Plant Breeding. The basic concept of varietal development is rather simple and involves three distinct operations:

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1 Plant Breeding

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3 Plant Breeding To develop genetically superior cultivars which are adapted to specific environmental conditions and suitable for economic production in a commercial cropping system. These new, and more productive cultivars, are increasingly necessary to fulfil humankind s increasing needs for food, fibre and fuels.

4 Plant Breeding The basic concept of varietal development is rather simple and involves three distinct operations: Produce or identify genetically diverse germplasm; Carry out selection procedures on phenotypes or genotypes from within this germplasm to identify superior genotypes with specifically and improved characteristics; Stabilize and multiply these superior genotypes and release cultivars for commercial production.

5 Plant Breeding Genetic modification of crop plants Increase productivity Have better end-use quality Can be produced with fewer input costs, with greater profit

6 Modern Plant Breeding Began Around the turn of the 20 th Century Darwin Differential breeding of better adaptation (Evolution). Mendel Inheritance of plant characters. Weissman The continuity of germplasm. Johannsen Genotype/phenotype relationships.

7 What contribution has modern-day plant breeders made to our present day crops

8 t/ha Winter wheat yield in Idaho 1920 to Mt/year Year

9 30 Potato yield in UK 1955 to Mt/year increase Year

10 t/ha Wheat and barley yield in UK according to year of introduction Spring wheat Spring barley Year of Introduction

11 kg/plot Potato Yield in UK according to year of introduction kg/year decrease Year of Introduction

12 What is a Cultivar? Distinctness:.. Shall be clearly distinguishable, by one or more important characteristic, from any other plant variety Uniformity:.. Similar or genetically identical as regards the characteristics, taken as a whole Stability:.. Exhibit its essential characteristics after successive reproductions

13 What is a Cultivar? Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU):.. constitute either genetically or as far as production in a specific area is concerned, a clear improvement either as regards crop farming or the use made of harvested crops or of products from these crops

14 Value for Cultivation and Use No statutory VCU trials Reputation of seed companies. Regulatory VCU trials Mistakes are made, and potentially useful cultivars are wrongfully discarded. Only limited numbers of new lines can be tested annually. Tests do not mimic actual agricultural situations. Delays the period of new cultivars being commercialized.

15 Types of Cultivar Pure-line cultivar: wheat, pea, barley, canola, lentil. Multi-line: wheat, barley, lawn grasses. Clonal cultivar: potato, apple, strawberry. Hybrid cultivar: corn, tomato, canola, carrot, rice, potato. Synthetic cultivar: alfalfa, canola, corn.

16 Certified Seed Grown under strict quality standards Inspected and tagged by state certification authorities. Genetically pure. Free from weeds. Free from seed borne diseases. Better for agriculture, better end product.

17 Plant Breeding Operations Identify or create genetic variability Select for desirable recombinants

18 Artificial Hybridization

19 Artificial Hybridization

20 Parental Selection

21 Parental Combinations High Yield /Disease Susceptible x Low Yield /Disease Resistant High Yield & Disease Resistant

22 What if I can t find genes for a desirable character from within the crop species that I m working with?

23 Wide Crossing Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybridization

24 T. monococcum spp aegilopoides A b A b Ae. Speltoides (cytotype I) SS T. Urartu A u A u Ae. Speltoides (cytotype II) SS T. monococcum spp monococcum A b A b T. turgidum ssp dicoccoides AABB T. timopheevi ssp armeniacum GGA t A t Ae. tauschii DD T. turgidum ssp dicoccon AABB T. timopheevi ssp timopheevi GGA t A t T. aestivum DDAABB T. turgidum ssp durum AABB

25 Wheat 2n=6x=42 AABBDD or AABB Rye 2n=2x=14 RR Triticale 2n=6x=42 AABBDDRR or AABBRR

26 [2x = 22] Colchcine [4x = 44] Autotetraploid

27 [2x = 22] x [4x = 44] [3x = 22] x Sterile [2x = 22] Seedless Watermelon

28 What if I can t find genes for a desirable character from the crop species or within the relatives of the crop species that I m working with?

29 Induced Mutation

30 Practical Considerations Mutagens are indiscriminant agents. Clean up and stabilize mutants. Get rid of undesirable mutants. Selection of desirable mutants. Rapid screen necessary. In vitro screening.

31 Plant Transformation Possible to transfer single genes from other species and non-plants into plant. Bypass natural barriers which limit sexual gene transfer. Allow breeders to utilize gene from completely unrelated species. Create new variability beyond that currently available.

32 Applications Herbicide resistant crops glyphosate, glufosinate. Insect resistance mainly using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.). Virus resistance coat protein mediated protection. viral replicase genes.

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35 Applications Modified end-use quality. Starch content. Amino acid composition. Oil fatty acid profile. Fruit ripening & improved shelf life. Stress tolerance. Salt. Pharmaceutical. Edible vaccines. Anti-coagulants.

36 Cautions and Related Issues At present plant transformation is limited to transforming single genes. Techniques can only be applied to genes that have been identified and cloned.

37 Cautions and Related Issues Identification of suitable promoters for the genes that are to be introduced. Transformation is still largely uncontrolled and many thousands of plants need to be screened to select ones with few deleterious effects.

38 Selection

39 Field Testing

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46 Off-Station Field Testing Larger plots Replicated Time consuming Travel Expensive Labor intensive

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48 Molecular Markers

49 Molecular Markers

50 High throughput SNP Breeding values & QTL s

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52 Public and Environmental Concerns Public perspective Unsafe for consumption. Frankin Foods Breeders playing God Environmental Upset natural balance Create more troublesome weeds and other pests. Cross pollination with related weedy species.

53 Top 10 Seed Companies Takii (Japan) DLF-Trifolium (Denmark) Sakata (Japan) Bayer Crop Sci (Germany) KWS Ag (Germany) Land O'Lakes (US) Group1 Limagrain France) Syngenta (Swiss) Dupont (US) Monsanto (US) $347,000,000 $391,000,000 $396,000,000 $,524,000,000 $702,000,000 $917,000,000 $1,226,000,000 $2,018,000,000 $3,300,000,000 $4,964,000,000 Top 10 = 68%, Top 4 = 53%. Top 3 = 47%, Monsanto = 23% world seed 2007

54 Washington State University Aaron Carter Michael Pumphrey Kim Campbell (USDA) Oregon State University Jim Peterson University of Idaho North Idaho Program Bob Zemetra Southern Idaho Program - Jainli Chen

55 Idaho SWWW ORCF % WestBred % Madsen - 10% Louise - 8% Cultivars Brundage.. 17% ORCF % Stephens. 9% WestBred % Madsen 5% Stephens 54% Brundage 12% WestBred 470 5% Brundage 96 5% Brundage 44% WestBred % Stephens 13% WestBred 528-4% Brundage 51% WestBred % Lambert 6% Brundage 96-5%

56 ORCF % Eltan 15% Xerpha - 9% WestBred 528 6% Others (52%) ORCF % Tubbs 06 19% ORCF % Goetze 12% Other (39%) Brundage - 17% ORCF % Stephens - 9% WestBred 456-6% Other (58%)

57 Washington State University Aaron Carter Michael Pumphrey Kim Campbell (USDA) Oregon State University Bob Zemetra Wayne McPride LimaGrain UI Monsanto WestBred Dow Ag.Sci NW Plant Breeders Syngenta University of Idaho North Idaho Program Southern Idaho Program - Jainli Chen

58 Factors which influence crop growth Environment Irradiation, Day-length, Temperature, Gases, Water availability. Soil. Water. Nutrients. Pests & Diseases. Weeds. 2012