A Dhavappriya* and V Sanjivkumar. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 74, December 2015, pp

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1 Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 74, December 2015, pp Integrated use of animal manures along with inorganic fertilizers on soil available major and secondary nutrients in bhendi crop (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) A Dhavappriya* and V Sanjivkumar Department of soil science and Agricultural chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu, India Received 26 August 2013; revised 19 October 2014; accepted 7 June 2015 A field experiment was conducted in Agricultural college and Research Institute, Madurai, TamilNadu Agricultural university to evaluate integrated use of animal manures along with inorganic fertilizers on soil available major and secondary nutrients in bhendi crop (Arka anamika) with organic sources like goat manure and pig manure combined with inorganic fertilizers on availability of soil available major and secondary nutrients. There were ten treatment combinations replicated thrice in Randomized block design (RBD) in Maddukkur soil series (Typic Haplustalf). Thus result showed that the combined application of 50 per cent Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + goat 6.5 t ha -1 at different s of bhendi viz., vegetative flowering, fruit and post harvesting s was found superior and increased the soil available nutrients then other treatments, organic carbon (0.653%), available Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) & Potassium (K) (216.1, 12.4 and kg ha -1 ) and Calcium (Ca) & Magnesium (Mg) (0.138 & 0.280%) and lowest value registered in the control plot viz., organic carbon (0.435%), available N, P & K (183.8, 8.5 and kg ha -1 ) and Ca & Mg (0.109 &0.229%) respectively. Keywords: Available nutrients, RDF, Organic manures, Bhendi crop. Introduction Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) is one of the most important vegetables. In India to feed the overwhelming population, it is need to increase the vegetable production. To increase the vegetable production, it is necessary to augment the nutrient supply to the soil from current level about 13 mt to 20 mt in 2030 AD (Senjobi et al.(2010) 13. This will cost heavily on our economic sources. It is therefore becoming necessary to explore the possibilities of identifying alternative renewable source to meet a part of N, P and K required for vegetable production. Okra produces fruit for a long time and needs balanced and sufficient supply of nutrients for higher yield and better quality. Indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers has resulted in decreased nutrient uptake, poor quality of vegetables and deterioration of soil health. Animal manure had been used as a source of local fertilizer in the many developing countries across the globe for many centuries. Proper use of manure and compost is essential for both a production and environmental standpoint (Abou El Magd et al., 2005) 1. Although the organic manures contain plant nutrients in small quantities as compared to the fertilizers, its growth promoting constituents Author for correspondence dhavappriya@gmail.com like enzymes and hormones, besides plant nutrients make them useful for improvement of soil fertility and productivity (Adeleye et al., 2010) 2. Thus, integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of N, P and K is the only alternative for achieving an ecologically sound and sustainable agriculture. Based on this preview field experiment was conducted to study the integrated use of animal manures along with inorganic fertilizers on soil available major and secondary nutrients in bhendi crop. Material and Method A field experiment was conducted in AC&RI Madurai. The test crop was Bhendi (Arka anamika). The experimental soil was sandy loam Clay (18.05%), Silt (9.20%), Fine sand (25.65%), Coarse sand (47.09%), texture and belongs to madukkur soil series (Typic Haplustalf). The initial soil sample collected from the experimental site before the commencement of experiment was analyzed for the various physicochemical properties. From the textural composition of soil it was inferred that the soil was sandy loam. The cation exchange capacity of the soil was C mol (P + ) kg -1. The ph was 7.5 with EC of 0.42 dsm -1. The organic carbon content was 0.49 per cent. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the soil was 266.5, 12.3 and kg ha -1,

2 DHAVAPPRIYA & SANJIVKUMAR: INTEGRATED USE OF ANIMAL MANURE WITH INORGANIC FERTILIZERS 691 respectively recording low, medium and medium status in soil fertility. Goat manure and pig manure collected from cattle shed from Agricultural college and research institute, Madurai, TamilNadu Agricultural university. Collected animal waste were composted in compost shed. Composted animal manures and recommended dose of fertilizers applied basally in the field. There are 10 treatments which includes T 1 -Control, T 2 - Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), T 3-100%Pig 7.5t ha -1, T 4-100% Goat 6.5t ha -1, T 5-75% RDF + Pig 7.5 t ha -1, T 6-50% RDF + Pig 7.5 t ha -1,T 7-75% RDF + Goat 6.5 t ha -1, T 8-50 % RDF + Goat 6.5 t ha - 1, T 9 - Pig 7.5 t ha -1 + Goat 6.5 t ha -1, T 10-50%RDF + Pig 7.5 t ha -1 + Goat 6.5 t ha -1 were replicated thrice in a Randomised Block Design. The crop was raised and grown up to 130 days and harvested. Soil available nutrients were analysed in crop growth s and statistically analysed. Organic carbon by Chromic acid wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934) 17, Available Nitrogen was analysed by Alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956) 15, Available phosphorus was analysed by Colorimetry method (Olsen et al., 1954) 10, Available Potassium by Neutral normal ammonium acetate method (Stanford and English, 1949) 14, Exchangeable Calcium and magnesium by Versanate method (Jackson (1973) 8. Statistical analysis: The data on various characters studied during the course of the investigation were statistically analyzed as suggested by Gomez and Gomez (1984) 6. Results and discussion Organic carbon Application of organic sources significantly increased the organic carbon status of the soil. Generally organic carbon content in the soil was higher (0.653%) in the treatment which received 50 per cent RDF combined with goat 6.5 t ha -1 (Fig. 1). The interaction effect between these treatments was superior with respect of organic carbon of soil. The application of different organic sources built up the carbon status through its slow degradation. Similar results were reported by Badole and More (2000) 4, Yadvinder Singh et al. (2003) 18, Muthuraju et al. (2005) 9 and Rangaraj et al. (2007) 12. Available nitrogen The available nitrogen content of soil at different s of bhendi was significantly influenced by the combined application of organic and inorganic sources. In the present study sources are applied in different combinations. Among them, the available N content of the soil was found to be maximum in the combined application of 50 per cent RDF + goat 6.5 t ha -1 at different s of bhendi viz. vegetative flowering, fruit and post harvesting s (275.6, 258.4, 238.7and kg ha -1 ) respectively. The interaction effect between 50 per cent RDF combined with goat 6.5 t ha -1 was found to be more effective. The lowest N content was recorded in control. The soil available N decreased from vegetative to post harvesting (240.5, 231.6, and kg ha -1 ) (Table 1) which indicates the crop removal and other transformation losses. Azam (1990) 3 stated that the both organic and inorganic sources of N increased the available N status in the soil substantially and attributed most of this increases to the priming effects of the manures and fertilizers. Vennila and Jayanthi (2008) 16 reported that the application of RDF + goat manure increased the organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorous. Available phosphorous The available phosphorus content of the soil was increased due to the addition of both organic sources and inorganic fertilizers over control at all the growth s of bhendi. At all the s, the combined application of 50 per cent RDF + goat 6.5 t ha -1 were proved to be very effective. The highest P content was recorded in the treatment that received 50 per cent RDF + goat 6.5 t ha -1 (21.2, 18.9, 16.3 and 12.4 kg ha -1 ) but it was on par with 75 per cent RDF and goat 6.5 t ha -1. The lowest P content was recorded in control (15.0, 13.3, 10.2 and 8.5 kg ha -1 ). The reason might be due to slow releasing nature of organics (Table 2). Fig. 1 Effect of organic and inorganic sources on secondary nutrient content (Ca & Mg%) of soil at post harvest

3 692 J SCI IND RES VOL 74 DECEMBER 2015 Table 1 Effect of organic and inorganic sources on available nitrogen content (kg ha -1 ) of soil at growth s of bhendi Flowering Fruiting Post harvest T T T T 4 : T T T T T T SEd CD (P = 0.05) Table 2 Effect of organic and inorganic sources on available phosphorus content (kg ha -1 ) of soil at growth s of bhendi Flowering Fruiting Post harvest T T T T T T T T T T SEd CD (P = 0.05) Humic acid is the component of humus which is produced during organic sources decomposition. Humic acid has the capacity to form phospho humic complex with anion replacement of the phosphate by humate ion and the coating of sesquioxides by humus to form a protective cover and thus reducing the phosphate fixation capacity of the soil and increase the availability of P content of soil (Gaikwad et al., 1996) 5. Available potassium In the present study organic and inorganic sources are tried in different levels. Among the various levels, the combined application of 50 per cent RDF + goat 6.5 t ha -1 recorded the highest K content (283.50, , and kg ha -1 ) followed by 75 per cent RDF + goat 6.5 t ha -1 at different s of bhendi viz. vegetative, flowering, fruiting and post harvesting. The lowest K content (229.40, , and kg ha -1 ) was observed in control. The interaction effect between 50 per cent RDF with goat 6.5 t ha -1 was significantly superior to other levels of treatments (Table 3). This was due to release of K + ions to the soil during decomposition of organic sources. Potassium is not strongly bound in organic matter, microbial action is not much important for the

4 DHAVAPPRIYA & SANJIVKUMAR: INTEGRATED USE OF ANIMAL MANURE WITH INORGANIC FERTILIZERS 693 Table 3 Effect of organic and inorganic sources on available potassium content (kg ha -1 ) of soil at growth s of bhendi Flowering Fruiting Post harvest T T T T T T T T T T SEd CD (P = 0.05) Fig. 2 Effect of organic and inorganic sources on organic carbon content (%) of post harvest mineralization of potassium. Inorganic acids such as nitric acid and organic acid formed during the decomposition of organic matter help in the release of mineral bound insoluble potassium and application organic matter reduce the potassium fixation. Application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers brought changes in soil properties and also influences the availability of native nutrients, which are released slowly and steadily to the plant for a considerable period of time resulting in favuorable effect on the crop (Hussain and Nanjappan, 2006) 7. This is in line with findings of Parasuraman and Mani (2001) 11 and Muthuraju et al. (2005) 9 Secondary nutrients The results showed that the highest values of and per cent of calcium and magnesium was in the treatment that received 50 per cent RDF combined with goat 6.5 t ha -1 (Fig. 2), but it was on par with 75 per cent RDF with goat 6.5 t ha -1. The increase in the exchangeable calcium and magnesium content of soil might be due to release of those nutrients from added organic sources with inorganic fertilizers to the soil after mineralization released calcium and magnesium. This indicates that the addition of organic sources release exchangeable calcium and magnesium to the soil (Muthuraj et al., 2005) 9. Conclusion This present investigation showed that among the treatments of organic manures along with inorganic fertilizers, the plots which received 50 per cent RDF combined with goat 6.5 t ha -1 recorded highest soil available nutrients (major and secondary nutrients) in different crop growth s. By applying organic manures its slowly degraded and releases the nutrients to the soil and make available form for the plant and also when applying both organic and inorganic plant sources saving of chemical fertilizers and reducing the hazardous in the soil. This attempt made to use locally available animal waste from the cattle shed and used for the farming system for the agricultural production for sustenance of food grains for increasing human population in the world and this method of technology may use for the farmers community.

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