementation. 24

25 Working Ahead As Bangladesh economy and food security is largely dependent on sustainable agricultural practices, climate change vulnerability must be addressed by: Assessing loss and damage in the sector; Generating climate-smart technology packages; Adopting farmers participatory approaches for up-scaling management practices; Strategically and wisely utilizing all resources available for climate change R & D. 25

26 LET US BUILD OUR TEAM AND FIGHT FOR WINNING THE BATTLE Thanks 26