Evaluation of Different Planting Dates Effect on Three Maize Hybrids in Koohdasht Region of Iran

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1 Evaluation of Different Planting Dates Effect on Three Maize Hybrids in Koohdasht Region of Iran 1* A. Azadbakht, 2 G. Azadbakht, 3 H. Nasrollahi and 4 Z. Bitarafan 1 Master of weed science, Payame Noor University, Koohdasht, Iran *(Corresponding author) 2 Agriculture Expert, Agricultural Jihad Organization, Koohdasht, Iran 3 Master of Agronomy, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran 4 Department of Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Abstract- Considering the high yield potential of maize (Zea mays), the effect of planting date on planting. There are now 4600 hectares dedicated to maize planting in this region [2]. Considering the three maize hybrids were studied in an important effect of planting date on the emergence of experiment conducted during 2009 crop year in Koohdasht, Lorestan, Iran. The experiment laid out in a split-plot design in the form of the male and female flowers, pollination and harvest date, determination of suitable planting date in order to use the potential of each variety in an area have an randomized complete blocks with four special importance in planning and management of replications. The main plots were allocated to four planting dates (D 1 : 29 Apr., D 2 : 11 May., D 3 : 23 May. and D 4 : 4 Jun. 2009) and sub-plots allocated to hybrids including SC 704, SC 677 and SC 630. Grain yield, yield components (number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per ear row, thousand kernel weight), biological yield, harvest index, plant height and kernel depth were assessed. The results showed postponing the planting date significantly had a negative effect on assessed traits and second planting date produced the highest means in most of them, although hybrid and interaction of planting date and hybrid had not a significant effect on most of assessed traits. The highest grain yield (14.71 ton obtained by SC 630 hybrid in second planting date. crops such as maize as it affect various traits and growth and developmental stages and could increase use efficiency of environmental factors affecting ultimate yield. There are lots of studies assessed the effect of planting date on maize and determine the most appropriate planting date for maize production all over the world. Stooksbury (1994) reported from South America that postponing the planting due to the high temperature at night and increase of plant evaporation causes the more intake of carbohydrates and less transfer of them to grains leads to diminution of grain maize yield [1]. Doberman et al. (2003) recommended the different grain maize planting dates of 8 May., 10 May., 25 Apr. and 26 Apr. for regions in Manchester, Mead, Lincoln and Clay Center. In this experiment, the time of physiological maturity was two weeks later in Manchester in comparison to other regions due to low temperatures caused to Key words: Maize; Hybrid; Planting date; Grain increase the growth period [2]. Hardman and yield. Gunsolus (2002) reported although the soil I. temperature in the April 20 in some part of South I INTRODUCTION Maize (zea mays) is one of the valuable crops that its versatility, vast compatibility and high- food value placed it in the most important crops group of the world [1]. The Koohdasht region with the subtropical climate rated lands prone cultivated maize located in the Southwest of Iran has the conceivability of double Minnesota State and in the April 25 in the Northern parts of this State is favorable for maize cultivation, but typically around 50% of land under maize cultivation planted until the May 11 and 5% product decrease occurred for each day of delay in planting [3]. Rahman et al. (2001) reported from Northern Sudan, the highest maize grain yield obtained by Hoobi-1 hybrid on October 1 planting date and the lowest grain yield obtained by Mojtemmas-45 hybrid 34

2 on December 1 planting date [4]. Najafinia (2002) reported from Arzuiyeh tropical zone that there was not a significant difference between the planting dates of February 14 until March 26 from the grain yield point of view, but there was differences among hybrids [5]. Afsharmanesh (2006) reported between late hybrids in summer planting the highest grain yield obtained by 720 and Karaj 700 hybrids [6]. Moniei (1991) in a study on the effects of planting date on maize Hybrids in Mashhad reported planting date has not a significant effect on number of kernel s and kernels weight [7]. The main objective of this study is also to assess the effect of planting date on three maize hybrids in the region of koohdasht, Lorestan, Iran. II. ATHERIALS AND METHODES This experiment was performed during the 2009 spring and summer growing seasons in koohdasht, Lorestan, Iran (47 40 E, N; 1200 m a.s.l) with an average annual rainfall of 450 mm. koohdasht has a subtropical climate with semi hot and arid summers. The experiment conducted using the split plot design in the form of randomized complete block with four replications. Treatments were included two factors: planting date (T 1 : 29 Apr., T 2 : 11 May., T 3 : 23 May. and T 4 : 4 Jun. 2009) as the main factor and hybrid including V 1 : single cross 704, V 2 : single cross 677 and V 3 : single cross 630 as secondary factor. According to soil analysis, N, P and K fertilizer rates recommended. 150 kg ha -1 P in the form of ammonium phosphate fertilizer and 300 kg ha -1 K in the form of potassium sulfate fertilizer applied pre-plant and N fertilizer in the form of urea applied in three stages: 150 kg ha -1 pre-plant and 200 kg ha -1 in stemming stage and flowering stage. Each experimental plot consisted of 6 rows, 6 m long with 75 cm spaced between rows, 18 cm distance between plants on the rows and 2 m between replications. Seeds were planted according to planting date treatments. The crop was kept free from weeds by applying 6 L ha 1 EPTC pre-plant. At harvest stage, to eliminate the margin effect, 4 middle rows were used for sampling. The following traits were studied: grain yield, yield components (number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per ear row, thousand kernel weight), biological yield, harvest index, plant height and kernel depth. Plant height measured by harvesting 10 plants at random. Number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per ear row and kernel depth determined by measuring 30 ears at random from 10 randomized harvested plants. TKW was determined by measuring the weight of 8 random samples which each of them consisted of 100 kernels, from each plot and multiplying it by 10 in order to express it to 1000 kernels. The plants cut at ground level and the above ground plant parts weight was considered as biological yield. Grain yield in each plot measured with 14% humidity. HI was calculated as a percentage of grain yield over biological yield. Analyses were performed with a personal computer using the MSTATC software. In addition the Duncan s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (P = 0.05) was used to conduct mean comparison of treatments and find significant differences among means. M III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION III.I. Yield and yield components Grain yield Grain yields on different planting dates showed a significant difference with each other. The highest grain yield related to the second planting date (T 2 ) by average of ton ha -1 and the lowest grain yield related to the fourth planting date (T 4 ) by average of ton ha -1 (table 1). Delay in planting, due to temperature increase causes stress in plants which affected negatively yield. According to Hardman and Gunsolus, (2002) delay in planting results in reduction of plant growth period and yield [3]. Hashemi Dezfuli et al. (1994) reported delay in planting reduces the total dry matter production and yield. The early planting in spring causes encountering of grain formation and filling stages with long days and maximum energy needed to photosynthesis results in higher yields while in late planting dates due to shorter growing period the plants have not enough time for complete maturity [8]. Also the highest grain yield obtained by SC 630 hybrid by average of ton ha -1 and the lowest grain yield obtained by SC 677 hybrid by average of ton ha -1, although statistically there was not a significant difference between SC 704 and SC 630 hybrids (table 1). Study the interaction effect of planting date and hybrid showed that the highest grain yield (14.71 ton related to the SC 630 hybrid on April 21, planting date (table 2). Number of kernel rows per ear 35

3 Number of kernel rows per ear was not affected by planting dates, hybrid and their interaction (table 1, 2). According to Doberman et al. (2003) number of kernel rows per ear is a genetic property and less influenced by environment [2]. Number of kernels per row Numbers of kernels per row on various planting dates showed a significant difference as second planting date by average of and fourth planting date by average of had the highest and lowest number of kernel s per row, respectively (table 1). Reduction of number of kernel per ear row could be due to reduced photosynthesis and photosynthetic materials limitations during the grain filling period which reduced the number of kernels at the top of the ears [9]. There was no significant difference among the hybrids from the number of kernels per row point of view (table 1). Interaction effect of planting date and hybrids on kernel numbers per row was not significant too (table 2). Thousand kernel weight Delay on planting date caused to reduce grain filling period which ultimately have a negative effect on grain yield probably due reduction of dry matter accumulation in grains. On fourth planting date due to encountering of grain filling period with cold and rainy weather of the end of growing season kernel weight reduced. The minimum 1000 kernel weight by average of g obtained from the fourth planting date (table 1). The effect of hybrids on kernels weight was not significant, although the highest 1000 kernel weight by average of g obtained from SC 630 hybrid (table 1). Interaction effect of planting date and hybrid on the 1000 kernel s weight was not significant (table 2). Table 1- simple effect of treatments on assessed traits Treatment Mean GY(ton NKR/E NK/R TKW(g) Hybrid SC 704 (V 1) 12.29ab 15.33a 39.86a 294.1b SC 677 (V 2) 11.37b 15.31a 37.05b 305.1ab SC 630 (V 3) 12.58a 15.69a 38.69ab 316.7a Planting date 29 Apr (T 1) 11 May (T 2) 23 May (T 3) 4 Jun (T 4) 13.30ab 15.81a 40.52a 320.4a 14.06a 15.43ab 40.78a 331.7a 11.70b 15.45ab 37.22b a 9.269c 15.08b 35.63b 259.6b Table 2- interaction effect of treatments on assessed traits GY(ton NKR/E NK/R TKW(g) T 1 V abc 15.82a 41.78ab 297.8bc T 1 V abcd 15.95a 39.50abc 318ab T 1 V abc 15.65a 40.28abc 345.5a T 2 V ab 15.65a 42.65a 336.3ab T 2 V abc 14.80a 38.72abcd 336.3ab T 2 V a 15.85a 40.97abc 322.5ab T 3 V cd 15.35a 39.28abc 295bc T 3 V de 15.40a 35.92cd 303.8abc T 3 V bcd 15.60a 36.45cd 330ab T 4 V c 14.50a 35.57d 247.5d T 4 V e 15.10a 34.05d 262.5cd T 4 V e 15.65a 37.08bcd 268.8cd III.II. Other agronomic traits Biological yield On the first and second planting date due to longer growth period, the appropriate use of environmental factors affecting growth, increase of the photosynthesis efficiency and increase of dry matter in various parts of plant, biological yield enhanced. Analysis of variance showed biological yields on different planting dates had a significant difference with each other. The study of means comparison on different planting dates revealed that the second planting date producing the highest biological yield by average of ton ha -1 (table 3). The vegetative growth and yield of plants are the function of the thermal environmental in different developmental stages, in particular the yield is the function of thermal condition of environment at the time of fertilization and transferring of photosynthetic material to the grains [10]. Optimum temperature and long growth period in second planting date providing favorable conditions resulted in satisfactory vegetative growth, more dry matter accumulation and therefore higher biomass and yield. The effect of hybrid was significant on the biological yield as the maximum biological yield by average of 33.4 ton ha -1 related to SC 704 hybrid and the lowest biological yield by average of ton ha -1 obtained from SC 677 hybrid (table 3). Interaction effect of planting date and hybrids on biological yield was not significant (table 4). 36

4 Harvest Index Delay in planting reduced harvest index as the lowest harvest index (32.83%) obtained from the fourth planting date (T 4 ) (table 3). The increase of harvest index represents the more ability of plant to transfer and allocation of material to aerial parts. Harvest index is one of the indices used to assess the proficiency of division of dry matter by plant. Ratio of ear dry matter to plant total dry matter related with the reproductive activities so nutrient shortage caused by any reason due to negative effect on reproductive activities results in decrease of ratio of ear dry matter to the plant total dry matter [9]. Harvest index in this research was not influenced by hybrid although the highest harvest index (36.56%) was related to the SC 630 hybrid and the lowest harvest index (36.19%) was related to SC 677 hybrid (table 3). The interaction effect of planting date and hybrid was not significant on harvest index (table 4). Plant height The highest plant height by average of cm was related to the first planting date and by postponing the planting date the height reduced as the lowest plant height ( cm) related to the fourth planting date (table 3). Our results are in line with findings of Noormohamadi et al. (1997) [11]. There was not a significant difference between the hybrids from plant height point of view (table 3). The interaction effect of planting date and hybrid was not significant on plant height too (table 4). Kernel depth There was a significant effect of planting date on kernel depth. The maximum average of kernel depth (11.31 mm) was related to the first and the minimum average of kernel depth (9.342 mm) was related to the fourth planting date (table 3). There was not a significant difference between the kernel depths among assessed hybrids, however the maximum average depth of kernel (10.86 mm) was related to SC 704 hybrid and the lowest depth of kernel (10.44 mm) was related to SC 677 hybrid (table 3). Interaction effect of planting date and hybrid on kernel depth was not significant (table 4). Table 3- simple effect of treatments on assessed traits BY(ton HI(%) PH(cm) KD(mm) Hybrid SC a 36.25a 226.6a 10.86a (V 1) SC b 36.19a 223b 10.44a (V 2) SC a 36.56a 225.8a 10.47a (V 3) Planting date 29 Apr ab 39.92a 238.3a 11.32a 2009 (T 1) 11 May a 37.92b 228.2b 11.31a 2009 (T 2) 23 May ab 34.67c 220.8bc 10.38b 2009 (T 3) 4 Jun (T 4) 28.14b 32.83d c 9.342c Table 4- interaction effect of treatments on assessed traits BY(ton HI(%) PH(cm) KD(mm) T 1 V abc 39.50ab 242a 11.57ab T 1 V bcd 39.50ab 237ab 11.52ab T 1 V abc 40.75a 236b 10.86abc T 2 V a 38bc 232.8bc 11.73a T 2 V abc 38bc 224de 11.05abc T 2 V a 37.75c 227.8cd 11.15abc T 3 V abc 34.50de 218.3fg 10.79bc T 3 V b-e 34.50de 219ef 9.737d T 3 V ab 35d 225d 10.61c T 4 V de 33ef 213.3gh 9.337d T 4 V e 32.75f 212h 9.450d T 4 V cde 32.75f 214.5fgh 9.238d IV. ONCLUSION Planting date is one of the key points in crop management to optimizing productivity. Crops response differently to different planting dates. This study provides new information about the effect of planting dates on 3 maize hybrids. The results showed postponing the planting date significantly had a negative effect on grain yield, yield components (number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per ear row, thousand kernel weight), biological yield, harvest index, plant height and kernel depth and second planting date produced the highest means in most of them. The highest grain yield (14.71 ton obtained by SC 630 in second planting date. 37

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