SS Rao, Principal Scientist & PI

Transcription

1 Progress and achievements in Physiology-K&R SS Rao, Principal Scientist & PI (AICSIP Team: Akola, Phaltan, Rahuri, Solapur, Bijapur, Hyderbad, Tandur, Gulbarga) 1. Phenotyping kharif sorghum germplasm for mid-season drought adaptation ti in rainy season. 2. Preliminary evaluation of diverse durra landrace germplasm for rabi adaptation in postrainy season. 3. Phenotyping advanced rabi sorghum entries for drought adaptation traits in medium and shallow soils in stored soil moisture conditions. 4. Phenotyping sorghum for key root traits associated with ih drought adaptation in root chambers. 5. Drought alleviation of sorghum by using fertilizer nutrients and plant growth substances in postrainy season. 1

2 Production constraints of Sorghum at different growth stages (Rao et al. 2004) Shoot bug Drought & heat Drought & heat Drought and heat stresses decrease yield 30-70% GS1: Poor seedling emerg., low plant stand, delayed PI GS2: Decreased plant ht. LAI & biomass, delayed flowg, low grain number; GS3: Decreased grain weight & grain yields 2

3 Overall objectives es of Crop Physiology ogy program A. To evaluate new germplasm sources for variability in climate change (preflowering (mid-season) drought and heat stresses) under dryland kharif production system ( light medium vertisols and alfisols). B. To characterize & identify key plant traits contributing higher biomass and grain yield combining preflowering (mid-season-rainy) and postflowering (terminal rabi stored SM) drought & heat stress tolerance. C. Phenotyping & identifying contrasting sources/traits for tolerance/susceptibility that determine broad adaptation to climate change (drought, heat & combined stress (drought & heat)) besides facilitating identification of parents for mapping population (RILs)/cv. development, and QTL analyses. 3

4 Environmental conditions during kharif & rabi, Akola, Total rainfall=645 mm; Normal=723 mm; Deficit: 11% 4

5 Environmental conditions during kharif & rabi, Hyderabad,15-16 Total rainfall=540 mm; Normal= 669 mm; Deficit: 24% 5

6 Environmental conditions during kharif & rabi, Bijapur,15-16 Total rainfall=510 mm; Normal=590 mm; Deficit: 14% 6

7 Environmental conditions during kharif & rabi,solapur,15-16 Total rainfall=321 mm; Normal=629 mm; Deficit: 49% 7

8 Environmental conditions during kharif & rabi, Rahuri,15-16 Total rainfall=258 mm; Normal=595 mm; Deficit: 57% 8

9 Environmental conditions during kharif & rabi, , Gulbarga, Total rainfall= mm; Normal=750 mm; Deficit: 42% 9

10 Total accumulated thermal time at different centers during kharif and rabi, Avrg. accumulated thermal time was 2362 Cd in kharif and 1812 Cd, in rabi season with 20.0% decrease in rabi than in kharif. Reduced availability of accumulated thermal time ( Cd ) was one of the reasons for realizing low productivity in rabi sorghum. 10

11 Trail 1k. Phenotyping kharif sorghum germplasm for pre-flowering (mid-season) drought adaptation, K2015 (N=30) 1. Genotypes Indore 12, BJ111 and IS recorded superior ( 80-82%) crop water status under drought conditions. 2. Pre-flowering drought and heat stress significantly decreased the total biomass, and grain yield by 16% and 11%, res. over control. 3. Five entries IS23579, IS23521, IS21083, SPSSV30, and SPV 2074 recorded significantly higher biomass (33-61% more ) than check (CSV 23). 4. Three entries IS (10 % more), CSV15 (17 %) and SPV 462 (44%) were superior in grain yields. 5. Interestingly, all caudatum biological races produced higher grain yield and harvest index than durra or guinea. 11 SS Rao 25-27March, 2016, Udaipur

12 Relationship between time to flowering and harvest index in kharif sorghum under drought stress, K15-16 (N=30) 12

13 Relationship of sink number and harvest index with grain yield kharif sorghum under drought stress, K15-16 (N=30) Gr rain yield (g/m2) Both grain number and HI showed significant positive relationship with grain yield (r= 0.872, 0.888, res.; P 0.05), 05) indicating the importance of these traits for higher yields in drought conditions 13

14 1k: Genetic variability for visual staygreen rating under midseason drought, K15,(N=30). Promising : Higher visual staygreen rating under drought stress include ( 5 entr.- IS 23579, IS 4698, SPSSV 30, IS 9113, IS29187 ( ) 4 than check B35(4 (4.23). [Scoring done in 1-9 scale; 1=completely green; 9=complete senescent] 14

15 Progress of Rabi Sorghum Physiology trials (AICSIP centre Team: Rahuri, Bijapur, Solapur, Tandur, Gulbarga) 15

16 Major constraints reducing the rabi sorghum productivity 1. Rabi Season (Sept-Jan.): Planted in vertisol in different soil depths [very shallow (< 30 cm), shallow (0-45cm), medium (45-90 cm), deep (>90cm)]. 2. Planted with stored soil moisture- function of Aug-September rainfall and flowering and post flowering drought (unrelieved) in GS3 stage 3. Photoperiod sensitivity, remarkable developmental plasticityflowering occurs at fixed time irrespective of planting time 4. Interaction between temperature and photoperiod (declining day length) 5. Wide diurnal variation in temp- high temperature at sowing followed by low temperature(<10.0 C) during boot and anthesis resulting low seed-set. 6. Low native nutrient status in the soil and poor response to applied nutrients 7. LargeGxE*M interactions in the rabi production environments. 16

17 Soil moisture particulars for phenotyping advanced drought adaptation genotypes trial - Rabi Soil depth S. Medium Shallow soil Particulars No cm 30cm 45cm cm cm cm cm I Gravimetric Soil moisture content (%) a. At planting b. At Panicle initiation c. At 50% flowering d. At maturity II Available soil moisture content (%) a. At planting b. At Panicle initiation c. At 50% flowering d. At maturity III. Field capacity (%) IV Wilting point (%) V Bulk density (g/cc) VI Rainfall during crop period (mm) (standard week 38th - 5th)= 116 mm VII Date of sowing: Medium Soil = Sept 15, 2015 ; Shallow=Sept 20,

18 Tr 1R. Prelim. evaluation of diverse germplasm for rabi adaptation (Rabi 15-16; Mean of 5 loc.; N=40) Trait Mean Range LSD (0.05) Days to 50% flowering Promising entries (6 #)-BRJ 40813, SSRK13-1, SSRK13-2, RSV1749, RSV 1542 and RSV 1850 (65-70 d). SPAD at flow RSV 1785, BRJ 3121, SSRK13-2 Biomass at mat SLV 188, SLV 181, BRJ 22194, & ( g/pl) BRJ 3121 Grain yield ( g/pl) RSV 1542, RSV 1850, SLV 182, & RSV 1749 Overall Promising : RSV 1542, RSV 1850, SLV 182, & SLV188 promising 18

19 Trail 1R. Relationship between chlorophyll content and grain yield Rabi sorghum under drought & heat stress, R15-16 (N=40) 19

20 Tr. 2M & 3S: Evaluation of adv. rabi entries for drought adaptation in medium & shallow soils (Rabi15-16; Mean of 4 loc; N=16) Trait Mean Mean Stable entries for medium Medi Shall decrease and shallow soils um ow in shallow over medium (%) Plant height (cm) CRS49 (DSI=0.592), RSSV 167 (0.649), RSV1640 (0.693) LAI at flowrg BRJ 235, BRJ 343, RSV1544 RWC flow. (%) SPAD flow RSV1572, CRS 50, BRJ BRJ 376, RSV1572 Grain yield (t /ha) None was sign. superior to check Phlue Suchitra in medium; RSV1544, RSV1620 on par with P.Anuradha in shallow 20

21 Relationship between crop water status (RWC) and biomass under drought, Rabi15-16( Mean :3 loc) 9.00 Bio mass at phy y. mat(t/ha) y = x R 2 = Relative water content at flowrg(%) 21

22 Relationship of LAI and days to flowering with grain yield in rabi sorghum, Rabi (N=16) 22

23 Relationship of SPAD and HI with grain yield in rabi sorghum, Rabi15-16, (N=16) 23

24 Tr. 2M & 3S: Genetic variation for SPAD chlorophyll in rabi sorghum under terminal drought, Rabi15-16,(N=16). Promising entries: CRS 49, RSV 1620, Phule Suchitra 24

25 Tr. 2 M & 3S: Drought susceptibility index (DSI) for grain yield among rabi sorghum, Rabi (Mean; 4 loc; N=16) 1. Mean grain yield reduced by 25 % in shallow soils over medium. 2. In shallow soil, RSV1544 (36%) and RSV1620 (9%) were superior for grain yields. 3. Entries with low drought susceptibility index (DSI) for grain yields means more stable and stress tolerant are RSV 1544 (0.030), and BRJ 229 (0.666) than checks. Fig.1.DSI forgrainyieldin rabisorghum.dsiiscomputedasperfischer and Maurer (1978). (DSI 0.50 highly stress tolerant, >0.50 to 1.00 moderately stress tolerant, t and >1.00 susceptible). 25

26 Tr.4 R & 4 Irrg.: Variation in root traits in rabi sorghum as influenced by drought stress, Rabi 15-16; (N=13) Trait Irrigtd. Mean Ranifd. Decrease in rainfed over irrig (%) Range (under drought -Rainfed) Root length at maturity (cm /plant) Root no/ plant 60 Root Biomass (g/pl) 84 Root volume (g/cc) Root: shoot ratio Overall promising: RSV 1672, BRJ 229 & Phule Vasudha were significantly superior (P 0.05) for key root traits than checks across moisture regimes. 26

27 Above ground phenotyping facility for root traits at MPKV, Rahuri 27

28 Promising entries for root traits of rabi sorghum grown in above ground root chambers under drought (A:left) and irrigated (B:right) conditions, Rahuri A B A B Phule Suchitra CRS 19 28

29 5R. Drought alleviation in sorghum by using fertilizer nutrients and plant growth substances, R15-16 LSD (0.05) = Fertility:72; PGR Foliar sprays:95; Interact: NS 3 tretmnt- Fertilizer (Left) 6 foliar tr.- PGR foliar sprays (Right) Conclusion: PGR foliar spray (plantozyme (seaweed extract)- 2 ml/ litre water at 30, 60 & 90 DAS) gave 17% increase in grain yield over control, but it was on par with GA 25ppm, followed by 6-BA 50ppm, and NAA 50ppm The PGR foliar spraying plantozyme (seaweed extract) gave about 7-10% increased grain yield over other treatments 29

30 Physiology Summary Kharif Midseason drought (preflowering) phenotyping 1. Indore 12, BJ111 and IS recorded d superior ( 80-82%) 82%) crop water status t under midseason drought conditions. 2. Time to flowering showed negative correlation with HI. Both sink number and HI showed significant positive relationship with grain yield (P 0.05) 3. Five entries showed higher staygreen rating in drought (IS 23579, IS 4698, SPSSV 30, IS 9113, IS29187 than check B35). All caudatum biological races produced higher grain yield and HI than durra or guinea. Rabi Postflowering drought phenotyping: 1. Lower accumulated thermal time ( Cd ) in rabi than in kharif is one of the reasons for realizing lower sorghum productivity in rabi season. 2. Promising for GY: (7 #) RSV1542, RSV1572, RSV1544, RSV1620, RSV1850, SLV182,&SLV Crop water status showed significant (P 0.05) positive relationship with biomass and grain yield under terminal drought (unrelieved) conditions. 4. Both SPAD and HI too showed significant (P 0.05) positive relationship with grain yield & CRS 49, RSV 1620, Phule Suchitra were superior for SPAD 5. Entries with low DSI for grain yields means more stable and stress tolerant are RSV 1544 (0.030), and BRJ 229 (0.666) than checks. 6. In root traits, RSV 1672, BRJ 229 & Phule Vasudha were superior (P 0.05). 7. PGR foliar spray (plantozyme 2 ml/ litre water at 30, 60 & 90 DAS) gave 17% increase in grain yield over control, but it was on par with GA 25ppm, followed by 6-BA 50ppm,&NAA 50ppm. 8. Selectable traits to be used for phenotyping sorghum for pre-and post-flowering drought & heat stress include higher staygreen, apparent leaf density (SLW), crop water status (RWC), themotolerance (MSI), total chlorophyll (SPAD), sink number, per day productivity and DSI.. 30

31 Putative physiological traits identified for improving prod. & drought adaptation in rabi sorghum (based on 15 years MET testing) Prior work of AICSIP PI: Prof Parvathikar, UAS, Dharwad( ) -Drought and Charcoal rot association with stem sugars in rabi sorghum under terminal drought PI:AICSIP Physiology since 1992( SS Rao) Early maturity (drought escape) by 7 days over M35-1 High crop water status (RWC) at anthesis & during grainfill High SPAD, SLN & SLW High photosynthesis rate both at panicle initiation & anthesis High Transpiration Efficiency (TE) & low CSI, MSI High rate and duration of grain growth in GS 3(grain fill) Both water resistant and responsive Deep root system late in the season More grains per unit LAI (high sink source ratio) 31

32 Contribution of physiology research for release of crop varieties (data base generation thru MET testing, trait characterization) -Strong collaboration with Breeders and others Year Name Pedigree Distinguished i traits 1994 Sel.3 Loc.bedar Selection Early maturing drought escape 1999 Indore12 (Male parent of Staygreen, pre- and post flow. CSH18 & CSV27) drought tolerant RSLG262 (Phule Maluee) (SG QTL introgression) SPV1506 Early-medium maturing drought avoidant/tolerant, shallow to medium soils 2002 CRS 1 SPV1537 Early-maturing drought avoidant, registered CRS 4 (SG introgression) SPV1671 Early-medium maturing drought avoidant/tolerant,shallow to medium 2005 CR 4 parent of CSV 18R Medium maturing, drought tolerant, medium soils 2006 Phule Chitra SPV1546 Medium maturing, drought tolerant, medium soils 2007 RSP2 Parent of CSV22R Medium maturing, drought tolerant, t medium soils 2008 Phule Anuradha RSV458 Drought escape/ avoidant, Shallow soil CSV26R SPV1829 (CRS14) Early maturing drought avoidant/tolerant, shallow soils 2014 SPV2074 Sweet sorghum High sugar and biomass, Sweet sorghum for change adaptation. 32

33 Way-Forward Short -term 1. Phenotyping sorghum (Rabi, kharif grain, dual-purpose, sweet, forage) for climate change (pre-and post-flowering drought, heat & combined stress) adaptation.- continue 2. To identify contrasting sources for tolerance/susceptibility for drought, heat and salinity stresses that facilitate RIL development, MAS/QTL 3. Priority traits for drought & heat : Phonological, (early maturity- drought escape), membrane thermostability, LRWC, TE (WUE), root traits, canopy temp depression, high Pn rate at anthesis, high SPAD & specific leaf nitrogen (SLN), staygreen & plant death rating, mechanism of grain filling, etc. Long-term Developing climate resilient sorghum cultivars/ sources and management practices for ameliorating the adverse effects of climate change and its variability 33

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