Study of rice varieties yield and yield components response to iron nano composite apply in different growth stages

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1 International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences Available online at IJFAS Journal / ISSN IJFAS Study of rice varieties yield and yield components response to iron nano composite apply in different growth stages Maryam Safari-ned many 1*, Fatemeh javid 1, Mahshid Zad-Behtuyi 2, Zohreh Marjani 1 1. Members of young researchers club, Islamic azad university of rasht, rasht, Iran 2. MS.c student of agronomy, Mohagheh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran Corresponding author: Maryam Safari-ned many ABSTRACT: Iron is one of necessary elements for the plant and plays a basic role in chloroplast organelle. Also plays an important role in the plant growth and yield and elements balance. To study of the effect of iron nano composite on major agricultural properties of transgenic and native varieties, an experiment was conducted in 2011 in Rasht (49º38' E and 37º12' N) as split plot with complete randomized blocks design in 3 replications. Investigated factors were including transgenic (khazar) and native (Hashemi) varieties of rice as main factor and 8 stages of spraying iron nano composite as sub factor. Results of variance analysis indicated significant difference for properties including yield, 1000 grains weight the healthy grains number in ear and the hollow grains number in ear. Study of interaction between rice varieties and spraying the iron nano composite in different growth stages indicated that spraying the iron nano composite on transgenic variety, (khazar), in two stages including and initial ear growing increased the yield from 5.08 ton. ha -1 to 8.14 ton. ha -1 which accounts for highest rate compared to other treatment combinations. Keywords: Iron, rice, nutrition, yield, Nano composite. INTRODUCTION Rice is one of most important cereals merely cultivating for human consumption.this plant is the major food for more than half the population worldwide, so that wheat and rice totally consist about 40% of energy consumed by human (Bienvenido,1993). Given the increased population and limited suitable and cultivable lands and undesirable climate, it is necessary to take steps to increase the yield in unit level which is the major of agriculture. Optimum usage of nutritional elements available in the soil by plant and improve feeding of plant is a factor improving the yield in the crops (Khajeh pour, 2006). Iron is one of necessary elements in the plant and plays basic role in chloroplast. Due to deficit of iron, activity of several enzymatic system will decrease considerably in plant compositions such as catalase, cytochrome, oxidize and ferodoxin. High amounts of iron are available in the soil, but plants only absorb the bivalent iron dissolved in the soil which is insignificant compared to total iron. Specific medium conditions affects on iron adsorption rate. So, controlling the iron adsorption by the plant is a different task. Iron deficit plays an important role in the growth and balance nutritional role in the growth and balance nutritional elements (Graham and Ranalli, 1997). Zink is an important infrequently used element, Which it is necessary for metabolic activities in plants (Sohraby et al., 1994). Zinc deficit is one of most important and wide spread shortage of nutritional elements world wide. It leads to limit yield and yield of crops (Forouzany, 1993). Rice as major and strategic crops of the region requires both iron and zinc. So that, one of limitations to meet the increased yield of rice is providing the nutritional elements particularly iron and other micro nutritional elements such as zinc. This

2 problem has been partially removed by using chemical fertilizers (Nour Mohamady et al., 1977). But environmental problems resulting from utilizing chemical fertilizers, energy and production costs and adverse effects on biologic cycle on one hand a supplying adequate food with good quality have necessities the reconsideration of techniques for increasing the rice yield while decreasing the consumption of chemical fertilizers (Akhgari, 2004). Synthetic (not natural) organic structure of organic (or legend) iron based nano fertilizer carries micro nutrient metals such as iron and zinc (Khalaj et al., 2009). In agriculture, so far, using nano science had theoretic aspect but recently its application particularly in respect of fertilizer and providing the soil organic material and nutritional need of plant has been represented further (Khalaj et al., 2009). Studied on organic nano manure compared to wide used fertilizers in the field indicates that organic nano manure qualitatively and quantitatively increase the yield of crops as well through absorption and break down environmental pollutants such as carbon dioxide, azotes and nitrite and effect of the iron available in this fertilizer on respiration cycle of plants, in addition to increase the yield has great influence on biological cycle and environmental health as a factor to increase the medium oxygen. In addition, this manure harbors other elements such as sculpture, manganese as well as micronutrient metals such as iron and copper which are completely consistent to environment. While increasing the soil organic compounds, it converts the iron solution and other micro elements to more accessible and useful forms for plant. Cost using this nano manure is so that farmers income will be five time higher by using this kind of manure (Khalaj et al., 2009). Now, attempts are continued to find strategic effectively being used to increase the yield of plants such as rice, meanwhile to decrease the consumption of fertilizers and to maintain safety of water and soil resources. This experiment was performed to define the most suitable phase for spraying the iron nano composite and to compare the yield of transgenic variety, (khazar) and native variety of rice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Present study was performed in research field of agricultural Metrologic center in Rasht (49º38' E and 37º12' N) as a split plot experiment based on complete randomized block design in 3 replications. Annual precipitation rate in study area based on 10 year average is mm and its annual temperature is 15.7ºC. Soil ph was 6.93 and soil texture was loamy clay. Major test factors is including transgenic (khazar) and native (Hashemi) varieties and minor factor is consisted of 7 stages of spraying iron nano composite including (spraying in the nursery, spraying one day before transmitting the seedling, spraying at tillering, spraying at the early earing, spraying at nursery and one day after seeding transmission, spraying at nursery and tillering, spraying at nursery and early earing) and control or no spraying. In present study, iron nano composite was used up to 15 kg/ha. Desire varieties, after sifting, were seeded separately at first half of April in nursery. The first spraying was performed 10 days after seeding in the nursery in early hours of the morning using pressure hand-operated sprayed with 400 l/ha evenly on desire shrubs. 20 days after planting in the nursery, seeding were transferred to the main plot. When preparing the main plot, required phosphor, potassium and azotes were used based on specific test on the ground. Transplant spraying is performed with plantation pattern, in each pile, three seeding are planted via labor. Fighting against weeds is performed manually and fighting against pests and disease is performed chemically. At the end of period properties such as the number of grain in the ear, the hollow grains number in ear, 1000 grains weight, Fertile tillers number and yield were measured. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grain yield Results analysis of variance indicates that very significant different between transgenic and native varieties of rice, various stages of spraying and interaction of treatment compounds (Table1). Comparing the mean of the figure indicated that transgenic variety, (khazar), with yield of 5.98 ton. ha -1 has increased yield compared to native variety, (Hashemi) (Table 2). Comparing the mean of treatment compounds indicate that iron nano composite spraying in nursery and early earring in transgenic variety, has increased the yield of this variety from 5.08 ton. ha -1 in not using iron nano composite to 8.14 ton. ha -1 2 spraying stages. In addition, studies indicated that lowest yield rate has been achieved by spraying iron nano composite 1 day after transplant in native variety equal to 2.99 ton. ha -1. A single dosage of spraying in the nursery on native variety has increased the yield from 4.43 ton. ha -1 in not utilizing the iron nano composite to 6.31 ton. ha -1 (Table 3). Iron nano composite carries micro nutrient elements iron and zinc. Metal ions including iron, zinc, copper and manganese are necessary micronutrient elements and are cofactors for more than 100 enzymes and proteins involved in cell division and acid nucleic metabolism. They 639

3 affect dramatically on chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis (Sohraby et al., 1994). It seems that this nano composite facilitated the iron absorption for the plant and during plant s maximum requirement to micronutrient elements such as iron; it is capable to provide it for the plant. This way, it can improve the yield through increasing the healthy grains number in ear in transgenic variety. (Baghaey et al., 2011) also achieved similar results in their studies. They reported that spraying at early tilerring and early earing leads to yield of 9.11 ton. ha -1 in shiroody variety. Table 1. analysis of variance for yield and yield components including fertile tiller number (FTN), 1000 grains weight (1000 GW), healthy grains number (HGN) and Hollow grains number (HOGN) Mean Square S.O.V df Yield (ton/ha) FTN 1000 GW(gr) HGN HOGN R ns 0.09 ns 0.71 ns 9.83 ns 9.83 ns V ** 0.91 ns 4.21 ** ** ** E SPR. ST ** 2.74 ** 2.24 ** ** ns SPR. ST V ** 4.05 ** 2.06 ** ** * E ns, * and ** are non significant and significant in 0.05 and 0.01 probability respectively. S.O.V, V, E and SPR. ST are source of variation, variety, error and spraying stages respectively The healthy grains number in ear Results of variance analysis indicated that there is significant difference in the healthy grains number in ear between transgenic, (khazar) and native (Hashemi) varieties and also in the treatment compound varieties and different spraying stages (Table1). Results of comparing the mean of varieties indicated the prominence of khazar compared to Hashemi (Table2). Results of comparing the treatment compounds mean that spraying the iron nano composite in nursery and early earring in transgenic variety has increased the number of healthy grain of this variety from per ear in not using iron nano composite to per ear in two spraying stages which it has not displayed significant difference to a single spraying at one day after transplant. In addition, studies indicated that lowest number of healthy grain has achieved by spraying iron nano composite one day after transplant in native variety (Hashemi) equal to grain in ear. A single spraying in nursery on native variety produced healthy grains per ear (table3). Hollow grains number Results of variance analysis indicated that there is significant difference in the hollow grains number in ear between transgenic and native varieties and there is also significant difference for treatment compound between varieties in various spraying stages (table 1). Comparing the varieties mean indicated that native varieties with 2.77 hollow grains in the ear has been prominent compared to transgenic variety (table 2). Results of comparing the man of treatment compounds indicates that spraying one day after transplanting the seedling in native variety decreased the hollow grains number in the ear to 2.09 grains (table 3). Fertile tillers number Results of variance analysis indicated that there is insignificant difference between transgenic and native varieties for Fertile tillers number. But there is significant difference between different stages of spraying and treatment compounds (table 1). Comparing the mean figures indicates there is no difference between khazar and Hashemi varieties for Fertile tillers number with 9.68 and 9.4 fertile tillers, respectively (table 2). Comparing the mean treatment interaction indicated that spraying iron nano composite on transplanted variety in nursery and one day after transplanting increased Fertile tillers number to 11.4 tillers per shrub lowest number of fertile tiller has been achieved in Hashemi by not using iron naoncomposite with 8 fertile tillers in shrub (table 3). 640

4 Table 2. means comparing of transgenic (khazar) and native (Hashemi) varieties for yield and yield components including fertile tiller number (FTN), 1000 grains weight (1000 GW), healthy grains number (HGN) and Hollow grains number (HOGN) with Duncan test (0.05) Varieties Yield (ton/ha) FTN 1000 GW(gr) HGN HOGN khazar 5.98 a 9.68 a b a 18.1 a Hashemi 4.27 b 9.4 a a b 2.77 b The means that have a similar letters are not significant difference Table 3. Comparing the mean of interaction of rice varieties and various stages of spraying of the iron naon composite for yield and yield components including fertile tiller number (FTN), 1000 grains weight (1000 GW), healthy grains number (HGN) and Hollow grains number (HOGN) using Duncan test (0.05) Treatment Yield (ton/ha) FTN 1000 GW(gr) HGN HOGN v1f1 5.4 cdef 9.27 ef cde b b v1f bcd 8.13 gh de a a v1f cde 9.4 de cde b b v1f cd 9.4 de e b b v1f b 11.4 a bcde b ab v1f defg 8.8 efg bcde b b v1f a b de a b v1f defg bc cde bcde b v2f bc bc a bc 2.28 c v2f j cd f f 2.09 c v2f efgh bc de cde 2.32 c v2f ghi 9.93 ef a de 3.18 c v2f hij 8.66 fgh abc def 2.64 c v2f ij 8.2 gh 22.2 abcd 17.4 ef 2.87 c v2f ghi bc abcde ef 2.58 c v2f fghi 8.00 h ab bcd 4.17 c V1, v2= transgenic variety, (khazar) and native variety, (Hashemi) F1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7,f8= spraying in nursery spraying one day after transplanting the seedling, spraying in tillering phase, spraying in early earring, spraying in nursery and one day after transplanting the seedling, spraying in nursery and in the tillering phase, spraying in the nursery and early earing and control or no spraying respectively grains weight Results of variance analysis showed very significant difference between transplanted and native varieties. Various stages of spraying and also treatment compounds (table 1). Comparing the means of varieties indicated that the 1000 grains weight in Hashemi with g weight has been superior to the weight of 1000 grain in khazar varieties (table 2). Comparing the mean treatment interaction indicated that spraying on native variety (Hashemi) in a single dosage and at early earring have increased the weight of 1000 grain to 23.23g, which it didn t have significant difference to spraying in a single dosage and at nursery. Lowest 1000 grains weight also has been achieved in spraying at nursery and one day after transmitting the seeding in native varietis up to 19.95g (table 3). CONCLUSION According to the results, it seems that iron nanocomposite treatment, by improving the activity of chloroplast and enzymatic system of the plant leads to improvement of plants feeding and growth thus increased yield per unit level through increase of the number of healthy grains in the ear and increase of Fertile tillers number. Yield is a complicated property. Yield in the rice is considered as its effect on yield elements (Gebeyehu, 2006). Since the number of grains in the ear and Fertile tillers number are very important components for rice yield, from test results it is concluded that the best time for spraying the iron nanocomposite for transgenic variety, (khazar), is spraying in two stages of nursery and early earring leading to a 80% increased yield in this variety and the best time for spraying for native variety, (Hashemi) is a spraying for a single phase in the nursery leading to increase in the 641

5 number of healthy grain, 1000 grains weight and decrease in the number of hollow grains in the era leading to 71% increased yield. REFERENCES Akhgari H Rice (Agriculture, regrowth nutrition). Rahst Islamic Azad university's publications.481p. Baghaey N, Keshavarz N, Nazaran MH Study on the offect of iron nano compost calat and rice yield components (shiroody variety), Abstract of articles for first national congress of novel topics in agriculture. Islamic Azad University, saveh unit. Bienvenido O Rice in human food and nutrition. ON, 26,0,35. pp. Forouzany M Nutrition principles. Tehran, Chehr publications Gebeyehu S Physiological response to drought stress of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes differing in drought resistance. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Giessen. Germany. Graham PH and Ranalli P Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Field Crops Research. 53: Khajeh pour MR Cereals agriculture pamphlet for Isfahan university 120 p. Khalaj H, Razazy A, Nazaran M, Labafy Nazar Abady M, Beheshty B comparing the efficiency of organic nano composite chelate iron produced inside the country to a foreign fertilizer on persistence and qualitative properties of greenhouse cucumber. second national congress of nano technology in agriculture.institution for research in regeneration and preparation of sapling and seed.karaj. NOUR Mohamady Gh A, Siadat W, Kashany A cereals agriculture. shahid chamran university publications, Ahvaz. Sohraby M A review on clinical nutrition. Hayan cultural-publication Instituation