Role of Trade in Disease Spread Regional Overview

Transcription

1 Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific Role of Trade in Disease Spread Regional Overview Eduardo M. Leaño Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific Bangkok, Thailand OIE Regional Workshop on Safe International Trade in Aquatic Animals and Animal Products July 2015, Niigata, Japan

2 The Root Problem / Challenge World Population to reach 9.2 Billion by 2050 Demography of the future population? MDG (Millennium Development Goals) ACHIEVED? Present disparities more MAGNIFIED? Future Population more AFFLUENT? Can we feed the growing population sustainably? Farmers must produce 70% more food by 2050 Role of food fish? Role of Aquaculture focus on Asia

3 Asia-Pacific Accounts for about 90% of Global Aquaculture Production Oceania: 0.2 million T (0.3%) Europe: 2.9 million T (4.3%) Africa: 1.5 million T (2.2%) Americas: 3.2 million T (4.8%) Asia : 58.9 million T (88.4%) Source: FAO, 2014

4 Top Aquaculture Producers in the World Rank Country Production (T) Percentage 1 China 41,108, India 4,209, Vietnam 3,085, Indonesia 3,067, Bangladesh 1,726, Norway 1,321, Thailand 1,233, Chile 1,071, Egypt 1,017, Myanmar 885, Source: FAO, 2014

5 Asia-Pacific Aquaculture: Significant food production sector; Provides many livelihood opportunities, especially for many small-scale farming communities which are common in the region; Contributes to food security, nutrition and poverty alleviation;

6 Fish Consumption: Has been on the rise: Asia accounts for nearly 70% of global consumption.

7 Why Trade? Movement of live aquatic animals and aquatic animal products within and across national boundaries is a necessity for economic, social and development purposes;

8 Trading/Movement May lead to introduction of new and emerging pathogens and to disease establishment may pose risks to importing country s animal, plant and human health status; Role of AAH management: reduce the risk arising from the entry, establishment or spread of pathogens to a manageable level. AAH management should protect: o Plant, animal and human lives o Living aquatic resources o Natural aquatic environment o Aquatic biodiversity o Trade

9 Aquatic Animal Health Management Encompasses the following in regard to movement of aquatic animals: o Pre-border (exporter), border and postborder (importer) activities; o Relevant national and regional capacity building requirements; o Development and implementation of effective national and regional policies and regulatory frameworks

10 Movement of Aquatic Animals AAH management measures should be practical, costeffective and easy to implement; The varying capacity of developing countries to implement programmes on AAH management should be acknowledged by relevant international organizations and financial institutions; Shall be based on an assessment of the risk to animal, plant and human life or health. This includes: o o Prevalence of specific pathogens in both regions of origin and destination; Likelihood of new or emerging pathogens becoming established in the region of destination.

11 Movement of Aquatic Animals All movements: should be within the provisions given in existing international agreements and instruments; In determining the appropriate level of AAH measures to be applied, relevant ecological and economic factors have also be considered; The first movement (introduction) of a new species into a new area will require special AAH management considerations: evaluate scientific evidence regarding the risk of introduction.

12 Movement of Aquatic Animals Harmonization of AAH management procedures to facilitate safe movement of aquatic animals; Honest, conscientious and transparent disease surveillance and reporting are essential for effective AAH management; Technical cooperation among regional experts: promote exchange of information and expertise; Collaboration among government, public institutions and the private sector: important in the effective implementation of AAH management strategies.

13 Trans-boundary Aquatic Animal Diseases Several trans-boundary aquatic animal diseases have swept the region over the past 25 years which have caused massive economic and social losses Source: P. Walker, 2014

14 Trans-boundary Aquatic Animal Diseases Spread of these trans-boundary diseases clearly demonstrates the vulnerability of the aquaculture industry to disease emergence, where impacts have been exacerbated by the lack of effective preparedness and response when diseases emerge.

15 Emergence and Spread of serious Trans-boundary Aquatic Animal Diseases (TAADs) Reasons Intensive aquaculture practices International trade of live aquatic animals (e.g. seeds and brood)

16 Emergence and Spread of serious Trans-boundary Aquatic Animal Diseases (TAADs) Economic impact: Direct losses close to US$ 6 billion annually No estimates on indirect losses

17 Emergence and Spread of serious Trans-boundary Aquatic Animal Diseases (TAADs) YHV (Thailand) KHV (Indonesia) US$15 million US$ 650 million US$3.01 billion Various shrimp diseases (Global) QX Disease (Australia)???? AHPND/EMS US$30 million Source: M. Reantaso and R. Subasinghe, TheFishsite, 2010

18 Emergence and Spread of serious Trans-boundary Aquatic Animal Diseases (TAADs) Serious trans-boundary aquatic animal diseases in Asia Pacific EUS, KHV and VNN in fishes WSD, TS, IMN and AHPND in shrimp WTD in freshwater prawn

19 Infection with Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) First listed in Asia Pacific QAAD system in 2004 OIE listed in 2007 up to present Can cause mass mortalities (koi carp and common carp) No zoonotic concern for KHV Severe gill lesions which exhibit as gill mottling with red and white patches; Other external signs: bleeding gills sunken eyes pale patches or blisters on the skin

20 OIE ? Koi originating from Malaysi found positive; source not confirmed KHV 2002

21 Infection with Koi Herpesvirus Koi carps are highly traded ornamental fish (live form); The disease can be transmitted to common carp; popularly cultured food fish in the region KHV (Indonesia) US$15 million annually

22 White Spot Disease (WSSV) WSSV most devastating pathogen of farmed shrimp Infects all cultured shrimps OIE Listed

23 White Spot Disease (WSSV) China Japan Taiwan Between 1994 to 1999 Philippines Iran Thailand Malaysia India Sri Lanka Indonesia Vietnam Cambodia Brunei Myanmar

24 WSD

25 White Spot Disease (WSSV) Spread of the disease happened during the peak of the P. monodon culture in Asia; PL s and broodstock (live) are highly traded between countries; especially from China, Taiwan, Indonesia and Thailand; One of the reasons for the collapse of the P. monodon industry in some key producing countries; Still the most important disease problem in the culture of other Penaeids (esp. P. vannamei)

26 Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) Recent shrimp disease problem that has swept the region; Affects both cultured P. monodon and P. vannamei; Significant production losses in AHPND affected countries

27 Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND)

28 Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) Spread was attributed to trading of live PLs and non-spf broodstock; Trading/movement of live polychaetes as natural food for shrimp broodstock (live polychaetes was found to harbor AHPND Vibrio parahaemolyticus) Early warning and information dissemination significantly prevented the further spread of the disease to other shrimp-producing countries in the region

29 Few last words. Outbreaks of damaging aquatic animal diseases are likely to continue potential consequences are likely to increase with the expansion (intensification) of aquaculture systems, trading/movement of aquatic animals, and introduction of new species for culture; Trade/movement of aquatic animals and animal products should comply with regional and international standards (e.g. food safety, quarantine); prevent spread of transboundary and emerging diseases

30 Few last words. Aquatic animal disease, once introduced into the country/area, is often very hard to eradicate; Risks associated with emerging and transboundary diseases are shared shared water bodies and epidemiological links through trade (especially live movement); Collaborative approach (in dealing with these diseases) is therefore warranted and necessary; a necessity for effective aquatic animal health management and disease surveillance programme.

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