Rice Production and Methane. Reiner Wassmann International Rice Research Institute Coordinator of the Rice and Climate

Transcription

1 Rice Production and Methane Reiner Wassmann International Rice Research Institute Coordinator of the Rice and Climate Change Consortium

2 IRRI s Previous Projects on Climate/ Climate Change In , studies on the effect of temperature on rice in the growth chamber In , studies on the effect of CO 2 enrichment on rice in open-top chambers , studies on CH 4 emissions, Temp/CO 2 + UV-B effects and modeling Since 26, Rice and Climate Change Consortium as a platform for assessing mitigation, adaptation and regional impacts

3 US-EPA project ( ) Open-top chambers (Temp./ CO2 effects) Closed chambers (Methane emissions)

4 Interregional Program on Methane Emissions from Rice Fields (funded by UNDP/GEF, ) Irrigated Rainfed Deepwater

5 Temporal patterns under different amendments (IRRI, 1993 wet season) emission rate (mg CH 4 m -2 h -1 ) CH -2 h -1 4 emission (mg m ) Shaded = no organic amendment Line = + rice Dular straw (5t/ha) shaded = no organic amenment line = + 5 t/ha rice straw days after transplanting days after transplanting Wassmann et al. 2

6 Mid-season drainage water level (cm) / line Eh (mv) / dots water level (cm) / line Eh (mv) / dots methane emission (mg CH4 m-2 d-1) methane emission (mg CH4 m-2 d-1) Days after planting Field experiment at Hangzhou, China (Wassmann et al., 2)

7 Competition, some examples in rice areas. Angat Dam, Philippines SHARE (% ) , (million cubic meters) Water ( Zanghe Reservoir, China Figure 1: Zhanghe Irrigation System, Hubei, China Annual Water Allocations Annual Irrigation Water Supplied for Irrigation and Other Uses Years Agricultural Non-Agricultural YEARS 1, (million cubic meters) Water (

8 Alternate wetting and drying (AWD)

9 "hole-in-the-pipe - Modell NO N 2 O NO N 2 O NH 4 + -NH 2 OH-NO 2 - -NO 3 - NO 3 - -NO 2 - -NO-N 2 O-N 2 Davidson, 1991 Nitrification (aerob) Denitrification (anaerob) Davidson, 1991

10 Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) Applying nutrients as and when needed Adjusting nutrient application to crop needs in given location and season Leaf Color Chart

11 GWP of CH 4 and N 2 O under AWD 14 c b 12 t CO q. ha -1 2 eq a a N 2 O CH 4 b a b a 2 Urea 48-h before irrig. Urea 2-h after irrig. Urea 2-h after irrig. + flooding for 7 days Continuously flooded

12 Other mitigation options for rice High-yielding, short duration cultivars

13 No Contradiction between High Yields and Low Methane Emissions 6 Seasonal CH4 emission (kg CH4/ha) y = -81.4x R 2 =.94 Dry season Wet season Linear WS and DS Yield (t/ha) Field experiment in Maligaya/ Philippines

14 Early Maturing Rice Cultivars Reduce Methane Emissions 5 Emission rate (mg CH 4 m -2 d -1 ) Wet season IR64 Cisadane Dry season PLANTING 2 Dec IR64 Cisadane H A R V E S T 8 Mar 6 Apr PLANTING 28 May IR64 Cisadane H A R V E S T 17 Aug 1 Sep Cisadane: 142 kg CH 4 /ha IR64: 128 kg CH 4 /ha Cisadane: 116 kg CH 4 /ha IR64: 81 kg CH 4 /ha Field experiment in Jakenan/ Indonesia (Setyanto et al. 2)

15 Other mitigation options for rice High-yielding, short duration cultivars Biogas technology for organic inputs Use of rice straw as biofuel

16 Effect of fermented manure (biogas residues) emission rate (mg CH4 m-2 h-1) combined fertilizer mineral organic fermented late rice season early rice Fied experiment in Hunan Province, China (Wassmann et al. 1993)

17 Use of Rice Straw as Renewable Energy Globally, wasted rice grain and rice straw could produce 221 GL of bioethanol, replacing 159 GL of gasoline (about 14.3% of global gasoline consumption). Source: Kim and Dale 24 Technological options: combustion biogas technology (in combination with animal husbandry) bio-char technology and conversion of rice straw to ethanol

18 Other mitigation options for rice High-yielding, short duration cultivars Biogas technology for organic inputs Use of rice straw as biofuel Modification of fertilizer type (e.g. sulfate) Soil amendments (industrial byproducts such as phosphogypsum, silicate iron slag) Direct seeding (with appropriate water management)

19 Submission to UNFCCC (Dec. 29)

20 Conceptual Approach GHG Mitiga- tion High Watersaving effi- N use ciency Resilience to climate extremes