Innovative Solutions for Controlling Methane Emissions and How to Scale them up: Rice Production. R. Wassmann International Rice Research Institute

Transcription

1 Innovative Solutions for Controlling Methane Emissions and How to Scale them up: Rice Production R. Wassmann International Rice Research Institute

2 Outline 1. Background: Rice as a source of GHGs 2. Technical options for mitigation in rice 3. Approaches for upscaling 4. Policy support and institutional setting 5. Conclusion

3 Significance of Rice Fields for GHG budgets Forestry, 17.4% All others, 69.1% Rice, 1.5% Agriculture (w/o rice), 12.0% (IPCC 4th AR, 2007) Country National Scale in Asia: Emissions from rice production (Gg CO2eq) Perc. of total Vietnam 37, % Bangladesh 7, % Data from the 2nd National Communication of respective country

4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Fertilizer Application Methane emissions: kg CH 4 / ha season => 2 12 tco 2 eq/ ha season

5 IRRI Climate Change projects since 1991

6 Capacity building

7 Outline 1. Background: Rice as a source of GHGs 2. Technical options for mitigation in rice 3. Approaches for upscaling 4. Policy support and institutional setting 5. Conclusion

8 Impact of Mid-season Drainage on Methane Emissions water level (cm) / line Eh (mv) / dots Continuous Flooding water level (cm) / line Eh (mv) / dots Mid-season Drainage methane emission (mg CH4 m-2 d-1) methane emission (mg CH4 m-2 d-1) Days after planting Field experiment at Hangzhou, China (Wassmann et al., 2000)

9 Alternate-Wetting-and-Drying (AWD) Irrigation technique for water saving: periods of flooded and non-flooded conditions

10 AWD vs. Continuous Flooding (CF): Examples from the Philippines Global Warming Potential tons CO2eq / ha*season Pump Irrigation (Tarlac) N2O CH4 Canal Irrigation (N. Ecija) CF AWD CF AWD

11 AWD Experiment in Central Vietnam Hilly Midland CF Measured CF Simulated AWD Measured AWD Simulated kg CH4/ha/day Ha Noi DAT kg CH4/ha/day Delta Lowland HCM City CF Measured CF Simulated AWD Measured AWD Simulated DAT Minh et al. (in prep.)

12 Mitigation through Optimized Fertilizer Applications Rice fields are typically small and can substantially differ from each other Farmers need to know Correct timing Correct amounts Correct sources of fertilizer applications

13 Outline 1. Background: Rice as a source of GHGs 2. Technical options for mitigation in rice 3. Approaches for upscaling 4. Policy support and institutional setting 5. Conclusion

14 Introducing AWD

15 IRRI Project in Flagship 2: Agro-advisory through Mobile Phone Apps Obtain site-specific information from farmer/ operator Provide management recommendation Rice Crop Manager (RCM) Established Modules: Nutrients Crop Health Diagnosis Irrigation (AWD). New Modules: Weather forecasting and cropping calendar GHG calculation and mitigation options CIRCLE Toolkit for Decision Support (Climate-Informed Rice ProduCtion with Low Emission)

16 Incentives from Carbon Crediting? Small Scale Methodology Approved by UNFCCC (May 2011): Methane emission reduction by adjusted water management in rice

17 CDM Pipeline Project Developer Project Proposal Designated Nat. Auth. Letter of no objection Project Developer Approved Methodology Project Design Docum. CDM Executive Board Letter of approval Designated Nat. Auth. Validation Report Designated Operating Entity #1 Project Registration Project Design Project Developer Monitoring Report Designated Operating Entity #2 Verification Report CDM Executive Board Certified Emission Reduction Project Implementation and Monitoring

18 Example: Methodology AMS-III.AU. Version 3.0 (since 03 Aug. 2012) AWD in dry season Multiple aeration (1.8 kg ha/d) 100 d period 180 kg CH4/ ha season = 3.78 t CO2 eq/ ha 0.50 $/ t CO2 eq. = < 2 $/ ha season

19 IRRI Project funded by Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Reducing production costs for farmers Stabilizing yields under water scarcity Coordinating with irrigation agencies GHG Mitigating through Upscaling of AWD Providing relevant information to decision makers Contributing to technology campaigns Supporting national climate change policies Opportunities for Change of Practice

20 Mitigation as one Component of Climate-smart Agriculture Examples for CSA in rice production (Mekong Delta): Carbonsmart Site-specific nutrient management Watersmart Yieldsmart Rotation with Tolerant Floodtolerant rice upland crop varieties rice varieties (floods, salinity) Mobile phone applications Alternate Wetting and Drying Risksmart Salinity monitoring and land use planning Com Im sta int (Clim v

21 Scaling-up of CSA through Climate-smart Villages (Lower Mekong Basin)

22 Outline 1. Background: Rice as a source of GHGs 2. Technical options for mitigation in rice 3. Approaches for upscaling 4. Policy support and institutional setting 5. Conclusion

23 Climatic AWD Suitability: Water Balance Rainfall Pot_ET Pot_S&P EXC DEF

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25 Climate-driven AWD suitability in the Philippines 600 CH4 emission ('000 t) % Less suitable Suitable Moderately suit. Very suitable -48% -24% 0 CF AWD CF AWD CF AWD

26 Examples: Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) Guidelines Vietnam Mot Phai/ Nam Giam Philippines Palay Check (1 Must Do/ 5 Reductions)

27 New Policy on Mitigation in Agricultural Sector in VN From national level to implementation at provincial level Decision AWD is directly mentioned as one mitigation option by Ministry of Agriculture Farmers should use/apply AWD irrigation technology to not only greatly save water consumption and reduce GHGs emissions in irrigated rice fields, but also increase rice productivity.

28 Outline 1. Background: Rice as a source of GHGs 2. Technical options for mitigation in rice 3. Approaches for upscaling 4. Policy support and institutional setting 5. Conclusion

29 Conclusions Policy makers are getting increasingly interested to integrate mitigation into development targets BUT different stakeholders will need diversified information packages and decision support tools

30 Conclusions Scientific findings and publications will NOT be sufficient as such to stimulate mitigation BUT should be translated into clear spatial and temporal priorities at different scales

31 Thank you