DR. ASHIQ MOHAMMAD (Director)

Transcription

1 PESTICIDES RESIDUES IN SELECTED EXPOTABLE HORTICULTURE CROPS OF PAKISTAN USE OF PESTICIDE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN PAKISTAN (A REVIEW) DR. ASHIQ MOHAMMAD (Director) Ecotoxicology Research Programme National Institute of Bioremediation National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad

2 Layout of Presentation Introduction to the issue (Why this Study?) Historical perspective of pesticides Implication of pesticide in Pakistan Environmental Implications Food Chain Implications (Residues) Human Health Implications

3 What is pesticide? Pesticide (Pest harmful organism, cida to kill) Any substance used for controlling, preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.

4 Some Basic Definitions PESTICIDE RESIDUES: Traces of parent compound or metabolites and impurities considered to be of toxicological significance. MAX. RESIDUE LIMIT (MRL): The maximum concentration for a pesticide residue resulting from the use of pesticide according to Good Agriculture Practices. EXTRANEOUS RESIDUE LIMIT (ERL): Residues arising from environmental sources (including former agriculture uses and drifts).

5 Why this study? 1/2 We are using a tremendous amount of pesticides in agriculture sector. They are toxic in nature. They can, and they do cause: HUMAN HEALTH RISKS (Occupational, Consumer, Intentional/Unintentional) ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION (Pollution, Environ. degradation, Extinction of biodiversity) TRADE CONCERNS (WTO, SPS & TBT measures)

6 Why this study? 2/2 Pakistan wants to expand its export market. (Not aid but trade) Can we do so? Even if all the political and trade circumstance (except food safety/sps issues) are favorable. Present Study commissioned to assess pesticide residues on exportable horticulture.

7 Review on pesticide and pesticide related issues

8 1. Historical Perspective

9 Pesticide Policy in Perspective 1952 Establishment Plant Protection Service Import for locust control. Distribution free of cost Subsidized price (upto 75%) Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance 1973 Framing of Agricultural Pesticide Rules 1979 Shifting to private sector Trade Shifted to Private Sector. Resulted obsolete pesticides dumps 1992 Liberalized Import Policy. Generic Scheme Duty and surcharge on herbicides reduced 1995 Sale tax exemption on pesticides 1997 Banned the import of 21 pesticides Pesticide Policy Analysis Frame for Action 2002 Pesticide laws amended on pesticide adulteration th Constitutional amendment-agriculture is shifted to Provinces.

10 Trend of Pesticides Consumption in Pakistan 665 tons in 1980 to over tons in 2006 Quantity (tons) Total Qty (Tons) Value (Rs. Million) Year Rs. (Million)

11 GROUP-WISE CONSUMPTION OF PESTICIDES

12 2. Environmental Implications

13 Obsolete Pesticide (A source of environmental pollution) Some of them belong to the notorious group Dirty Dozen that are banned under Stockholm Convention on POPs. They are Hazardous Picture: Lodhran Picture: Nara, Sindh Persistence Bioaccumulation Trans-boundary movement This has caused POPs residues in Water: µg/litre Soil: mg/kg

14 Environmental Hazards of Pesticide 1. Contamination of food chain & Aquatic Systems 2. Loss of Biodiversity 3. Development of Pest Resistance

15 Pesticide residues in water Samples Location Total Contamin ated Pesticides detected Reference Samundri 10 7(70%) Monocrotophos, cyhalothrin, endrin Ali and Jabbar 1991 Karachi 79 10(13%) DDT, DDE, - BHC, aldrin and dieldrin Lahore 03 02(67%) Monocrotophos, cyhalorhrin, cypermethrin Mardan (100%) Dichlorvos, mevionshos, dimethoate, methyl-parathion, fenitrothiom, chropyrifos, endosulfan and profenphos Gadoon 03 0 Analyzed for diazinon Amazai methamidophos, benomyl & heptachlor. Total (29%) Parveen and Masud, 1998 TARI., 1993 Ahad, et at, 2000 Masud and Parveen, 1991

16 Case Study: Pesticide Residues in Rawal Lake (2004) Pesticide residues (µg/l) Parathion-methyl Fenitrothion Azinphos-methyl a-cypermethrin Pesticide residue levels were times higher than EU standards for drinking water. 0 Lake (June) Lake (Aug) Colony (Aug) Location and month of water sampling

17 Pesticide Residues in Tobacco Agro-ecosystem Average concentration Water (µg/l) Soil (mg/kg) Leaves (mg/kg) OP OC Py Pesticide groups

18 Waterbirds as bioindicators of Pesticide Contamination SEDIMENTS Geome tric mean Bioaccumulation: OCPs pesticides get concentrated many folds in the eggs of little egrets Haleji Lake EGGS Taunsa Barrage Karachi Harbour PREY Σ OCs Σ PCBs Σ DDTs Σ Cycs Σ HCHs Σ HCB Geometric mean Haleji Lake Taunsa Barrage Karachi Harbour Geometric mean Haleji Lake Taunsa Barrage Karachi Harbour

19 Honeybee Poisoning Decrease in the wild honeybee colonies (87%) Remaining 13% seriously weekend Honey loss is ~ 5661 tons Loss in economic terms is Rs million Affected crops pollination Assuming 10% loss to sunflower production result in net annual loss of Rs million Source: Policy and strategy for rational use of pesticides

20 3. Pesticide Residues in Food

21 Pesticide Residues in food and the Environment in Multan Type of Sample Vegetables (brinjal, okra, bitter gourd, gourd etc.) % of samples contaminated % of samples > MRL Fruits Cotton seed oil Cotton seed cake Shallow ground water Source: Policy and strategy for rational use of pesticides 2000

22 Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables Location Samples Year Total % Contaminated Exceeding MRLs Reference Karachi (06%) 02 (22%) Masud, et al Islamabad (100%) BHC, diedrin NIH Karachi (37%) 45 (48%) Masud, 1992 NWFP (35%) 22 (41%) TARI 1993, Masud 1995 Islamabad Do (50%) 11 (23%) Masud, & Hasan Gadoon Do 5 Nil Nil Masud, 1991 Quetta (39%) 01 (05 %) Masud, & Hasan Islamabad (38%) Tahir, (2001) Faisalabad (36%) Total (06%) 71 (17%)

23 Pesticide residue in cottonseed oil, lint and cattle feed Commodity Year Samples Total Contaminated Exceeding MRLs Reference Cottonseed (67%) 15 (31%) TARI. 1993; Parveen, et al Do (61%) 16 (33%) Do Do (58%) 51 (58%) Do Lint (36%) Masud and Parveen, 1998 & 1999 Cattle feed (46%) Parveen and Masud 1987 C.S. Oil (71%) Masud and Parveen, (72%) Do Edible Oils 1990 Waheed, 1991 Total (55%)

24 Summary table of Pesticide Residues found in different matrices Commodity Pre-cotton season status (No. of samples) Analyzed (No.) Contaminated (%) Above MRL (%) Post-cotton season status (No. of samples) Analyzed (No.) Contaminated (%) Above MRL (%) Water Soil Vegetables Cottonseed cake/fodder Dairy milk Source: Karam Ahad, RADP,PARC (2010)

25 Vegetables and fruit Samples (%) exceeding pesticides MRLs reported from different areas of Pakistan

26 4. Human Health Implications

27 Pesticide Exposure During Work * Exposure during application at farm level # Exposure during cotton harvest + Exposure at local pesticide refilling facilities - Households affected per season 63% - Pickers experienced sickness 87% - Laborers experiencing sickness 50% * Estimated for 217 million households of 9 major cotton districts in Punjab # Estimated for 5127 thousand tons of cotton picked by 2.6 million women + Estimated for 1000 laborers working at 25 plants in Multan City

28 Pesticides and Human Health Risks E n t r y 73.1 % 7.7 % 19.2 % Normal Acute Harzardous 58.1 % 3.2 % 38.7 % R o u t e s Applicators (Males) Oral Ingestion Dermal Contact Inhalation Cotton Pickers (females) Health status of applicators & cotton pickers in Khairpur, Sindh.

29 Female Pickers on the basis of hazard Level during Post spray season(2000, Punjab) Percent Female Cotton pickers 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 42% Acute (0-50 % ChE activity) 19% Hazardous (50-70 % ChE activity) 39% Normal % ChE activity) Hazard Level

30 Effect of Pesticides on Cholinesterase (ChE) Enzyme Khairpur (Sindh) 2003 Percent Pickers/Nonpickers 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Pickers 73.50% Nonpickers 49% 27% 24% 12.50% 14.00% Acute Hazardous Normal Poisoning Category

31 Impact of Pesticide on Pesticide Applicator 2010 Applicators (n=42) Controls (n=42) Parameters p-value Median (quartile) Median (quartile) FSH 7.02 ( )** 5.15 ( ) LH 6.2 ( )* 5.4 ( ) Testosterone 35.0 ( )** 18.6 ( ) Prolactin ( )** 194 ( ) TSH 1.35 ( ) 1.05 ( ) TT3 2.0 ( ) 1.9 ( ) 0.113

32 Health Implication of Pesticide on Cotton Pickers 5276( )** 6278 ( ) Parameters Pickers (n=46) Median (quartile) Controls (n=45) Median (quartile) p-value FSH 7.89 ( )** 5.2 ( ) LH 8.5 ( ) 5.8 ( ) Testosterone 3.1 ( )** 0.43 ( ) Prolactin ( )** 248 ( ) TSH 0.76 ( ) 1.0 ( ) TT3 2.0 ( ) 1.9 ( ) ft ( )** 15.7 ( )

33 Summary of Externalities of Pesticide use Externality Category Millions Health: Applicators (42), pickers ( 765), industry (0.6), distribution (25) 833 Pesticide residues: Veg. (72), water (14), oil (7), cake (16) 110 Production: Resistance (5667), Animal (1304), Bee (63) 7034 Environmental: Biodiversity (3745) 3745 Health environmental monitoring: residue analyses (6) 6 Public awareness: Ext. Media, NGOs (14) 14 Total Externality 11,742

34 Externality, pesticide use cost and Benefits True Cost of Pesticide use Rs. Millions Total costs per year (Rs. Million) Pesticide costs (chemical + spray) 7044 External costs Benefit 8069 Benefit-cost ratio without external cost 1.14 Benefit-cost ratio with external cost 0.43

35 Conclusion Pesticides are not only doing their intended job (to kill pest) but also creates pests and kill beneficial organisms. Nearly every component of the environment is contaminated Bird are endangered Residue levels are found in human tissues, blood, milk and even in fetus. They causes neurological diseases, cancer and birth defects. Thus should be monitored from cradle to grave or Farm to Fork

36 Thank You Sensor