Trend analysis of oilseed crop cultivation and constraints of commercialization in Nepal Reecha Acharya BSc.Ag, AFU

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1 Trend analysis of oilseed crop cultivation and constraints of commercialization in Nepal Reecha Acharya BSc.Ag, AFU ABSTRACT For trend analysis of oilseed crops production in terms of area, production and productivity and study of constraints for its commercialization, available datas were studied from 2009/ /15 from Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nepal and other sources. The data were evaluated for change in area allocated for oilseed crops, their production and productivity with the year intervals and the constraints observed during their production activity were studied. Results indicated horizontal expansion with different cropping pattern increased the production each year. Oilseed crops in Nepal are being cultivated mostly in central and mid- western development regions and rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. toria) is dominant over all the other oilseeds. ICM, IPM, PVS and FAT are the effective tool for dissemination of technology to increase production and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) has been initiated for research and development. Low SRR, inadequate quality seeds, declining soil fertility, prevalence of diseases and insects are the main constraints in the higher oilseeds production. Key words: Production, area, oilseeds,norp,rapeseed,icm 1. INTRODUCTION:- Oilseed crops are those crops which are primarily grown for their oil contained in their seeds. The oil content of these crops is comparatively higher than that of the other food crops like cereals. It may range from 20%-50% in case of oilseeds whereasincase of cereals 1-2%. The major oilseed producers in the world are USA, China, Brazil, India, Argentina, EU-28, Russia, Ukraine. Oilseed crops being the source of energy, constitute an important part of our daily diet. The essential fatty acids like linoleic and oleicacids, amino acids like lysine, leucine, histidine, tryptophan, etc are vital for our growth and are provided by these crops. Throughout the world, sources of oils are the oilseeds, oil palms (from palm kernels) and secondary sources (cotton seeds) among which oilseeds cover the prime position. Oilseed crops like soyabean, groundnut, sesame, rapeseed-mustard, sunflower, niger, linseed, castor are grown for edible oil production throughout the world. According to worldwide oilseed production data 2015/2016, Soyabean covers about 60% of total oil production followed by rapeseed (12.88%), cottonseed(7.07%), groundnut (7.7%), sunflower(7.4%), palm kernel (3.1%)and copra(1.04%). Among different countries throughout the world, only some of them are the major producers. Oilseed crops Soyabean Countries (Major producers in the world) USA, Brazil, China, India, Argentina, EU-28 1 P a g e

2 Rapeseed Sunflower Groundnut Sesame Linseed EU-28, Canada, China, India, Australia Russia, Ukraine, EU-28, Argentina, China China, India, Argentina, Sudan China, India, Sudan, Nigeria, Mexico, Myanmar Canada, China, USA (FEDIOL, 2016) According to an overview of 2016/2017, global oilseed production forecast has raised as gains in Ukraine sunflower seed crop more than the offset reduction in Ukraine soyabeans and China cotton seed.(oilseeds: World markets and trade, June, 2016) Among all the oilseed crops: rapeseed (Brassica campestrisvar.toria), rayo (Brassica juncea), sarsoon(brassica campestrisvar.yellowsarson), sunflower (Helianthus annus), sesame (Sesamumindicum), groundnut (Arachishypogaea), linseed (Linumusitatissimum) and niger(guizotiaabyssinica) are grown in Nepal. In Nepal, rapeseed-mustard is mostly grown in the terai, inner-terai and midhills areas under rainfed condition. Similarly, linseed is grown under the residual moisture after rice harvest in terai and inner-terai in zero tillage condition and also in midhills. During monsoon under the rainfed condition, groundnut is grown in terai (Central region) and midhills(eastern and Mid-Far Western region) whereas sesame is grown in terai of Central and Western region including some lowhills and niger is grown in mostly terai but also in the midhills region to some extent. Likewise, sunflower is grown in Central and Western terai mostly in spring season and Soyabean is grown in midhills and valleys during the summer. Though soyabean covers large area of edible oil production in the world scenario but in Nepal soyabean demand is more as a pulse crop rather than as oilseed crop. Soyabean oil is not extracted most often in Nepal due to low volume of the produce.(t.b.ghimire, 2012). In Nepal, National Oilseed Research Programme(NORP) situated at Nawalpur, Sarlahi is responsible for conducting the research programs in the oilseed crops such that the production and productivity of these crops could be increased. NORP has included Integrated Crop Management (ICM) technology in association with the Agricultural Development Office (ADO) in most of the programs due to its increasing effectiveness. 2. OBJECTIVES:- To analyze the area allocated for oilseed crop cultivation. To analyze the production and productivity of oilseed crops over past few years. To analyze the technological advancement and research programs in the oilseed production. To analyze constraints for commercialization of oilseed crops production. 2 P a g e

3 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:- 3.1.AREA UNDER OILSEED CROPS CULTIVATION The area allocated for the oilseed production as per the data of last six years is shown the following graph (Krishi Diary, 2073)(Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2013/2014) This shows that the area under the oilseeds crop cultivation is increasing every year to meet the increasing demand for the oilseed crops. The area under oilseed crop production has increased by 17.37% compared to last six year(2009/2010) and by 3.76% compared to 2013/ AREA UNDER OILSEED CROPS CULTIVATION IN DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT REGIONS 3 P a g e

4 (Statistical Pocket Book of Nepal, 2014) Out of the total area under cultivation of oilseed crops in Nepal, central development region allocated the larger portion of area for it which is about 29.28% followed by midwestern(22%), eastern(21%), far-western(14.6%) and western development region(12.7%) in the year The portion of area allocated in each region is more or less same in terms of proportion though the total area under cultivation is increasing every year PERCENTAGE OF AREA UNDER EACH OILSEED CROP PRODUCTION (Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2013/2014) Presently, rapeseed has coveredmore than third-fourth of the area under the oilseed crops which is more or less similar every year. Besides, linseed covers a larger proportion followed by sarsoon, rayo, sunflower, sesame, groundnut and niger.in the year 2013/2014, rapeseed covered around 77.14% of area under oilseed cultivation followed by linseed(6.9%), sarsoon(5.1%), rayo(3.15%), sunflower(2.66%), sesame(2.1%), groundnut(1.6%), niger(1.3%).(statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture 2013/2014) 3.2.PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF OILSEED CROPS ( ) 4 P a g e

5 (Krishi Diary, 2073) (Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2013/2014) The production of oilseed crops has been increasing year after year with the increasing area allocated for the cultivation,except for the year 2012/2013 at which the production decreased slightly. Likewise, the productivity also increased every year except in the year 2012/2013. The oilseed production has increased by 25.46% compared to last six year(2009/2010) and by 7.74% inthe year 2014/2015 compared to year 2013/2014. Similarly, the productivity of oilseed has increased by 20% compared to last six year (2009/2010) and by 7% compared to 2013/ PRODUCTION OF OILSEED CROPS IN DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT REGIONS (Statistical Pocket Book of Nepal, 2014) The production of oilseeds has been higher in central region followed by mid-western, eastern, far-western and western regions. Since the most of the oilseed crops are concentrated in the terai region, the trend of higher production is in the terai areas of Midwestern region followed by central, eastern, far-western and western regions has been observed COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT OILSEED CROPS IN2012/2013 & 2013/ P a g e

6 Production in mt Production of different oilseed crops / /2014 Years Rapeseed Sarsoon Mustard/Rayo Sunflower Groundnut Sesame Linseed Niger (Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2013/2014) (Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2012/2013) It has been observed that, rapeseed has the highest production among all others (78%) followed by sarsoon(5%), linseed(4.6%), sesame(3.25%), mustard(3.14), sunflower(2.2%), groundnut(2.2%) and niger(1.07%).(statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2013/2014). And, the production of all the oilseed crops like rapeseed, rayo, sunflower, groundnut, sesame, linseed increased except sarsoon and niger in the year 2013/2014 than in the year 2012/2013. The production and productivity of different oilseed crops has been observed higher in the following districts- Oilseed crops Districts with higher production and productivity Rapeseed Chitwan, Dang, Kailali Sarsoon Nawalparasi, Kapilbastu, Rayo Khotang, Banke Sunflower Sunsari Groundnut Banke Sesame Banke, Kailali, Linseed Morang, Siraha Niger Morang, Banke (Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2013/2014) 3.3.RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT AND RESEARCH PROGRAM IN OILSEED CROP PRODUCTION. Technological advancement in the oilseed production started with the beginning of the oilseed research program supported by Agricultural Extension and Research Project (AERP), World Bank (from 1980/ /91) and International Development and Research Centre (IDRC)(from 1988/ /92) after the establishment of NORP. This project was to provide good access of oilseed germplasm, explorations of local landraces, human resource development, trainings and visit programs. Similarly, NORP started the exchange of 6 P a g e

7 germplasm in groundnut and rapeseed-mustard among SAARC countries after the formulation of SAARC. Afterwards, an NGO; FORWARD implemented a project entitled Study on the improvement of productivity and production of oilseed crop ( ) through Integrated Crop Management (ICM) technology in the mid-western region of Nepal. The technology was disseminated by promoting Public Private Partnership (PPP).ICM in rapeseed increased the rapeseed production by 35% compared to the traditional practices. And ICM reached to the farmers level more successfully through Communtiy Based Seed Production (CBSP) programme. International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and NORP together are running a project for providing technical support and seed materials of groundnut to the farmers. NORP has been providing seed materials for Participatory Variety Selection (PVS).seed production, ICM and intercropping trial with maize. Likewise, National Industrial Crop Development Program (NICDP) has launched a special program on oilseed since 2065/66 named as Oilseed Crop Development and Promotion Project that has been renamed as AbhiyanmukhiTelbaliUtpadanAayojana i.e. Oilseed crop production mission. This program on oilseed provides 50% subsidy in the seed purchase of oilseed crops that started with six districts and which has been extended to twelve till 2068/69.(T.B.Ghimire, 2012). AbhiyanmukhiTelbaliUtpadanAayojana, 2070 conducted the project in 18 districts. Apart from these, a project termed as Telhanabhom jute balikouthpaditbiu ma anudansahayogkaryakramsanchalankaryabidhi, 2071 was carried out in 22 districts. It aimed to attract the farmer groups in commercial oilseed crop production and marketing and also to encourage farmers to produce quality seeds and store it for next season.sarlahi, Makwanpur, Chitwan, Lalitpur, Nawalparasi, Morang, Sindhuli, Gorkha, Lamjung, Parbat, Doti, Kapilbastu, Pyuthan, Dang, Surkhet, Banke, Bardiya, Kanchanpur, Udayapur, Rupandehi, Gulmi andkailali were the selected districts for the project.(national Industrial Crop Development Programme(NICDEP), 2061/2062) Presently, a project entitled Promotion of value chain approach based technology of oilseed crop (sarson and toria:brassicacampestris) for income generation of farmers in Mahottari district is running with a view to increase the income through increased production by value chain approach.(mahato, July,2072) 3.4.CONSTRAINTS COMMERCIALIZATION OF OILSEED CROPS Inspite of some technological advancement, still oilseed crops are the neglected crops which are grown on poor marginal lands where other crops cannot be grown. For commercialization, it is necessary to increase the volume of the produce.i.e.production. But,various constraints has led to the wide gap between attainable yield and yield potential declining the attainable production. Declining soil fertility or soil management problem, unavailability of quality seeds and suitable varieties at the right time for different locations were the major constraints in oilseed production in the country.(nicdep,2061/62) According to T.B.Ghimire et.al,the constraints existing in the oilseed crops production could be classified as biotic, abiotic and technological BIOTIC CONSTRAINTS 7 P a g e

8 a) Diseases Alternaria blight (Alternariabrassicae) andsclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotiniasclerotiorum)is a serious problem in rapeseed and mustard. Late leaf spot (CercosporidiumpersonatumBerk& Curt), early leaf spot and rust (Pucciniaarachidis) disease is being observed in groundnut. Sunflower is infested with Alternaria leaf spot (Alternariahelianthi). Downy mildew (Perenosporaparasitica) and white rust in rapeseed cause a severe problem resulting in heavy loss. Phytopthera blight is a serious disease in sesame that causes heavy losses. b) Insects Aphids (Lipaphiserysimi) are the major problem in rapeseed and mustard which reduces yield to a greater extent. Termites (Odontotermesobesus) is an increasing problem in groundnut. Tobacco catepiller(spodopteralitura)and thrips(scirtothripsdorsalis)are also the main recent problem in groundnut. Catepillars, head borers and sucking insects are the main problem in sunflower. c) Weeds Presently Orobanche (Orobancheaegyptica) is a major weed problem in mustard and rapeseed. Heavy weed infestation is observed during rainy season. d) Pollination problem Declining honeybee population has affected the pollination and caused poor seed setting in rapeseed. e) Bird damage of oilseed crops at grain filling stage.eg sunflower by parrot ABIOTIC CONSTRAINTS a) Decline in soil fertility In upland areas, the soil fertility is declining where sandy loam land exists. Micronutrients like boron is limiting which has affected the siliquaesetting in rapeseed and mustard. b) Moisture stress in winter Rainfed farming has imposed a compulsion to grow oilseed crops on residual moisture during winter.this has led to the moisture stress at the time of flowering due to lack of irrigation resulting in lower yield. c) Foggy weather in winter/ high rainfall in summer Both of this situation leads to the disease and insects infestation in the oilseed crops if persist in the field. Similarly, heavy rain during the harvest cause seed scattering and seed loss in case of sesame. d) Soil acidity 8 P a g e

9 Increasing use of chemical fertilizers and release of toxic chemicals to the fields has led to the increasing acidity in the field declining the yield. e) Nutrient deficiency Sulphur deficiency is a widespread problem in lands where intensive cropping is done. And it isn t externally supplied like N, P, Kthough its requirement in oilseeds is higher. Similarly, boron and zinc deficiency has been observed in terai and inner-terai regions leading to decrease in yield of oilseeds.(icimod, 2004) TECHNOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS a) Unavailability of improved varieties Lack of improved varieties for specific agro-climatic regions and practice of local cultivars cultivation has led to low volume of produce. b) Lack of quality seeds Very limited seed multiplication and inadequate quality seed of oilseed crops. c) Non- recognition of soyabean as oilseed Though, soyabean is a major oilseed crop in the world but it hasn t been included as oilseed crop by Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative(MoAC) in Nepal. d) Low seed replacement rate(srr) Low seed replacement rate (SRR) which is only 4.8%(SQCC, seed balance sheet,2069/70) is a cause for low productivity. e) Lack of new machineries Difficulty in oil expelling process, especially in the sunflower due to the lack of dehusking machine at farmers field. Thus, horizontal expansion of oilseed crops has increased the area under the oilseed crops along with the production. Rapeseed is the major among all the oilseed crops grown, in terms of both area and production. These crops are grown largely in Central and Midwestern development region of Nepal. NORP regulates the recent technological advancement and research program ongoing in oilseed crop production with practice of ICM technology. Inspite of all the research work and advancements, there are many biotic, abiotic and technological constraints acting as a barrier for the commercialization of oilseed crops. 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Oilseed crops in Nepal are cash crops but are treated secondary in terms of farming. Though the horizontal expansion of oilseeds in marginal and sub-marginal areas has increased the production but still the produce is not enough for the complete commercialization of these crops. Soyabean which is the major oilseed crop in the world is being excluded for oil extraction in Nepal by MoAC. Rapeseed is dominant over all the oilseed crops that are grown. Many constraints like inadequate quality seeds, declining soil fertility, low SRR, diseases, insects/pests etc. has decreased the attainable yield.icm,ipm,pvs and Farmers acceptance test(fat) have been found to 9 P a g e

10 be the most effective tool for the dissemination of technology in the farmers field for the increase in production and productivity too. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) should be initiated for research and development of oilseed crops along with the IPM (Integrated Pest Management) technology for major oilseed crops.norp should continue to provide quality seeds of oilseed crops to the farmer and encourage for the technological advancement in farming with the help of ADO. De-husking machine should be developed for easy extraction of oil from sunflower seed at local level. Soyabean must be used for oil extraction first and then only for food and feed purposes after de-oiling. And, exploitation of comparative advantage of oilseed crops in different cropping system like inter-cropping or mixed cropping is a must to increase production at present situation. REFRENCES FEDIOL. (2016, 06 13). Retrieved from ICIMOD. (2004). Enhancing Effects of Micronutrients on the Grain Production of Toria (Brassicacampestris Duth. var. Toria) in Chitwan Valley. Micronutrients in South and South East Asia. Krishi Diary. (2073). Hariharbhawan, Kathmandu: Nepal Sarkar,Krishi mantralaya, Krishi suchana tatha sanchar kendra. Mahato, U. K. (July,2072). Promotion of value chain approach based technology of oilseed crop (sarson and toria:brassica campestris) for income generation of farmers in Mahottari district. Project Compilation Report Oilseeds: World markets and trade. (June, 2016). USDA- United States Department of Agriculture,Foreign Agricultural Service. Retrieved from National Industrial Crop Development Programme(NICDEP)(2061/2062): nicdep.gov.np/program Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture. (2012/2013). Kathmandu: Government of Nepal,Ministry of Agriculture Development, Agri-business Promotion and Statistics Division. Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture. (2013/2014). Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Agri-Business Promotion and Statistics Division, Agri statistics section. Statistical Pocket Book of Nepal. (2014). Thapathali, Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat, Central Bureu of Statistics. T.B.Ghimire, B. (2012). Enhancing Oilseed Production through Improved Technology in Nepal. Enhancing Oilseed Production through Improved Technology in SAARC Countries. 10 P a g e

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