Ammonia (NH 3 ) Emissions AIR EMISSIONS FROM CATTLE FEEDYARDS AND DAIRIES. Richard Todd, USDA-ARS

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1 March 7, 9 Measurements and Control Strategies AIR EMISSIONS FROM CATTLE FEEDYARDS AND DAIRIES Featuring a team of scientists and engineers from: Funded in large part by Special Research Grants from: Ammonia (NH 3 ) Emissions Richard Todd, USDA-ARS

2 March 7, 9 Reactive Nitrogen Impacts Air Quality Respirable particulates that degrade visibility and can cause respiratory problems form when ammonia emitted from animal agriculture reacts with urban pollution. Particulate haze over California s Central Valley alg.umbc.edu/usaq/images/3--5_-3_ussw_43_hkm.jpg Reactive Nitrogen Impacts Terrestrial Ecosystems Loss of species diversity in N-sensitive ecosystems from overfertilization or acid rain. Trees killed by acid rain in the Great Smoky Mountains. img5.jpg Reactive Nitrogen Impacts Surface Waters Eutrophication of fresh and coastal waters - toxic algal blooms, low oxygen, fish kills, and loss of species diversity. Algae bloom, Florida Microcystis bloom in Matilda Bay, Australia

3 March 7, 9 Reactive Nitrogen Impacts Ocean Life Hypoxic bottom zone in coastal Gulf of Mexico caused by excessive fertilization. hab/features/hypoxiafs_report6.html Nitrogen flows in the feedyard CH 4 Feed Feed Production Diet Haber-Bosch Process NH 4 + Atmospheric Atmospheric NH NH >95% <5% of total volatilized NH 3 Excreted N Pens Retention urine 6 pond feces 3 5 N Runoff Stockpile, compost, land application Removed 5 Bierman et al. (999), Cole et al. (6), Farran et al. (6), Flesch et al. (7), Todd et al. (8) 9,-7, head Laser path Met tower

4 March 7, 9 Feedyard E 7,-4, head Laser path Composite daily ammonia emissions Winter 7-8, Spring 7, Summer 7, Autumn 7, Mean Monthly Per Capita Ammonia Emission Rate.6.5 Feedyard E, crude protein at or below of NRC guidelines Ammonia emission rate Feed crude protein 8 5 Per capita emission rate (lb / head / day) Feed Crude Protein (%) Feb-7 Mar-7 Apr-7 May-7 Jun-7 Jul-7 Todd et al. (8), Rhoades et al. (8) Aug-7 Sep-7 Oct-7 Nov-7 Dec-7 Jan-8 Feb-8 Mar-8 Apr-8 May-8 Jun-8 Jul-8 Aug-8 Sep-8 Oct-8 Nov-8 Dec-8 Jan-9

5 March 7, 9 Mean Monthly Per Capita Ammonia Emission Rate.6.5, crude protein -% of NRC guidelines Ammonia emission rate Feed crude protein 8 5 Per capita emission rate (lb / head / day) Feed Crude Protein (%) Todd et al. (8) Feb-7 Mar-7 Apr-7 May-7 Jun-7 Jul-7 Aug-7 Sep-7 Oct-7 Nov-7 Dec-7 Jan-8 Feb-8 Mar-8 Apr-8 May-8 Jun-8 Jul-8 Aug-8 Sep-8 Oct-8 Nov-8 Dec-8 Jan-9 Per capita emission rate (lb / head / day) Effect of Crude Protein on Ammonia Emission Rate Mar-7 to Jan-8 Mar-8 to Jan Feedyard E.38 Mar-7 to Feb-8 Per capita emission rate (lb / head / day) Feedyard E Spring Summer Autumn Winter Mar-8 to Jan-9 Per capita emission rate (lb / head / day) Feedyard E Spring Summer Autumn Winter

6 March 7, 9 What have we learned so far? Daily, seasonal and annual patterns of ammonia emission are temperature driven. winter, from. to. lb/head/day summer, from.6 to.49 lb/head/day. The magnitude of emission depends on crude protein in diets, with most excess N excreted and lost as ammonia. CP increased from ~4% to ~7%, ammonia emission increased by 45%. CP decreased from ~3% to ~% ammonia emission decreased by 3% Ammonia emission is a significant loss of nitrogen from feedyards, with from 4-6% of fed nitrogen lost as ammonia. Bierman, S., G.E. Erickson, T.J. Klopfenstein, R.A. Stock, and D.H. Shain Evaluation of nitrogen and organic matter balance in the feedlot as affected by leveland source of dietary fiber. J. Anim. Sci. 77: Cole, N. A., R.N. Clark, R.W. Todd, C.R. Richardson, A. Gueye, L.W. Greene, and K. McBride. 5. Influence of dietary crude protein concentration and source on potential ammonia emissions from beef cattle manure. J. Anim. Sci. 83:7-73. Cole, N.A., P.J. Defoor, M.L. Galyean, G.C. Duff, and J.F. Gleghorn. 6. Effects of phase-feeding of crude protein on performance, carcass characteristics, serum urea nitrogen concentrations, and manure nitrogen of finishing beef steers. J. Animal Sci. 84: Cole, N.A., L.W. Greene, F.T. McCollum, T. Montgomery, and K. McBride. 3. Influence of oscillating dietary crude protein concentration on performance, acid-base balance, and nitrogen excretion of steers. J. Anim. Sci. 8: Farran, T.B., G.E. Erickson, T.J. Klopfenstein, C.N. Macken, and R.U. Lindquist. 6. Wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay levels in dry-rolled corn finishing diets: Effects on finishing performance and feedlot nitrogen mass balance. J. Anim. Sci. 84:5-4. Flesch, T.K., J.D. Wilson, L.A. Harper, R.W. Todd, and N.A. Cole. 7. Determining ammonia emissions from a cattle feedlot with an inverse dispersion technique. Agric. For. Meteorol. 44: Rhoades, M., B. Auvermann, N.A. Cole, R.W. Todd, D. Parker, E. Caraway, G. Shuster, and J. Spears. 8. Ammonia concentration and modeled emission rates from a beef cattle feedyard. In: Proceedings of 8 Annual International Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, June 9-July, 8, Providence, Rhode Island. Paper No Todd, R.W., N.A. Cole, and R.N. Clark. 6. Reducing crude protein in beef cattle diet reduces ammonia emissions from artificial feedyard surfaces. J. Environ. Qual. 35:44-4. Todd, R.W., N.A. Cole, R.N. Clark, T.K. Flesch, L.A. Harper, and B.-H. Baek. 8. Ammonia Emissions from a Beef Cattle Feedyard on the southern High Plains. Atmos. Environ. 4: Todd, R.W., N.A. Cole, D.B. Parker, K.D. Casey. 8. Continuously measured annual ammonia emissions from southern High Plains beef cattle feedyards. Agronomy Abstracts, ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, October 5-9, 8, Houston, Texas.