SUMMARY OF Ph. D. THESIS

Transcription

1 UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA DOCTORAL SCHOOL FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE eng. MĂRGINEAN V. DELIA (ANDERCO) SUMMARY OF Ph. D. THESIS Agrochemistry technologies of ecological reconstruction of polluted soil by natural gases exploitations SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR Prof. univ. dr. Mihai Rusu titular member of the Academy for Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Cluj-Napoca

2 AGROCHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF POLLUTED SOIL BY NATURAL GASES EXPLOITATIONS (SUMMARY OF Ph. D. THESIS) Chapter 1 - Introduction - the soil is defined as essential component of the biosphere and the main means of production plant. Overall are stoning to comment on other features of the soil. Addressing the theme of the doctoral thesis was about the technology of agro-ecological reconstruction of polluted soils through the exploitation of natural gas has become the definition of fertility, productivity and production capacity of soils. In this context referred spreadsheet main factors of production capacity restrictive land in Romania (after M. Dumitru and his colleagues, 1999 and Statistical Yearbook of Romania, 2001). Chapter 2 - Status of approaches and research on pollution of agro-ecosystems are developed as bibliographic sources of pollution phenomenon main components of terrestrial ecosystems: air, water resources, soils, plant products consumables that affect food security. Since the topic sentence is within the context of pollution - land degradation, this area amplify (also as bibliographical sources) the types of pollution (heavy metals, oxides, oil products with fluoride, by mining activity, with halogenated persistent, with waste water, nitrate, phosphate, soluble salts, powder and radiation). In this chapter generally remind the international regulations and national environmental protection as a descriptive inventory methods remediation and ecological reconstruction. Chapter 3 - Soil pollution by the drilling of natural gas deposits is addressed by general and bibliographical data on the training of special gas deposits in the basins of Transylvania and the Moldavian Platform (bibliographic sources C. Beca, D. Prodan, 1983). 2

3 In this framework is characterized by drilling fluid - functions, features, materials used in the preparation and conditioning. This characterization has the motivation and support as the main effects of soil pollutant (alkalization-salinization) in the locations studied. As these effects are deducted first and then were held constant influences fluid alkalizing by certain substances (that maintain and control the alkalinity). Given the practical approach was considered good, as all global, customized for the two counties of Sibiu and Neamţ to develop descriptive findings and prognosis of the pollution. Chapter 4 - Results obtained in the agro-ecological reconstruction measures for contaminated soil by exploiting natural gas Full content of this chapter shall include original data on the progress of doctoral thesis topic: Objectives of research and experiments Research and experimental development circumscribed and doctoral thesis topic, held a rich content and experiences included potting choice and objectives of impact experienced in the character improvement methods and analytical work in soil and plants substantiation agrochemical changes its impact of soil fertility improvement methods. The general objectives and specific research and experiments can state the following: 1. Study of the soil; 2. Agrochemical soil survey for the recruitment of classes and fields of fertility as; 3. Study the effect of impact of salinization artificial simulated environments by adding specific salts and liquid salt drilling on soil and vegetation; 4. Study the effect of impact of soil polluted by heavy metals, natural gas exploitation; 5. Experimentation and Research of compound mineral fertilizers, organic and organmineral effect in improving degraded soil agrochemical works gas drilling operation; 6. Addressing the possibility of developing an effective model in the study states logical table impact of pollution from the drilling. 3

4 Materials and methods of research and experimentation 1. Analytical methods of soil and agrochemical plant The soil samples taken as those taken from the experiences of growing in pots and field were made following analysis: - determination ph site; SB - the degree of saturation in the base: V% = x100 ; S + A - C-organic and calculating % site of humus; - P AL; - K AL; - T, T Na, content of soluble salts and Na + did not change; - heavy metals; - CaCO 3 ; - breathing soil; - grain size analysis. The plant samples were analyzed total contents of N, P, K, CaO, MgO and heavy metals. B h 2. Scheme of experimental research Experience with implementing impact of salts In case of vegetation containing 16 kg soil taken after the drilling has been carried out impact experiments with application of salts that have held the following factors: factor a: soil type; factor b: roles for mineral compound fertilizers and improvement methods (compost, CaCO 3 ); factor c: effect of salinization minerals (Na 2 SO 4, NaCl, Na 2 CO 3, drilling fluid). Maize was grown in pots (3 plants) which were harvested as green mass at the height of cm. 4

5 Experience the impact of pollution by heavy metals The potting was made impact experience with application of salts of Cd (CH 3 - COOCd) and Cu (CuSO 4 ); soil was collected for a faeoziom clinogleic experience. Experience has held the following factors: factor a: salts of Cd (CH 3 - COOCd) and Cu (CuSO 4 ); factor b: roles for mineral compound fertilizers and improvement methods (NPK, composting, CaCO 3, bentonite). The flasks were cultivated maize (3 plants) which was harvested as green mass at the height of cm. Experiences in the field of differential fertilization On a faeoziom clinogleic from Chirpăr two experiments were conducted with fertilization monofactoriale differentiated as a smoothing prior. Fertilization applied included mineral resources (complex NP and NPK), organic (manure), organo-mineral (manure + NPK) and foliar treatments (a diversified range). After a year of smoothing (2006) maintained that the estate ground being black in 2007 and 2008 corn was grown in monoculture for two years. The experimental results were statistically processed and scope of this doctoral work. Results: The study of soil and agrochemical soil from Chirpăr and Traian The area of the probe 1 Chirpăr. Pedological study done (after the methodology ICPA, 1981, 1987), the foundation involved in soil formation factors, allowed the characterization of soils and their state of preservation. This area is characterized individually and specifically U.S associations of clinogleical faeozioms (60%) with stagnosoils (25%) and regosoils (15%). The study conducted agrochemical and physical possession of initial land and after completion of drilling work after that, could assess the effects of impact on fertility status playback aside. 5

6 The area of the probe 3 Traian. Pedological study (after the methodology ICPA, 1981, 1987), the foundation involved in soil formation factors, allowed the characterization of soils and their state of preservation. This area is characterized especially U.S. 3 - mold bill. The study conducted agrochemical and physical possession of land before and after completion of drilling work which evaluated the effect of impact on fertility status playback aside. Characterization of contaminated soil agrochemical played aside Made in field and laboratory investigations showed that by injecting the drilling fluid is evident phenomenon of salt water pollution (alkalize-salinization). High alkalinity drilling fluids determines the surface horizons of soils by a modified reaction at slightly alkaline (ph=7,8-8,0) and a contribution of Na + (PSA) and accompanying anions that salinity stress. Alkalinization phenomenon-salinization is the persistence and dynamics of the quantity fluid, duration of action and some intrinsic qualities of the soil (compacting). In time, alkalization-salinization advancing to the average depth of soil profile. Work improvement methods (raising deep) will lead the salts by downward current of water and is concentrated at depths. Results of research on the effect of impact of secondary salinization caused by soluble salts and fluid drilling Alkalization of secondary soil salinity is perceived as a result of accumulation of soluble salts and increased representation in the composition of sodium cautions. Event phenomenon that affect level of soils and plants depend largely on the effects of physical-chemical, chemical and biological properties of ions (cations and anions) components of soluble salts accumulated and represented. Artificial Reproduction of salt in potting compositions by soluble salts and drilling fluid has shown that their effect is stronger in the presence of Na 2 CO 3, the drilling fluid, and as a result of the presence of NaCl and Na 2 SO 4. Factors apply fertilizers and improvement methods significantly and positive influence PSA and ph - site (effect due to CaCO 3 and compost). Obviously, these effects are because of 6

7 the complex characteristics of those materials and the first intake of Ca 2+ ions that interfere with the negative effects of Na + and soluble salts. Crop improvement methods respond positively to interventions. Research the effect of impact of soil pollution with heavy metals saline - salt water pollution alkalized and drilling fluid Such research and experiments are intended impact behavior of heavy metals (Cd, Cu) in soil alkalized from Chirpăr and test its vulnerability to pollution and other pollutants (for these metals). In this context it highlighted in this model of pollution and soil degradation compounds the positive effect of fertilizers - improvement methods (CaCO 3, compost and bentonite which works by ph, Ca 2+ and mineral or organic lagans). Research measures the effect of agrochemical (mineral fertilizers, organic, organic - mineral and leaf) of maize production Fertilizers compounds supplemented experimental soil nutrient reserves and limited alkalization-salinization. Experimental and analytical role of the substrate was organic fertilizer, combined with NPK fertilizer complex and secure high doses of NPK foliar fertilization and then only under the conditions applying to soil fertilization with NPK, which resulted in differences and yields close to the state normal soil. The test solution due primarily organic support all alternatives are higher in the second year of production, and the resulting accumulation of nutrients remaining character. In assessing the effects of recovery interventions revealed a positive interaction with those additional ameliorative resources to nutrition and fertilization. Improved physic-chemical environment becomes effective only recovery alternative fertility (differential systems). Agrochemical research changes in the system soil-plant by the application of improvement methods 7

8 Checking and deepen the changes outlined by yields obtained through analysis of plant (foliar diagnosis) have shown effects on the accumulation macroelements improvement methods. Dynamic changes were found for accumulation and nutrition with N, K, Na and more stable concentrations of P and Ca. Obviously the recovery nutrition operated Ca 2+ effect amendment, improving general nutrition of the corn crop. A positive effect in the same direction also had foliar fertilizers but only ground substance complex application with NPK fertilization. Chapter 5 - Assessment of opportunities to develop effective models and logical table states study the impact of pollution from the drilling for natural gas exploitation To generalize and then customize the states of impact studies of pollution caused by drilling fluid to the operation of natural gas can address issues of study-design-execution (processes) in steps of logical table: - finding pollution; - agrochemical studies as well as on water quality; - addressing complementary studies; - impact studies for targeting objective; - design system for implementing remedial measures: preventive and curative; - testing and verification of treatment - pilot and stations areas, monitoring, evaluation and application (distention, dissemination). Chapter 6 General conclusions and recommendations Degradation of soils subjected to methane gas extraction activities, by injecting the drilling fluid and other technological measures characterize areas where those technologies are in progress, performance or prospect. Research by agrochemical and agronomic crops and specific technological measures in this doctoral thesis, allows field and laboratory studies after completion of several conclusions, opinions, principles and proposals improvement methods: 8

9 1. The determining factor is the phenomenon of degradation of drilling fluid, its alkaline nature, caused by the presence bentonite, CaCO 3, NaOH content controlling alkalinity product and other compounds that provide fluid injected a strong alkalinity (ph=9,5-13,0); 2. Injection technology to determine the two soils investigated displacement initial reaction from the ph low and moderately weak acid to alkaline (ph=7,9-8,0); 3. Alkalinization soil is found to increase the percentage of sodium adsorbed Co (PSA) and carbon content - bicarbonate to values show a salinisation - alkalize from the early to the environment; 4. Phenomenon alkalinization - salinisation due to drilling fluid is favored by soft soils (clay content higher than 35 to 40%), by its compactness, which maintain and retain cations and ions present persistently in contact with the ground. Evolution alkalinization greater as they progress during the operation and the total soluble salts near the limit of 1,5% (CTSS) justifying the treatment curative measures more categorical (amendment to CaSO 4 ); 5. Raising deep favors moving the content of soluble salts to the soil profile and reduce their concentration in the area exploited by plant roots; 6. Alkalinization class level-salinisation caused by drilling fluid in a set that experience impact from the predominant salts in saline soils-alkali, only Na 2 CO 3 (soda) lead to salinisation and profound than the most advanced fluid material, the rest effect of other salts - NaCl, Na 2 SO 4, NaCl + Na 2 SO 4 is reduced. It is clearly inferred that the persistence of drilling fluid ground pipeline leakage and the technology can cause serious phenomena of salinisationalkalinization and solidization soil; 7. Experience the impact of salts showed that some compounds prevent fertilizers and improvement methods and attenuated alkalization and siding the soil (organic compost and CaCO 3, acting and improvement methods cations present due mainly because of Ca 2+ ), maize plants respond positively to these fertilizing effects improvement methods; 8. Address the vulnerability of these soils to other types and pollutants, all with proven experience of the impact of potentially polluting nature of lead (Pb) course as a source of active transport in the area, the Cd then with Cu clear that soft high these soils can act as a buffer and some nutrient composition and improvement methods reduce or potentate the phenomenon in 9

10 relation to heavy metal chemistry (compost, CaCO 3, bentonite). Fertilization with NPK acidify the environment and operating heavy metals; 9. Situation as soil degradation through the introduction of drilling fluids that require measures to limit alkalization-salinity and clear to add resources (reserves) fertilized soil and nutrition to address fertility even before the initial level, specific soil and agricultural use by its; 10. The experiments with fertilizers showed a significant effect of organic resourcesmineral and organic or high doses of NPK in improving soil fertility status. In this context becomes visible effect complex breeder manure which enhances the application of NPK complex combination correct. Results valuable mineral complex causes and maximum doses used (N 200 P 200 K 200 ); 11. Foliar fertilization is effective only been a complex and balanced fertilizer ground insured. Thus foliar fertilizers are not a solution to soil remediation; 12. Analysis undertaken in the system soil-plant show a significant effect on the rectification circuit output of nutrients into the soil-plant, found in N, P, K and significant effect and improvement methods for Ca 2+ ions (which here acts as an amendment to the ions Na + ); 13. Production and analytical results obtained are of practical use in developing content and agrochemical studies at early stages of extraction technology (the technical and scientific basis to remove land from agricultural use) but also before and during playback in set-aside or land use; 14. The results obtained can be information to substantiate the impact studies, risk assessment alkalinization-salinisation by drilling fluids and obviously setting, implementation and verification of preventive and curative treatments with the role of ecological reconstruction and improvement methods; 15. The data obtained allowed the development of a logical table then impact assessments and field application of the measures it can run under a design and implementation activities in the field. 10

11 16. Logical table impact studies include phased studies (soil, water and agrochemicals), establishment of risk areas, risk assessment, their typology based strategies guide the choice of treatments available and applicable preventive and curative; 17. In this context provide pilot and conditions apply treatments crucial to assess the results and promote the application field. A final assessment tests, experiments and determine the application and generalization results. 11