EU cereal farms report based on FADN data

Transcription

1 EU cereal farms report 2010 based on FADN data

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3 EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Directorate L. Economic analysis, perspectives and evaluations L.3. Microeconomic analysis of EU agricultural holdings Brussels, October 2010 Unit L3 D(2010) Executive summary: EU CEREAL FARMS REPORT The study estimates margins in cereal production and provides indicators of the income of farms oriented towards cereal production in the EU Member States. In 2007, EU gross margins for grain maize (1088 /) were above the average margins for cereals (549 /), while common wheat (523 /) and barley margins (411 /) were below the average. After 2 years of very high level in 2007 and 2008, cereal prices dropped back to their normal level in As costs are structurally increasing, it is estimated tt cereals margins fell considerably from 2007 to 2009, reaching their lowest level over the last ten years. Margin levels among farms within individual Member States varied significantly, with many producers of common wheat or barley returning negative margins, especially in The highest margins were often recorded in Italy, Ireland, with low figures in Finland, Denmark or Cyprus. The specialist cereals farms in the EU earned on average of Farm Net Income in 2007, but this covers a range from negative figures to over among the Member States. The high levels of margins did not necessarily translate into high levels of income. The top Farm Net Income levels were recorded in the UK, Slovakia, Germany and France, and the lowest in Cyprus, Romania, Greece and Poland. MS of EU-15 d a higher level of operating costs tn the new MS but their better yields and higher grain prices resulted in better gross margins in EU-15. However, when all costs were taken into account by the indicator of Economic Profit, lower overheads and less expensive own factors often worked to the advantage of farms in the new MS. The Economic Profit was highest for Slovakia in 2007, and lowest for cereal producers in Denmark. Its negative value for the EU in most of the analysed period demonstrated tt family factors, especially labour, were underpaid as in most other agricultural sectors Average cereals gross margins in the EU, / grain maize common wheat avg. cereals barley durum wheat Source: DG AGRI EU FADN (e) 2009(e) Average income in specialist cereal farms in the EU, '000/farm Source: DG AGRI EU FADN farm net value added farm net income economic profit Commission européenne, B-1049 Bruxelles / Europese Commissie, 1 B-1049 Brussel - Belgium. Telephone: (32-2)

4 The analysis covers the accounting years from 2000 to 2007, and an additional estimate of gross margins s been made for 2008 and When considering development over time, it should be kept in mind tt important policy cnges occurred during this period. Mainly, the decoupling of direct payments during , but also the decoupling of Complementary National Direct Payments tt took place in some new MS in 2007, affects negatively the level of gross margins while it may not impact the farm income. The analysis is based on data in the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database. FADN is a system of sample surveys tt take place each year and focuses on accountancy data from farms. The data are fairly comprehensive in terms of covering farming activities, but production costs are recorded only as an aggregate per farm. For the calculation of margins, then, it was necessary to allocate costs to particular crops

5 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION COMMON WHEAT Farms specialising in common wheat production Gross margin in common wheat production EU level Levels of margins in common wheat production in Member States BARLEY Farms specialising in barley production Gross margin in barley production EU level Levels of margins in barley production in Member States GRAIN MAIZE Farms specialising in grain maize production Gross margin in grain maize production EU level Levels of margins in grain maize production in Member States ALL CEREALS Farms specialising in cereal production Gross margins in cereal production EU level Levels of margins in cereal production in Member States The influence of energy and other industrial input cost on margins INCOME OF FARMS SPECIALISED IN PRODUCTION OF CEREALS Description of farms specialised in production of cereals Indicators of income for specialist cereal farms EU level Levels of income in specialist cereal farms in Member States CONCLUSIONS ANNEX Cost definitions Costs allocation to particular crop production Estimation of selected output and cost items for 2008 and Income indicators Distribution of gross margins Income indicators specialist cereal farms and other types of farms Detailed tables Common wheat margins Barley margins Grain maize margins Income of farms specialised in production of cereals

6 1. INTRODUCTION The study aims to estimate margins in cereal production and to provide indicators of the income of farms oriented towards cereal production in the EU Member States. Gross, net, and net economic margins are calculated and presented in the tables. In the text, gross margins are mainly discussed. As indicators of income, farm net value added, farm net income and economic profit are presented. The analysis covers the accounting years from 2000 to Gross margins ve been estimated for 2008 and The calculations are based on data collected in the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database. Cereals market situation in the analysed period For most of the analysed period, European cereal producers experienced relatively stable prices of grain. In nominal terms, the 2006 cereals prices were 3 % higher tn in 2000, according to Eurostat. In real terms (deflated) it was a 14 % decrease. The average EU prices of barley fell even in nominal terms between 2000 and There were major price fluctuations on the cereals market during the period First, in , prices shot up by more tn lf of their previous levels. Shortly after, the prices fell rapidly but on average stayed above their pre-2007 levels. The production of cereals was also fairly stable, with a rising trend production in the EU-27 was 7 % higher tn in 2000 (based on DG Agri data). There were, however, two periods during tt decade when production levels diverged from the trend line. In it fell markedly in one year and set a record high the next. Then the 2008 hike in cereals production was preceded by two low rvests. 200 Fig. 1. Index of cereal prices, nominal, 2000= Fig. 2. Index of common wheat prices, nominal, 2000= All EU-27 cereal producers (Eurostat data) EU cereal specialists (EU FADN data & est.) 50 0 All EU-27 c. wheat producers (Eurostat data) EU c. wheat specialists (EU FADN data & est.) Fig. 3. Index of barley prices, nominal, 2000=100 Fig. 4. Index of grain maize prices, nominal, 2000= All EU-27 barley producers (Eurostat data) EU barley specialists (EU FADN data & est.) 50 0 All EU-27 grain maize producers (Eurostat data) EU grain maize specialists (EU FADN data & estimates)

7 Farm Accountancy Data Network and FADN data EU cereal farms report 2010 The Farm Accountancy Data Network is an instrument for evaluating the income and business activities of agricultural holdings in the European Union and the impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy. FADN is a system of sample surveys tt take place each year and tt collect structural and accountancy data from farms. It covers farms above a minimum economic size (threshold), in order to represent the most relevant part of the agricultural activity of the EU Member States (MS), i.e. at least 90 % of the total Standard Gross Margin (SGM) covered in the Farm Structure Survey (FSS). For 2007, the sample contains some holdings in EU-27, which represent 5.1 million farms out of a total of 13.7 million farms included in the FSS. The aim is to provide representative data by reference to (i) region, (ii) economic size of farms and (iii) type of farming. FADN is the only source of micro-economic data tt is rmonised, i.e. the accounting principles are the same for all EU countries. 1 One cracteristic of FADN is tt it focuses on farms or agricultural holdings, and not on individual agricultural enterprises (activities). The collected data reflect tt aspect they are fairly comprehensive in terms of covering the output of farming activities, but many items (especially costs) are not attributed to a particular agricultural activity and are recorded only as an aggregate per farm. So if we are to estimate margins of selected crops, such as cereals in this case, the data need to be disaggregated. Tt is done in two stages. First, in order to minimise interference from data related to activities other tn cereal production, a sample of farms tt are highly specialised in cereal production is selected 2. For particular cereals, at least 40 % of the farm s output must come from the type of cereal being studied. In the case of average margins for all cereals together, the required specialisation in cereals is at least 66 %. Second, any operating costs related to cereal production which are not directly attributed to it in the database are allocated to cereal production according to a particular set of rules. The estimated margins for 2008 and 2009 are based on several assumptions and on available information about cereals yields, prices and costs. These methods are presented in detail in the Annex (point 8.2). Estimated income of farms oriented towards cereal production relies on data from whole farms. Such farms will derive at least two thirds of their output from cereals. 1 For more information about FADN see: 2 In addition, in order to protect the individual cracter of FADN data and to support quality of the estimates, results based on fewer tn 15 sample farms are not calculated

8 COMMON WHEAT 2.1. Farms specialising in common wheat production To calculate common wheat margins, an annual sample of between and farms was used, representing between and farms specialised in common wheat production throughout the EU. For the year 2007, the represented farms cultivated equivalent of 35% of the area of common wheat in the EU 3. The cracteristics of agriculture in particular Member States (MS) are such tt it was not possible to find farms with the required minimum specialisation level in all of the Member States. Out of 27 MS, up to 21 are represented, depending on the year. In practice, the minimum specialisation rate of 40% of the farm output from common wheat production resulted in the identification of farms ving an average of 53% of their output coming from common wheat. The farms yielding analysis data d on average 100 of utilised agricultural area (UAA), of which around lf was under common wheat. Apart from common wheat, the specialised producers devoted on average some 15 % of their UAA to other cereals, most commonly to barley. Farms in Slovakia, Latvia, Estonia and the UK tended to be two to three times larger. Germany s average came from very big farms in the east of the country and smaller ones in the west. The smallest wheat farms were in Italy and Greece. In terms of economic size 4, British and German farms were clearly the largest, and those in Greece and Romania the smallest. The average wheat yields were 5.2 t/ in 2007, but varied markedly among MS and from year to year, with the lowest yields occurring in farms in Bulgaria, and the highest in Ireland. The analysed farms d an average workforce of 1.2 to 1.5 Annual Work Units (AWU) during the period under review, with the MS of the EU-15 tending to use a smaller workforce and those of the EU-12 ving a workforce above the average. Fig. 5. Common wheat area per farm, MS avg,, in 2007 IT EL ES PL BE RO AT HU FI DK UE IE LT FR SE CZ EE DE UK LV BG SK 10 Fig. 6. Common wheat yields, MS avg, max min median Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data (e) 2009(e) 3 In comparison with Farm Structure Survey (FSS) figures provided by EUROSTAT. 4 The concept of Standard Gross Margin (SGM) is used to determine the economic size of farms. The standard Gross Margin (SGM) of a crop or livestock item is defined as the value of output from one hectare or from one animal less the cost of variable inputs required to produce tt output. The sum of SGM in the farm determines its economic size

9 2.2. Gross margin in common wheat production EU level EU cereal farms report 2010 In 2007 the average EU margin of receipts over operating costs (i.e. the gross margin) for common wheat production was 523 /. Margins exceeding 500 / were reached annually till 2004, but were followed by two years of average margins below 400 /. We estimate tt 2008 brought an average margin of 616 / in the EU. However, this was followed by a major decline in 2009 to an average of no more tn 40 /. Since coupled direct payments were reduced in , common wheat margins depended afterwards on production, prices and costs levels. In fact, all of these factors cnged significantly between 2007 and With wheat prices growing strongly, and outweighing slightly increased costs and lower yields, the 2007 gross margin per reached a level last seen in 2004, and the margin per tonne set a record of 100. Wheat prices and yields continued to grow in 2008, and it is estimated tt margins for tt year were even higher, despite a marked 9 % growth in production costs. Costs grew by a further 8 % in 2009, while prices and yields decreased. This almost lved the wheat output, and in 2009 average EU margins were down to only 7 % of the previous year s value. If analysed without coupled payments, EU common wheat margins turned negative, to -41/ and -8/t in Common wheat receipts in the EU were fairly stable at / until 2004, with direct payments making up some 30 % of these receipts. In , the reduction in those payments 5 brought receipts down to below 1000 /. Then revenue per recovered, reaching almost 1300 in 2008, before falling below 770 the following year the lowest in the analysed decade. In contrast to the stable period of , the five years which followed were cracterised by much greater volatility in receipts from common wheat. In terms of the cost structure, the main items were fertilisers and crop protection, constituting 22 % and 18 % respectively of common wheat production costs in It is estimated tt fertiliser costs rose to 31 % of all operating costs in In contrast, nominal costs of crop protection rose only marginally, and their sre in the cost structure decreased. Other important cost items were machinery, fuel and energy. Taken together, they accounted for a quarter of operating costs in Nominally, they grew relatively little afterwards, so their sre is estimated at 23 % in Fig. 7. Common wheat - determinants of gross margins with coupled payments, EU avg, / grain and straw operating costs direct payments gross margin (e) 2009(e) Fig. 8. Common wheat operating costs, EU avg, / other fuels, energy, maintenance crop protection fertilizers seeds Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data (e) 2009(e) 5 In certain MS a proportion of direct payments remained coupled. Also, some other direct payments (e.g. to seeds, CNDPs), EU or national, may be recorded by Member States as coupled

10 2.3 Levels of margins in common wheat production in Member States The gross margin of common wheat production varied quite markedly among Member States and among farms within individual MS. In all MS the average gross margins were positive in They grew again in 2008 in EU-10 and EU-2, thereby pushing the EU average up further. In Belgium and Ireland gross margins were the highest in tt period, exceeding 1000 / and twice the average for the EU. The lowest margins in those two years were below 200 / in Romania, Slovakia and Bulgaria in 2007, in Latvia and Estonia in The picture cnged radically in Tt year only two MS, Belgium and Denmark, d gross margins above 200 /, and in eight MS the margins turned negative. On average, EU-10 margins were negative in 2009, while those in EU-15 and EU-2 stayed positive. The high Belgian and Irish margins in were mainly due to their high yields of 8-9 t/, which in a period of increased wheat prices generated high revenue. The operating costs in these two MS were also significant ( /), but they did not top the cost table. In 2009 the srp fall in wheat prices almost lved Belgian margins. Ireland suffered in addition a fall in yields, and its gross margin was negative tt year. Estonian wheat margins were among the lowest because of yields of no more tn 3 t/, and wheat prices below the average. The low operating costs were not enough to compensate for the very low revenue per. A further deterioration in 2009 pushed the Estonian wheat gross margin below -100 / a situation it sred with Latvia. The variability of margins can be significant even within particular Member States. As the crt in point of the Annex demonstrates, many specialist wheat farmers in 2007 in the UK, Italy and France enjoyed high margins similar to those in Belgium or Ireland. On the other nd, some farmers struggled with negative margins, especially in Finland and Slovakia, but also in Bulgaria, Greece and even in the UK. Fig. 9. Common wheat - gross margins with coupled payments, MS averages, / max min median (e) 2009(e) Fig. 10. Common wheat - average EU gross 800 margins with coupled payments, / UE UE UE Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data (e) 2009(e) - 8 -

11 3. BARLEY Farms specialising in barley production To calculate margins, data were selected from a group of farms specialised in barley production. Some sample farms are used each year, representing between and farms throughout the EU specialised in barley production. For 2007, the farms represented accounted for 26 % of the area of barley production in the EU. The FADN data make no distinction between types of barley. The minimum specialisation rate of 40 % of farm output from barley grain production resulted in practice in surveyed farms ving an average of 63 % of their output coming from barley grain. Due to the cracteristics of agriculture in particular Member States, farms with the minimum specialisation level required were found in only certain selected MS. Thirteen of the 27 MS are represented. The farms yielding analysis data are analysed ve on average of utilised agricultural area, of which more tn lf is under barley. The largest barley farms are in Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the UK (over 100 UAA), and the smallest (approx. 20 UAA) in Poland, Italy, Greece and Cyprus. In terms of economic size, British, French and Czech farms were the largest. Similarly, the area under barley varies in size, ranging in recent years from in Italy and Poland to 60 and more in the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic or Slovakia. Apart from barley, specialised producers devoted 6-8 to other cereals, usually common wheat. The average barley yields were 3-4 t/, although these figures varied quite a lot between MS and years, with the lowest (about 2 t/) being in farms in Cyprus and the highest (above 6 t/) in Ireland. In 2009 yields were significantly reduced. The workforce on the farms analysed was relatively stable during the decade, at close to 0.9 AWU. In Denmark it was lf tt level. In the three Baltic States and the Czech Republic it was around 1.5 AWU. In the UK the workforce diminished in , as a result of more smaller farms specialising in barley production. Fig. 11. Barley area per farm, MS avg,, in PL IT EL CY IE DK LV FI LT UE ES CZ EE Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data Fig. 12. Barley yields, MS avg, t/ 2001 max min median 2008(e) 2009(e) - 9 -

12 3.2. Gross margin in barley production EU level The average EU gross margin in the period ranged from 270 / to 360 /. In 2005 and 2006 the margins fell srply to below 200 /. For the two years tt followed, they climbed above 400 /, before declining to 80 / in The 2009 margin was estimated at 20 % of the 2007 level. Calculated per tonne, the EU average margin was 107 in 2007, before falling to 25 /t in Up to 2005 about % of barley receipts came from grain, and the remainder from direct payments. Any variations in the level of margin in tt period were mainly due to receipts from grain. Afterwards, coupled direct payments fell to 10 % or less of the receipts from barley, and the margins relied more on market conditions. Incidentally, there were high variations in market conditions between 2006 and 2009, reflected in the cnging level of the margin. Barley receipts went up from 450 / in 2006 to in , which was a combined result of barley price rises (by more tn 40 % in comparison with 2006) and very high yields (approx. 25 % above 2006 level). Production costs grew srply too (by 40 %) brought the prices and yields of barley back to pre-2007 levels, while the costs of production rdly cnged and remained some 100 / higher tn before. The net result is tt the estimated 2009 gross margin for barley is exceptionally low, albeit still positive on average in the EU. In terms of the cost structure, fertilisers accounted for 24 % of operating costs in 2007, but their value grew year by year, and in 2009 they accounted for an estimated 30 % of barley production costs. Fuel, energy and maintenance costs (machinery, buildings) accounted for 30 % of the cost structure in This increased to 31 % the following year as a consequence of higher motor fuel costs, but in 2009 it fell to 28 % due to cheaper fuel and energy. Other important items were costs of seeds (12%) and of contract work (13%). From 2007 to 2009, the cumulative sre of seeds, fertilisers and crop protection grew from 46 % to 51 %, while the sre of fuel, energy, maintenance and contract work declined from 43 % to 39 %. Average operating cost levels varied from 200 / to over 700 / among MS up to They then rose to / in The increasing costs of fertilisers were the main contributor to tt rise, followed by higher fuel, energy and maintenance costs. Seeds and crop protection costs too were clearly higher in tn in the preceding years. Fig. 13. Barley - determinants of gross margins with coupled payments, EU avg, 800 / grain and straw direct payments 0 operating costs gross margin (e) 2009(e) Fig. 14. Barley operating costs, EU avg, / other 200 fuels, energy, maintenance 150 crop protection 100 fertilizers 50 0 seeds Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data (e) 2009(e)

13 Levels of margins in barley production in Member States Barley margin levels shifted significantly several times during the decade under review. Prior to 2004, barley margins per hectare ranged in the MS from around 20 / to /. In they fell to between -100 / and +250 /. In the following two years they rebounded to pre-2004 levels, in some cases exceeding 700 /. Then in 2009, the estimated margins dipped to record lows, with over lf the Member States recording negative figures. The initially very large difference (over 250 /) between higher EU-15 margins and lower EU-10 figures narrowed to less tn 20 / (estimated) in Ireland, the UK and Italy d the highest margins for most of the period, and Czech margins were highest in the last two years. The lowest barley margins were usually recorded in the Scandinavian MS, Latvia, Estonia and Cyprus. The high profitability of barley production in Ireland (a margin of 660 / in 2007) was possible tnks to one of the highest levels of receipts per, and despite relatively high costs. Irish costs were up to 600 / until 2004, and subsequently rose even more, to /, in the last three years. Ireland d relatively high levels of fertilizer and crop protection costs. Except for and 2009, Irish receipts exceeded 1100 /. This was tnks to high yields of grain (6 t/), sold at average EU prices, and an additional 100 / from straw sales. The table-topping Czech margins in were due to high yields and moderate cost levels. Finnish barley margins were most often the lowest in the EU, resulting from relatively high costs, while receipts per hectare were only around the EU average. In 2009 the gross margin in Finland is estimated at below -200 /, with rising costs, especially those for fertilizers, while the exceptionally high prices of returned to normal levels the following year. Margin levels vary significantly within MS, and the pattern of distribution (point in the Annex) shows tt in 2007 not only Irish, Italian and British producers, but also many in the Czech Republic, Spain and Poland enjoyed good margins. At the other end of the scale, apart from the low-margin MS mentioned above, were even some less fortunate Italian growers. Fig. 15. Barley - gross margins with coupled 1000 payments, MS avg, / max min median (e) 2009(e) Fig. 16. Barley - average EU gross margins 450 with coupled payments, / UE UE10 0 Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data (e) 2009(e)

14 4. GRAIN MAIZE 4.1. Farms specialising in grain maize production To calculate margins, data were selected from a group of specialised farms. For grain maize, some sample farms are used, representing to farms in the EU. For 2007, they represented 33 % of the grain maize area in the EU. The surveyed farms, with at least 40 % of farm output from grain maize, in fact resulted in farms averaging 66 % maize. There were enough farms with the required minimum specialisation level in 13 out of 19 maize-growing Member States. The farms d on average of UAA in the period, of which about lf was under grain maize. In addition it, the specialised producers devoted some 20% of their UAA to other cereals, most often to common wheat and barley. Among Member States, the average maize farm areas ranged from 7 to 80 up to 2003, but by 2007 exceeded 200. The bigger farms were found mainly in some new MS, but also in the eastern part of Germany. Unlike wheat or barley farms, the grain maize farms in the EU-15 (with on average 27 UAA) were nearly lf the size of those in the EU-10 Member States (avg. 49 ). In terms of economic size, the EU-10 grain maize specialist farms were bigger on average tn the EU-15 holdings up to 2006, but this difference was balanced out when the German farms entered the specialist maize growers sample in The average yields of grain maize in 2007 were 8.4 t/, but varied among MS from about 2-3 t/ in Bulgaria and Romania to some 12 t/ in Greece and Germany. The analysed farms d an average workforce of AWU. Farms in the EU-15 usually d a smaller workforce tn in the EU-10, where there was a bigger workforce on bigger farms. In contrast, the farms in Bulgaria and Romania were both small and d more workers. Fig. 17. Grain maize area per farm, MS avg,, 100 in EL SI RO PT BG IT UE ES AT HU PL FR DE SK Fig. 18. Grain maize yields, MS avg, t/ max min median (e) 2009(e) Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data

15 4.2. Gross margin in grain maize production EU level In the period the average EU gross margin (with coupled payments) in grain maize production ranged from 850 / to 920 /. This was much higher tn for barley or common wheat. Despite tt, it was on a slight downward trend. In nominal terms, the 2003 value was 8 % below the 2000 figure. In 2004 the margin fell by 29 % in comparison with the previous year and stayed in the range / till Then the average margins levels doubled to / the following two years, but fell drastically to an estimated EU average of 480 / in The falling margins levels since 2004 were only partly a result of the inclusion of lower margin producers from the EU-10 in This statistical effect contributed to about 1/3 of the decrease. For the most part, the cnge was due to the lower level of direct payments since tt year in EU-15. Aid for grain maize was reduced by a cumulative 200 / up to The fat margins of were due mainly to grain prices rocketing by 50 % in EU-15 and doubling in EU-10. Fortunately for growers, the high prices were sparked by increasing demand and not by reduced production, so the net result was higher receipts. However, the steady rise in production costs accelerated to more tn 10 % in , and gained a further 5 % in When prices fell to more ordinary levels in 2009 and production costs did not, the squeeze on average EU margins reduced them to about 1/3 of the 2008 level and 80 % of tt of Farms in the new Member States suffered relatively smaller declines in their margins because of their lower costs. In the cost structure, fertilisers and seeds were the main items, accounting for 21 % and 15 % respectively of grain maize production costs in Together with crop protection and water, they made up 51 % of operating costs. It is estimated the major growth in fertilizer costs pushed this sre up to 56 % in Other important cost items were motor fuel and contract work, each accounting for 13 % in In the MS of the EU-10, production costs per hectare of grain maize were some 40 % lower tn in the EU-15, while those in EU-2 were one third of the average EU-15 level. However, when calculated per tonne of maize, 2007 costs were higher in the new MS tn in the old MS because of particularly low yields in the new MS tt year. In the two subsequent years this cnged, and the costs per tonne too were lower in EU-10 and EU Fig. 19. Grain maize - determinants of gross margins with direct payments, MS avg, / Fig. 20. Grain maize - avg. operating costs, / grain and straw operating costs direct payments gross margin UE15 UE10 UE (e) 2009(e) (e) 2009(e) Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data

16 Levels of margins in grain maize production in Member States EU cereal farms report 2010 Farms specialising in grain maize were found in relatively few Member States. Despite tt, the range of margins observed was very wide. From 2000 to 2003, grain maize margins in the Member States of EU-15 ranged from per hectare to as high as /. The lowest figures were recorded in Portugal, and the highest in neighbouring Spain. Even if the level of margins generally fell in the enlarged EU-25 in , top values for Spanish producers lost relatively little and continued to exceed 1000 /. Since the 2004 enlargement, Hungary and Slovakia became the new Member States with the lowest margins at 100 / or less. In EU-27 in 2007 the lowest margins were found in Bulgaria and Romania. After the price turbulence of , estimates see Spain as continuing to enjoy the highest margins, at around 1250 /. The 2009 margins would seem to be lowest (less tn 100 /) in France, while the previously struggling Bulgaria and Romania d margins around 400 /. Spanish specialist producers owed their margins to a combination of very high receipts per and relatively low costs. The receipts were just below 2000 / until 2006 and even more thereafter. Tt was possible tnks to yields of t/ and grain prices above the EU average. The residual coupled payment supported receipts to the tune of a little more tn 100 / in The key to low production costs in Spain (maximum 900 /) was ving the costs of fertiliser, crop protection, machinery, buildings maintenance and contract work well below EU-15 average. On the other nd, Spanish seed costs were among the highest, and Spanish water costs were evidently the highest. Low gross margins in Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 resulted mainly from very low receipts of /. These were the consequence of exceptionally low, droughtaffected yields, while maize prices in the two countries remained at the EU average or a little above. The situation was helped by operating costs as low as 350 /, which enabled margins to remain positive. This low cost level was also key to limited absolute cost rises in , which in turn resulted in margins close to the EU average. The situation is estimated to ve developed differently in a high cost high receipts producer like Greece. There, above-average prices, the third or second highest in the EU, combined with top-level yields of 12 t/ were sufficient to sustain above-average margins till A further growth in the highest Greek production costs (1250 / in 2007), against a general drop in maize prices, cut Greek margins to well below the average in With margins variability, some farmers in Portugal, Italy, Greece and Austria d margins close to 2000 /, as in Spain. However, in several MS under review there were also farmers with negative margins (see Annex point 8.5.3). Fig. 21. Grain maize - gross margins with 2500 coupled payments, MS avg, / max 2000 min median (e) 2009(e) Fig. 22. Grain maize - avg EU gross margins 1800 with coupled payments, / UE UE UE2 0 Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data (e) 2009(e)

17 5. ALL CEREALS Farms specialising in cereal production Data from a group of sample farms were selected to calculate these margins. They represented from around farms for EU-15 to some farms in the EU-27, all specialised in cereal production. For 2007, represented farms d an equivalent of 28 % of the area of cereal production in the EU. The specialisation rate of 66 % or more of farm output coming from the cereals grain production resulted in practice in EU farms in this category ving on average 82 % of their output coming from grain. Between MS there were differences in this respect, ranging from % of cereals specialisation in Germany to % in Greece. The size of farms from which the analysis data are taken is on average about 52 UAA, of which some 72 % is devoted to cereal production. Specialist cereal farms in the EU-15 ve, on average, a similar acreage to those in the EU-10 Member States, while those in EU-2 were smaller. Farm sizes range from under UAA in Greece and Italy to over 150 UAA in the UK and Estonia, and or more in Slovakia. In terms of economic size, the value of farm output from EU-10 cereals specialist farms was 75 % of tt in EU-15 holdings in The analysed farms d an average workforce of 1.1 AWU, with the EU 15 MS being below tt figure (0.9 AWU) and the new MS being above the average at around 1.3 AWU for EU-10 and 1.6 AWU for EU-2. However, tt indicator covers widely varying situations, with farms in Denmark and Finland ving little more tn 0.5 AWU, compared to those in the Czech Republic with 2 AWU and farms in Slovakia with average 3-6 AWU per farm. The use of irrigation in cereal production was reported mainly by producers from the southern MS, but there were also reports from Poland and Latvia Fig. 23. Cereals area per farm, MS avg,, EL IT RO CY PL PT AT UE DK IE ES HU FI FR SE LT UK CZ LV DE EE BG SK Fig. 24. Cereals yields, MS avg, t/ max min median Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data (e) 2009(e) 6 The rationale for analysing several cereals is the fact tt farmers normally grow a selection of them, as the agronomic requirements are often similar (perps with the exception of rice). Also, this approach allows profitability indicators to be compared across a broader selection of Member States

18 5.2. Gross margins in cereal production EU level The average EU per hectare gross margin was fairly stable over the period , within the range of 470 / to 495 /. Between 2004 and 2006 this was gradually reduced by a cumulative 43 % to about 280 /. This was only to a small extent the statistical result of the EU average embracing the new MS producers with their lower margins. The main reason was the reduction in direct payments for cereals. In 2007 and 2008 the average EU gross margin for cereals grew by as much as 300 / a year, which brought it up to an estimated 870 /. This was brought about principally by the growth of margins in EU-15, as those in EU-10 rose slower and averaged only 374 / in The general slump in margin levels in 2009 affected all MS. The EU average was cut to 245 / and in EU-10 to as little as 20 /. These variations were driven very largely by receipts and only to very small extent by costs, which remained relatively stable. Till 2005, about 70 % of cereals revenue came from production, the remainder being direct payments. As a result of decoupling, the sre of direct payments in EU cereals receipts fell to about 10 %. Receipts were fairly stable at / till 2003, then they gradually slid to 750 / in They are then estimated to ve gone up by 700 / in two years and down by over 590 / in Such volatility in the period was due mainly to fluctuating grain prices, and to a lesser extent to yield variations. In contrast, operating costs were fairly stable until 2006, at /. Afterwards they climbed steadily by over 140 / in three years. The main items contributing to tt growth were fertilizers (lf of all operating costs growth), machinery costs, seeds and crop protection costs. The sre of fertilizers in operating costs grew from 23 % in 2006 to an estimated 30 % in In 2007, cereals operating costs per varied from about / in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Spain and Cyprus to over / in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Expenditure on fertilisers was highest and rising in France, Germany and UK, while the figures in Bulgaria, Romania and Spain were three to four times lower. Crop protection expenses ranged from less tn 20 / in Spain to as much as 180 / in the UK. France, Germany and Ireland spent over 140 / on crop protection, but for lf of MS the cost did not exceed 60 /. Fig. 25. Cereals, determinants of gross margins with direct payments, MS avg, / grain and straw operating costs direct payments gross margin (e) 2009(e) Fig. 26. Cereals, average operating costs, / UE15 UE10 UE2 Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data (e) 2009(e)

19 5.3. Levels of margins in cereal production in Member States EU cereal farms report 2010 In the period , average cereal production gross margins varied between Member States from as little as / to as much as /. In the next two years they were much lower, ranging from minus 35 and minus115 / to around +435 /. This decrease was due to a combination of lower production and lower grain prices in 2005 and the effect of the decoupling of payments in saw a rapid increase in margins to an average of 870 /. In lf the MS the gross margins were above 600 /. The drastic decline in margins in 2009 brought them down to 245 / on average, and in almost lf the MS analysed they became negative. Greek, Italian and Irish specialist cereal producers recorded the highest cereals margins, ranging from 400 / to over 1500 / depending on season. However, after the plunge of margins in 2009, the Irish producers lost their top position, while those in Greece and Italy are estimated to ve continued to ride high. In 2007 Irish (and British) farmers d the highest level of receipts, at 1580 /. Apart from grain, an important item in Irish receipts was straw. Operating costs in Ireland were 206 / lower tn the highest British costs, mainly tnks to smaller expenditure for machinery and buildings upkeep. Producers in Italy preferred to grow more profitable durum wheat, which accounted for nearly lf of the cereals area on their farms. Producers in Greece owed their high margins to a combination of high receipts (high prices and yields) and moderate costs. Low gross margins were recorded mainly in the Nordic MS and Cyprus. Low Finnish margins were the consequence of modest receipts and above-average costs. While specific costs in Finland were relatively low, the general cost level was inflated by expenses on upkeep of machinery and buildings and on energy. Receipts from cereals were restrained due to relatively low yields, while prices remained quite close to the EU average. In Cyprus, different reasons resulted in similarly low margins. Cypriot cereal specialists d costs per hectare, especially non-specific costs, which were well below the EU average. However, tt advantage was lost, in spite of good cereals prices, because of record low yields, at 40 % or less of average cereals yield in the EU. The net economic margin was calculated taking into account all costs, including overheads and costs assigned to own factors. The margin was negative for EU cereal specialists throughout the analysed period ( ), falling on average to below / in 2006, and to less tn / in Denmark. In 2007, when grain prices rallied significantly, the net economic margin rose to - 82 / for the EU as a whole, and was positive in some Member States. In Estonia and Lithuania it exceeded 100 / Fig. 27. Cereals - gross margins with coupled direct payments, / max min median (e) 2009(e) Fig. 28. Cereals, avg EU gross margins with 1000 coupled direct payments, / 900 UE UE UE Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data (e) 2009(e)

20 5.4. The influence of energy and other industrial input cost on margins Cereal production requires large areas, and relies on machinery and hence fuel. In fact, agrotechnical requirements leave relatively little room for manoeuvre in this respect, even for less intensive forms of production. In the northern EU there may be additional expenditure on energy for drying the grain. The recent volatility on the energy and fertilizers markets makes an even stronger case for paying some attention to tt aspect of costs. Fuel and energy are recorded together with lubricants, which are also based on petroleum and used for operating machinery. Other mineral and industrial inputs, such as fertilisers and crop protection products, are likewise included in the cost comparison. On average, fuels (including lubricants) and energy accounted for over 12 % of operating costs per hectare for cereals. In 2007 the sre was 15 %, growing to an estimated 17 % the following year. Although in nominal terms this was higher in 2009 tn in 2007, its sre of operating costs was down to 14 %. The reason was the even higher increase in fertilizer costs per hectare. While in 2007 fertilizers cost cereal specialists 118 / (22 % of operating costs), the subsequent price rises are thought to ve brought the fertilizer bill up to 185 /, which was 30 % of the costs. Crop protection costs constituted 13 % of operating costs in 2007, the same as two years later. The sre of fuels and energy costs in the operating cost structure varied from less tn 5 % to over 25 % among MS, with about 14 % in EU-15 and about 20 % in EU-10 and EU-2. This sre was smallest in relatively high-cost producers like Ireland, Denmark and France. It was highest in such low-cost producers as Latvia and Bulgaria but also in Portugal and Hungary, where the operating costs level was close to the EU average. Unlike other operating cost items, fuel cost per was higher in EU-10 tn in EU-15, even in nominal terms. The sre of fertilizers and crop protection costs in 2007 was on average 35 % in EU-15, 40 % in EU-10 and 29 % in EU-2. It was highest in Poland, Lithuania and Ireland, where it exceeded 45 %, and lowest in Austria (22 %). In several MS (FI, DK, PT, RO, IT and ES) it was below 30 % in Overall, fuels, fertilisers and crop protection expenses accounted for over lf of cereal production operating costs in the EU in 2007, and tt figure is estimated to ve grown to 57 % in Producers in EU-15 (especially in Austria and Denmark) were proportionally less dependent on these cost items, while those in the new MS (especially Lithuania and Poland) saw a majority of their operating expenses in cereals production accounted for in this way. 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fig. 29. Cereals - average selected cost items, sre in operating costs % 15% 22% fuels, lubricants and energy crop protection fertilisers % 13% 30% 2008(e) 2009(e) fertilisers crop protection fuels, lubricants and energy Fig. 30. Cereals, avg selected cost items in 2007, / EU-15 EU-10 EU-2 Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data

21 6. INCOME OF FARMS SPECIALISED IN PRODUCTION OF CEREALS 6.1. Description of farms specialised in production of cereals The overall picture of cereal farms analysed here is influenced by the structure of the sample of farms resulting from implementing the specialisation threshold. The largest number of cereals specialists was found in Italy and Spain. Significant numbers came from France, Greece, Poland and Hungary. In the other MS, fewer farms met the specialisation criteria. On average, the specialist cereal farms were of medium size - between 22 and 29 European Size Units (ESU) during the period under review. However, this average concealed big differences in economic size among Member States, from below 10 ESU in Greece, Cyprus and Romania to well over 100 ESU in the United Kingdom. On average, specialist cereal farms in EU-15 were twice as big in economic terms as in the new Member States. The utilised agricultural area of cereal farms was around 50, an average which was much the same for EU-15 and the new MS. Some 50 % of those farms' area was rented. Producers in Bulgaria, Slovakia, Cyprus and France rented over 80 % of their land. Production on rented land was also customary in the Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania and Greece (some 2/3 of UAA rented). On the other end of the spectrum were cereal specialists in Denmark, UK, and Ireland, who owned the majority of their farmland and rented relatively little (up to 30 %). Cereal producers d little or no animal production (2 % of farm output), although there was proportionally more (4-5 %) in Ireland and Poland. More significant tn tt, but also marginal on average (approx. 3 %) was output from activities other tn crop or animal production, especially in Austria, Sweden and Slovakia (8-11 % in 2007). The average farm workforce was close to 1 AWU, within a range from 0.5 to more tn 3 AWU among Member States. The lowest labour figures were in Denmark, Greece, Finland and Sweden, and the highest in Slovakia and Bulgaria. The majority (78 % in 2007) of labour was own unpaid labour. Tt sre was lower in many EU-10 MS, and in Bulgaria and Slovakia the majority of labour was paid. Sweden, the UK and Estonia d the highest UAA per AWU, with more tn 100 /AWU, while Romania and Greece were at the other end of the scale with less tn 25 /AWU in Cereal specialists in EU-15 worked about one-and-a-lf times more UAA per AWU tn in the new Member States. Fig. 31. Economic size of cereal specialist farms, ESU/farm Fig. 32. Utilised agricultural area in cereal specialist farms, /farm EU EU-15 EU EU-10 EU-2 Source: EU FADN DG AGRI EU-2 Source: EU FADN DG AGRI

22 6.2. Indicators of income for specialist cereal farms EU level EU cereal farms report 2010 The Farm Net Value Added indicator (FNVA) 7 for an average EU specialist cereal farm s fluctuated between and since 2000, with two exceptions. In 2005 it fell below per farm, and in 2007 it shot up to In comparison with other types of farms, specialist cereal farms tended to ve a low FNVA, together with average fieldcrops (where they belong), other permanent crops, other grazing livestock and mixed production farms. However, when expressed by AWU, this indicator shows tt specialist cereal farms ve in fact performed better. At , their FNVA/AWU in 2007 was the highest of the various types of farming see crts in point 8.6 in the Annex. Tt situation was a one-off in 2007, because a mere two years before tt, cereal specialists FNVA d been among the lowest. The Farm Net Income indicator (FNI) 8 includes also the expenditure on external factors, making its value per farm lower tn the FNVA. Farms specialising in cereals in the EU earned on average Farm Net Income in Tt figure d always been around since 2000, with the exception of 2005, when it dropped to below 7 000, and 2007, when it was twice the usual level. In most of the Member States involved in the analysis, the average FNI was consistently positive, and up to depending on the year, or even above in the very good year In some MS however, like in Denmark, Sweden, Cyprus or Slovakia, average FNI could be negative, dropping to Specialist cereal farms d less Farm Net Income tn average fieldcrops farms for most of the period, except for It was also possible to factor in the cost of using cereal farms' own resources, such as labour, land and capital. So the calculated Economic Profit was usually negative 9 and estimated at an annual to per average EU specialist cereal farm. Only in the particularly good year 2007 did it become positive, at Remarkably, cereal specialists in the new Member States d better income results tn their counterparts in EU-15, when measured by the economic profit indicator. Fig. 33. Farm net income per farm, '000 Fig. 34. Economic profit per farm, ' EU-15 EU EU-15 EU EU-2 5 EU Source: EU FADN DG AGRI Source: EU FADN DG AGRI Remuneration of the fixed factors of production (work, land and capital), whether they be external or family factors. See crt in point 8.4 in the Annex. 8 Remuneration of fixed factors of production of the family (work, land and capital) and remuneration of the entrepreneur s risks (loss/profit) in the accounting year. See crt in point 8.4 in the Annex. 9 The economic profit indicates the amount of money tt would remain if all factors were to be remunerated. The cost of own factors is imputed and does not correspond to an actual cash expenditure. In addition, farmers may indeed accept a remuneration which is smaller tn from alternative economic activities

23 6.3. Levels of income in specialist cereal farms in Member States Farm Net Value Added ranged from to on average among the Member States of the EU. For most of the period, British cereal farms stood out, with twice or three times the average of the indicator. In recent years, German, French and Slovak farms too ve recorded very high FNVA. The lowest FNVA figures were for Cyprus, Romania and Greece. In terms of AWU, FNVA ranged from to In 2007, the lowest FNVA/AWU figures were for cereal farms in Cyprus, Romania, Bulgaria and Poland; the highest were for the United Kingdom, Sweden, Ireland and Germany. It was the British cereal farms which d the highest Farm Net Income, but high FNI figures were also recorded for Slovak, German, French and Estonian holdings. In Cyprus the cereal farms FNI was negative in 2007, and in Romania it was only just positive. British farms did not necessarily owe their high farm income to their cost / revenue ratio. This was most favourable for producers in Spain. In fact, the costs borne by British cereal farmers accounted for between 82 % and 96 % of revenues; only in 2007 did they fall to 68 %, leaving farmers with a relatively small surplus. However, farms in the UK were the biggest in economic size, which meant tt this narrow margin translated into large amounts in absolute terms. The low or even negative results from Cypriot farms were mainly linked to their relatively low output on the one nd, and to increased costs of external factors on the other. Cereal growers on the island relied heavily on rented land with consequences in terms of sizeable and inflexible rents. After imputing farms own factor costs 10 and subtracting them from Farm Net Income, thus estimating Economic Profit, the picture cnged radically. In many MS the indicator became negative, and only in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ireland and Hungary did it remain positive throughout the period. It was only in the outstanding 2007 tt most European cereal specialists d a positive Economic Profit, the exceptions being Denmark, Cyprus, Italy and Romania. High family labour costs, and to a lesser extent own capital costs, cut the Economic Profit in countries like UK, Germany and France Fig. 35. Total specific costs/ farm, '000 EU-15 EU-10 EU-2 Source: EU FADN DG AGRI Fig. 36. Imputed cost of unpaid family factors/ farm, '000/farm EU EU-10 8 EU Source: EU FADN DG AGRI See details of the method in point 8.1 of the Annex

24 7. CONCLUSIONS The average EU gross margin with coupled payments in the production of common wheat was estimated at 523 / in 2007 and just 40 / in This collapse of over 90 % was due mainly to the combined effects of lower grain prices and higher production costs. The average margin varied considerably from one Member State to another. Whereas in 2007 the average common wheat margin was positive in all Member States, it dropped in 2009 to below zero for more tn a third of MS under review. The average EU barley gross margin was 411 / in 2007 but only about 20 % of tt, 82 /, in Again, no negative values were observed on average in MS in 2007, but it is estimated tt two years later barley margins became negative in most of the MS. The margins in grain maize production in the EU were 1088 / on average in 2007 but less tn lf of tt (484 /) two years later. Grain maize (and durum wheat) gross margins were above the average for cereals, while barley margins were consistently lower. Soft wheat provided higher tn average margins before 2007, but since then it is estimated to ve lost tt advantage. In the period cereals margins were highly volatile. On the back of exceptionally high grain prices and good yields they peaked in 2008, but then in 2009 they were squeezed or even became negative when prices returned to more usual levels but the costs of production kept rising. Margins among farms within particular Member States varied significantly. In some of the MS, many farms are liable to ve margins tt differ markedly from the national average, in either direction. In general, MS of EU-15 d much the same level of specific costs as the new MS, but gained from better yields and higher grain prices, resulting in higher gross margins in EU-15. However, when all costs were taken into account, lower overheads and less expensive own factors often gave an advantage to the new MS. The average income of farms specialising in the production of cereals was in 2007, as measured by the Farm Net Value Added indicator. Tt level put specialised cereal farms among those less profitable. However, when related to Annual Work Units, in the exceptional 2007 year the income-generating performance in specialist cereal farms was comparable with other high-earning types of farming. Farm Net Income covering all paid costs resulted in per average EU cereal specialist farm. Yet with all costs, including the imputed costs of unpaid own factors taken into account in the Economic Profit indicator, cereals production generated less profit tn alternative economic activities, apart from in a very good year like Fig. 37. Average cereals gross margins in the EU, / grain maize common wheat avg. cereals barley durum wheat (e) 2009(e) Fig. 38. Average income in specialist cereal farms in the EU, '000/farm 30 farm net value added 25 farm net income economic profit Source: EU FADN DG AGRI, arable cost allocation model. Note: 2008(e), 2008(e) - estimates based on 2007 data

25 8. ANNEX 8.1. Cost definitions Symbols in the table below refer to cost variables described in detail in the "Farm Return Data Definitions" 11 and "Definitions of Variables used in FADN standard results" 12 documents. Operating costs Other farm costs Specific costs Non specific costs Depreciation Total external factors - Wages paid - Rent paid - Interest paid Imputed unpaid family factors - Family labour costs - Own capital cost F72 - Seeds and seedlings purcsed F73 - Seeds and seedlings produced and used on the farm F74 - Fertilizers and soil improvers F75 - Crop protection products F76 - Other specific crop costs F81 - Water F60 - Contract work (machinery hire) F61 - Current upkeep of machinery and equipment F62 - Motor fuels and lubricants F63 - Car expenses F78 - Upkeep of land improvements and buildings F79 - Electricity F80 - Heating fuels F82 - Insurance F83 - Taxes and other dues F84 - Other farming overheads SE360 - Depreciation SE370 - Wages paid SE375 - Rent paid SE385 - Interest paid See the definitions below. Family labour costs: calculated on the basis of the wages the farm owner would ve to pay if he hired employees to do the work carried out by the family members. It is taken to be the average regional wage per hour in the FADN database 13 multiplied by the number of hours worked by family workers on the farm. The wage recorded in FADN corresponds to the gross wage plus social security payments. The number of hours worked by family workers is sometimes overestimated. Thus the method uses a maximum of 3000 hours per Annual Work Unit ricc_1256_2008pdf/_en_1.0_&a=d 12 definitions_variables/_en_1.0_&a=d 13 If there are not enough farms (fewer tn 20) with paid labour at regional level, the national average is used

26 Own capital cost Own land cost: estimated on the basis of the rent tt the owner of the farm would ve to pay if he needed to rent the land he is using. It is estimated as the owned area multiplied by the rent paid per on the same farm or, if there is no rented land on the farm, by the average rent paid per in the same region and for the same type of farming 14. Cost of own capital (except land): the cost of own capital (permanent crops, buildings, machinery and equipment, forest land, livestock and crop stocks) is estimated at its 'opportunity cost', i.e. how much the farmer could earn if he were to invest the equivalent of its capital value in a bank. The interest paid on the capital is not known, as this information is optional in the FADN farm return. Nevertheless, to take into account the actual interest rate paid on the farm, a weighted interest rate is calculated as the weighted average of this interest rate for debts, and the long-term interest rate, taken from the Global Insight database, for net worth. If the weighted interest rate is lower tn the LT interest rate (which means tt the calculated rate of interest paid is lower tn the LT interest rate), the LT interest rate is used instead of the weighted interest rate. Own capital value (excluding land and land improvement) is estimated as the average value of the assets (closing plus opening valuation divided by 2) multiplied by the real interest rate 15. The figure is adjusted by subtracting the inflation rate 16 from the nominal interest rate. Where the inflation rate is higher tn the interest rate, the real interest rate may be negative, leading to a negative cost of capital which will add to the profit (i.e. it is more profitable to invest in farm assets tn to put the money in the bank). The total circulating capital is not valued because of the unreliability of this variable in some MS. Nevertheless, the value of crop stocks is taken into account. 14 If there are not enough farms (fewer tn 20) in a given region for a type of farming, the national rent per for the given type of farming is used (the TF8 classification is used). 15 Any increase in the value of assets is excluded from income calculations. For example, land appreciates in value over time, which is one of the reasons why investors invest in land. This gain is not included in the income; it would therefore not be consistent to include it in the cost of capital. In addition, in FADN, assets are valued at replacement value. Depreciation is based on this replacement value and therefore already takes any increase in prices (inflation) into account. Consequently, it would mean double counting if we included the inflation part of interest in the cost of capital. 16 The inflation rate is based on the Eurostat annual average rate of cnge in the Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices (HICPs) available from Inflation rates based on price indexes of GDP and gross fixed capital consumption ve been tested, but they are very high and tended towards very high negative costs for capital, mainly in the EU-10. An inflation rate based on price indexes for gross fixed capital consumption s been tested, as this seemed to be more closely related to assets. However, this rate s tended to fluctuate widely over the years for certain MS. In addition, land is one of the most important assets which does not depreciate. It follows tt the inflation rate of gross fixed capital consumption must not be more closely linked to the cnge in the price of agricultural assets tn to the consumer price indices

27 To calculate unpaid capital costs, we avoid double counting by deducting the interest paid from the sum of the own land cost and the cost for own capital except land: Imputed unpaid capital costs = own land cost + estimated cost for own capital except land interests paid Total cost of imputed unpaid family factors is then the sum of family labour costs and unpaid capital costs: Imputed unpaid family factors = family labour cost + unpaid capital costs 8.2. Costs allocation to particular crop production Cost item per enterprise Seeds & seedlings 17 Fertilisers, crop protection, fuel Water 18 Other specific costs Non-specific costs Other farm costs Allocation key Output of the analysed crop / Output of arable crops Output of the analysed crop / Output of crops & crop products Output of irrigated analysed crop / Output of irrigated crops Output of the analysed crop / Output of crops & crop products Output of the analysed crop / Total output of the farm Output of the analysed crop / Total output of the farm 8.3. Estimation of selected output and cost items for 2008 and 2009 Selected output and cost items for 2008 and 2009 were estimated on the strength of the following assumptions and calculations: - crop areas assumed to be the same as in 2007 results, - coupled subsidies assumed to be the same as in 2007 results, - by-products values assumed to be the same as in 2007 results, cereals prices indexed based on DG AGRI s AGRIVIEW 19 price reporting by MS (on annual price averages of particular cereals or their aggregates), cereals yields indexed based on DG AGRI s Outlook yield and production estimates, which are based in turn largely on Eurostat data 20, - cereals output calculated from the above as areas x yields x prices, costs indexed on the basis of EUROSTAT price indexes (Agricultural prices and price indices 21, EAA Economic Accounts for Agriculture 22, and inflation rates where specific price indexes were not available 23 ). 17 Seeds and seedlings are not allocated to permanent crops, as the corresponding item on the FADN farm return only refers to arable crops. Young trees and bushes for a new plantation are considered to be an investment. 18 Some M.S. do not provide separate records for irrigated crops (this is the case for Italy). In this case, farm costs relating to water are allocated using the same allocation key as for farming overheads. However, this cost is allocated only to crops tt are likely to be irrigated (i.e. rice, grain maize) &plugin=

28 8.4. Income indicators

29 8.5. Distribution of gross margins The box-plots below illustrate the distribution (i.e. the range of values and their concentration) of gross margins with direct payments for specialised farms by Member State in The vertical axis represents the gross margin at individual farm level in /. The horizontal axis indicates the Member States tt were studied 24. The line in the box represents the median, i.e. 50 % of the farmers ve a margin lower tn or equal to the median. The cross represents the average margin in the Member State. The box delimits the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3), the values separating one quarter and three quarters of the represented specialised farms respectively. Thus, 50 % of farms ve margins between the levels indicated by the top and the bottom of the box. The whiskers represent the percentiles 5 (P5) and 95 (P95). Thus, the extreme 10 % values (5 % with the highest margins and 5 % with the lowest ones) are not indicated Common wheat, levels of gross margin in 2007, / 24 BEL Belgium, BGR Bulgaria, CZE Czech Republic, DAN Denmark, DEU Germany, EST Estonia, IRE Ireland, ELL Greece, ESP Spain, FRA France, ITA Italy, CYP Cyprus, LVA Latvia, LTU Lithuania, LUX Luxembourg, HUN Hungary, MLT Malta, NED The Netherlands, OST Austria, POL Poland, POR Portugal, ROU Romania, SVN Slovenia, SVK Slovakia, SUO Finland, SVE Sweden, UKI United Kingdom

30 8.5.2 Barley, levels of gross margin in 2007, / EU cereal farms report Grain maize, levels of gross margin in 2007, /

31 8.6. Income indicators specialist cereal farms and other types of farms '000 Farm Net Value Added per farm in Cereal specialists (1) Fieldcrops (2) Horticulture (3) Wine (4) Other permanent crops (5) Milk (6) Other grazing livestock (7) Granivores (8) Mixed '000 Farm Net Value Added per AWU in Cereal specialists (1) Fieldcrops (2) Horticulture (3) Wine (4) Other permanent crops (5) Milk (6) Other grazing livestock (7) Granivores (8) Mixed '000 Farm Net Income per farm in Cereal specialists (1) Fieldcrops (2) Horticulture (3) Wine (4) Other permanent crops (5) Milk (6) Other grazing livestock (7) Granivores (8) Mixed

32 8.7. Detailed tables Common wheat margins European Union (EU-15 until 2003, EU-25 from 2004 to 2006 and EU-27 from 2007 to 2009) farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.53%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

33 UE-15 farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.53%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water Other specific costs / / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

34 UE-10 farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.54%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

35 UE-2 farms specialised in the production of common wheat: % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.56%) Sample farms number 402 Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area 68.7 Total labour input AWU 2.57 Common wheat area in which irrigated area 0.3 Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat 0.0 Grain maize 7.1 Barley 4.1 Oats 0.2 Rye 0.0 Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.1 Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / 49 Total external factors / Wages paid / 61 - Rent paid / 63 - Interest paid / 8 Imputed unpaid family factors / 82 - Family labour costs / 73 - Own capital cost / 9 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / -68 with coupled direct payments / -67 without coupled direct payments /t -31 with coupled direct payments /t -31 without coupled direct payments / -149 with coupled direct payments / -149 without coupled direct payments /t -69 with coupled direct payments /t

36 Belgium farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.48%) Sample farms number 19 Farms represented number 1031 Total Utilised Agricult. Area 55.6 Total labour input AWU 1.00 Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize 1.1 Barley 2.1 Oats 0.4 Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / 213 Total external factors / Wages paid / 14 - Rent paid / Interest paid / 60 Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / 50 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / 596 with coupled direct payments / 596 without coupled direct payments /t 76 with coupled direct payments /t 76 without coupled direct payments / 188 with coupled direct payments / 188 without coupled direct payments /t 24 with coupled direct payments /t

37 Bulgaria farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.55%) Sample farms number 274 Farms represented number 5977 Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU 4.61 Common wheat area in which irrigated area 0.2 Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat 0.1 Grain maize 22.4 Barley 16.2 Oats 1.5 Rye 0.1 Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.5 Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / 44 Total external factors / Wages paid / 55 - Rent paid / 80 - Interest paid / 9 Imputed unpaid family factors / -7 - Family labour costs / 7 - Own capital cost / -14 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / -11 with coupled direct payments / -11 without coupled direct payments /t -5 with coupled direct payments /t -5 without coupled direct payments / -5 with coupled direct payments / -5 without coupled direct payments /t -2 with coupled direct payments /t

38 Czech Republic farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.51%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat 0.0 Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

39 Denmark farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.55%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

40 Germany farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.49%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

41 Greece farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.63%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye 0.0 Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / 1 coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / 16 0 Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / 0 Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

42 Spain farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.58%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

43 Estonia farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.50%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.2 Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

44 France farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.50%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

45 Hungary farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.53%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

46 Ireland farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.63%) Sample farms number 15 Farms represented number 684 Total Utilised Agricult. Area 96.6 Total labour input AWU 0.94 Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley 11.3 Oats 5.1 Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.2 Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / 143 Total external factors / Wages paid / 60 - Rent paid / Interest paid / 20 Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / 241 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / 591 with coupled direct payments / 591 without coupled direct payments /t 74 with coupled direct payments /t 74 without coupled direct payments / 150 with coupled direct payments / 150 without coupled direct payments /t 19 with coupled direct payments /t

47 Italy farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.58%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

48 Lithuania farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.56%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

49 Latvia farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.56%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

50 Austria farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.46%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat 0.2 Grain maize Barley Oats 0.2 Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / 327 other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t 42-6 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

51 Poland farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.54%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / 65 Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

52 Romania farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.57%) Sample farms number 128 Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area 44.4 Total labour input AWU 2.26 Common wheat area in which irrigated area 0.3 Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat 0.0 Grain maize 4.9 Barley 2.3 Oats 0.0 Rye 0.0 Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.1 Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / 55 Total external factors / Wages paid / 67 - Rent paid / 54 - Interest paid / 7 Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / 24 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / -112 with coupled direct payments / -112 without coupled direct payments /t -52 with coupled direct payments /t -52 without coupled direct payments / -253 with coupled direct payments / -253 without coupled direct payments /t -117 with coupled direct payments /t

53 Finland farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.58%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. 0.2 Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

54 Sweden farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.52%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. 0.2 Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

55 Slovakia farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.50%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area 15.8 Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat 0.7 Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

56 United Kingdom farms specialised in the production of common wheat: 40 % or more of output from common wheat production (avg.56%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Common wheat area in which irrigated area Common wheat production t Common wheat yield t / Common wheat price / t Common wheat output ' Durum wheat Grain maize Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from common wheat (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Common wheat production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to common wheat production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

57 Barley margins European Union (EU-15 until 2003, EU-25 from 2004 to 2006 and EU-27 from 2007 to 2009) farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.63%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water Other specific costs / / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

58 EU-15 farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.63%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / 0 Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water Other specific costs / / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

59 EU-10 farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.56%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / 15 other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / 0 0 Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

60 Cyprus farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.66%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat 0.0 Durum wheat Grain maize Oats 0.3 Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / 1 4 Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

61 Czech Republic farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.53%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / 6 8 Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

62 Denmark farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.55%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. 0.1 Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

63 Germany farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.49%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. 0.1 Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / 1 1 coupled direct payments / 325 other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / 4 3 Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t 8 4 with coupled direct payments /t 64 4 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t 0-59 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

64 Greece farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.60%) Sample farms number 18 Farms represented number 3297 Total Utilised Agricult. Area 24.0 Total labour input AWU 0.6 Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat 0.9 Durum wheat 1.8 Grain maize 0.3 Oats 0.7 Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / 137 Total external factors / Wages paid / 6 - Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / 75 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / -65 with coupled direct payments / -65 without coupled direct payments /t -23 with coupled direct payments /t -23 without coupled direct payments / -386 with coupled direct payments / -386 without coupled direct payments /t -135 with coupled direct payments /t

65 Spain farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.66%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water Other specific costs / / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

66 Estonia farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.54%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / 1 0 coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

67 France farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.46%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat 0.7 Grain maize Oats Rye 0.1 Summer cer_mix. 0.5 Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

68 Ireland farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.57%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

69 Italy farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.63%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

70 Lithuania farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.56%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

71 Latvia farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.57%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area 0.6 Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

72 Poland farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.55%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area 0.1 Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / 65 Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

73 Finland farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.60%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.1 Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

74 Sweden farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.54%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. 0.9 Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / 0 coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / 0 - Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t 18 7 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

75 Slovakia farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.55%) Sample farms number 18 Farms represented number 163 Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU 1.5 Barley area 59.8 in which irrigated area 1.4 Barley production t 217 Barley yield t / 3.6 Barley price / t 110 Barley output ' Common wheat 24.8 Durum wheat 1.0 Grain maize 3.7 Oats Rye 0.3 Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.3 Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / 400 by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / 400 Receipts per tonne of grain /t 110 Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / 156 including: Seeds / 52 Fertilizers / 48 Crop protection / 51 Water / Other specific costs / 5 Non-specific costs / 140 including: motor fuels and lubricants / 42 machines & buildings upkeep / 21 Contract work / 27 Energy / 1 Other direct costs / 49 Operating costs per hectare / 296 Operating costs per tonne of grain /t 82 Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / 51 Total external factors / 56 - Wages paid / 10 - Rent paid / 40 - Interest paid / 6 Imputed unpaid family factors / 44 - Family labour costs / 47 - Own capital cost / -3 without coupled direct payments / 103 with coupled direct payments / 103 without coupled direct payments /t 29 with coupled direct payments /t 29 without coupled direct payments / -3 with coupled direct payments / -3 without coupled direct payments /t -1 with coupled direct payments /t -1 without coupled direct payments / -47 with coupled direct payments / -47 without coupled direct payments /t -13 with coupled direct payments /t

76 United Kingdom farms specialised in the production of barley: 40 % or more of output from barley production (avg.53%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Barley area in which irrigated area Barley production t Barley yield t / Barley price / t Barley output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Grain maize Oats Rye 0.7 Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from barley (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Barley production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to barley production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

77 Grain maize margins European Union (EU-15 until 2003, EU-25 from 2004 to 2006 and EU-27 from 2007 to 2009) farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.66%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) coupled direct payments / / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

78 EU-15 farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.67%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

79 EU-10 farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.58%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

80 EU-2 farms specialised in the production of grain maize: % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.62%) Sample farms number 74 Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area 10.0 Total labour input AWU 1.5 Grain maize area in which irrigated area 0.1 Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat 1.5 Durum wheat 0.2 Barley 0.2 Oats 0.1 Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.0 Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / 119 Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / 33 - Interest paid / 3 Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / 70 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / 78 with coupled direct payments / 78 without coupled direct payments /t 23 with coupled direct payments /t 23 without coupled direct payments / -246 with coupled direct payments / -246 without coupled direct payments /t -73 with coupled direct payments /t

81 Bulgaria farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.49%) Sample farms number 15 Farms represented number 897 Total Utilised Agricult. Area 25.9 Total labour input AWU 1.3 Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat 9.1 Durum wheat Barley 0.6 Oats 0.2 Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / 44 Total external factors / Wages paid / 78 - Rent paid / 23 - Interest paid / 4 Imputed unpaid family factors / 97 - Family labour costs / 79 - Own capital cost / 18 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / 47 with coupled direct payments / 47 without coupled direct payments /t 19 with coupled direct payments /t 19 without coupled direct payments / -51 with coupled direct payments / -51 without coupled direct payments /t -21 with coupled direct payments /t

82 Germany farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.51%) Sample farms number 18 Farms represented number 474 Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU 1.6 Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat 21.7 Durum wheat Barley 5.4 Oats 3.6 Rye 3.8 Summer cer_mix. 0.5 Oth.cereals 0.6 Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / 274 Total external factors / Wages paid / 37 - Rent paid / Interest paid / 38 Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / 66 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / 93 with coupled direct payments / 93 without coupled direct payments /t 8 with coupled direct payments /t 8 without coupled direct payments / -226 with coupled direct payments / -226 without coupled direct payments /t -18 with coupled direct payments /t

83 Greece farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.67%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.0 Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water Other specific costs / / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

84 Spain farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.69%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. 0.1 Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / 0 Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

85 France farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.65%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water Other specific costs / / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

86 Hungary farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.57%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

87 Italy farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.69%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. 0.0 Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

88 Austria farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.59%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

89 Poland farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.62%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area 0.6 Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat 0.3 Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / 65 Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / 0 Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

90 Portugal farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.63%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. 0.0 Oth.cereals 0.0 Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water Other specific costs / / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

91 Romania farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.63%) Sample farms number 59 Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area 9.8 Total labour input AWU 1.5 Grain maize area in which irrigated area 0.1 Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat 1.4 Durum wheat 0.2 Barley 0.2 Oats 0.1 Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals 0.0 Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / 120 Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / 33 - Interest paid / 3 Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / 71 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / 79 with coupled direct payments / 79 without coupled direct payments /t 23 with coupled direct payments /t 23 without coupled direct payments / -249 with coupled direct payments / -249 without coupled direct payments /t -74 with coupled direct payments /t

92 Slovakia farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.54%) Sample farms number Farms represented number Total Utilised Agricult. Area Total labour input AWU Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat Durum wheat Barley Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. 0.1 Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / 3 coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / Total external factors / Wages paid / Rent paid / Interest paid / Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t

93 Slovenia farms specialised in the production of grain maize: 40 % or more of output from grain maize production (avg.49%) Sample farms number 16 Farms represented number 1068 Total Utilised Agricult. Area 13.3 Total labour input AWU 0.8 Grain maize area in which irrigated area Grain maize production t Grain maize yield t / Grain maize price / t Grain maize output ' Common wheat 3.0 Durum wheat Barley 0.7 Oats Rye Summer cer_mix. Oth.cereals Total output ' Receipts from grain maize (average per farm): grain / by-products (straw) / coupled direct payments / other crop-specific subsidies (incl. top-ups) / Receipts per hectare / Receipts per tonne of grain /t Grain maize production operating costs (average per farm): Specific costs / including: Seeds / Fertilizers / Crop protection / Water / Other specific costs / Non-specific costs / including: motor fuels and lubricants / machines & buildings upkeep / Contract work / Energy / Other direct costs / Operating costs per hectare / Operating costs per tonne of grain /t Other farm costs, attributed to grain maize production: Depreciation / 374 Total external factors / 35 - Wages paid / 14 - Rent paid / 20 - Interest paid / 2 Imputed unpaid family factors / Family labour costs / Own capital cost / 79 without coupled direct payments / with coupled direct payments / without coupled direct payments /t with coupled direct payments /t without coupled direct payments / 380 with coupled direct payments / 380 without coupled direct payments /t 43 with coupled direct payments /t 43 without coupled direct payments / -102 with coupled direct payments / -102 without coupled direct payments /t -12 with coupled direct payments /t

94 Income of farms specialised in production of cereals European Union average (EU-15 until 2003, EU-25 from 2004 to 2006, and EU-27 in 2007) EU cereal farms report Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

95 EU Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

96 EU Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

97 EU Sample farms number 300 Farms represented number Economic size ESU 6.2 Total labour input AWU 1.63 Unpaid labour input AWU 0.77 Total Utilised Agricult. Area 36.8 Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU 1.3 Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU 4.5 Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

98 Bulgaria Sample farms number 175 Farms represented number 4066 Economic size ESU 34.6 Total labour input AWU 3.58 Unpaid labour input AWU 0.63 Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU 1.2 Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU 11.1 Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

99 Cyprus Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU 0.0 Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry '000 - Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

100 Czech Republic Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

101 Denmark Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

102 Germany Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

103 Greece Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

104 Spain Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

105 Estonia Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

106 France Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

107 Hungary Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

108 Ireland Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry '000 - Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

109 Italy Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

110 Lithuania Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

111 Latvia Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

112 Austria Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

113 Poland Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

114 Portugal Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

115 Romania Sample farms number 125 Farms represented number Economic size ESU 4.5 Total labour input AWU 1.51 Unpaid labour input AWU 0.78 Total Utilised Agricult. Area 27.1 Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU 1.3 Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU 3.6 Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

116 Finland Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

117 Sweden Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest '000 Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

118 Slovakia Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

119 United Kingdom Sample farms number Farms represented number Economic size ESU Total labour input AWU Unpaid labour input AWU Total Utilised Agricult. Area Rented U.A.A Total livestock units LU Total output ' Total output crops & products ' Total output livest.&products ' Other output ' Subsidies and taxes ' Balance current subsid.&taxes ' Balance subs.&taxes on invest ' Total Inputs ' Total intermed. consumpt. ' Total specific costs ' Seeds and plants ' Fertilisers ' Crop protection ' Feed for grazing livestock ' Feed for pigs&poultry ' Other specific costs ' Total farming overheads ' Machin.&build. current costs ' Energy ' Contract work ' Other farming overheads ' Depreciation ' Total external factors ' Wages paid ' Rent paid ' Interest paid ' Imputed unpaid family factors ' Family labour cost ' Own capital cost ' Income indicators Farm Net Value Added (FNVA) ' FNVA per AWU '000 /AWU Farm net income (FNI) ' Economic profit ' Farm net value added (FNVA) = output + current (subsidies taxes) intermediate consumption depreciation Farm net income (FNI) = FNVA + investment (subsidies taxes) external factors Economic profit = FNI imputed unpaid family factors cost

120 European Commission EU Cereal Farms - Report 2010 The text of this publication is for information purposes only and is not legally binding. How to obtain EU publications Free publications: via EU Bookshop ( at the European Commission s Representations or the Delegations of the European Union. You can obtain their contact details by linking or by sending a fax to Publications for sale: via EU Bookshop ( Priced subscriptions (Official Journal of the EU, Legal cases of the Court of Justice as well as certain periodicals edited by the European Commission) can be ordered from one of our sales agents. You can obtain their contact details by linking or by sending a fax to

121 The study estimates margins in cereal production and provides indicators of the income of farms oriented towards cereal production in the EU Member States. European Commission Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development