The challenge of Bluefin tuna domestication. The SELFDOTT project

Transcription

1 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP The challenge of Bluefin tuna domestication. The SELFDOTT project Fernando de la Gándara SELFDOTT Coordinator Instituto Español de Oceanografía Spain

2 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP The fisheries ALMADRABA

3 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP The fattening activity

4 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Capture SPAWNING AREAS

5 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Capture PURSE SEINE DETECTION METHODS

6 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Transfer

7 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Towing SPEED ~ 1 Knot 2000 /day

8 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Farming -Fattening

9 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Farming -Fattening

10 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Farming -Fattening

11 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Slaughtering

12 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Slaughtering

13 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP Marketing

14 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP OVERFISHING International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic tunas TAC (TOTAL ALLOWABLE CATCH) Tons years

15 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP WILD STOCKS FISHERIES MARKETS FATTENING JAPANESE MARKET RAW FISH ARTIFICIAL FOOD EUROPEAN MARKET DOMESTICATION

16 DOTT, EU 5th FP Domestication of Thunnus thynnus, the Blue Fin Tuna. Strategies for European Development in the Context of a Global Market (DOTT, EU 5 th FP) IEO (Spain), UPCT (Spain), IOLR-NCM (Israel), IFREMER (Francia), WHOI (EEUU), ASETUN (Spain), CIHEAM (Spain), Univ.ofDuesseldorf(Germany), IMBC (Greece), University of Cádiz (Spain) MCFS (Malta), ETSIN (Spain), CEASM (France), University of Bari (Italy) University of Padova (Italy) University of Stirling (UK) Hillel Gordin IOLR-NCM

17 REPRODOTT, EU 5th FP Domestication of Thunnus thynnus, the bluefin tuna A Feasibility Study on its Reproduction in captivity (REPRODOTT, EU 5th FP ) IEO (Spain), TUNA GRASO (Spain) IOLR-NCM (Israel), IFREMER (Francia), University of Cádiz (Spain) Univ.ofDuesseldorf(Germany), MCFS (Malta), HCMR (Greece) University of Bari (Italy) Antonio García IEO

18 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP From capture-based to self-sustained aquaculture and domestication of the Atlantic bluefin tuna (SELFDOTT, EU 7 th FP) Fernando de la Gándara SELFDOTT Coordinator Instituto Español de Oceanografía Spain

19 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP From capture based to SELF-sustained aquaculture and Domestication Of bluefin tuna, Thunnus tynnus (SELFDOTT, EU 7 th FP. 4.3 M - 3M EU ) IEO (Spain) HCMR (Greece) IFREMER (France) University of Düsseldorf (Germany) TUNA GRASO S.A. (Spain) MRAE (Malta) IOLR-NCM (Israel) University of Cádiz (Spain) University of Bari (Italy) CNRS (France) SARC (Norway) University of Montpellier II (France) Malta Fishfarming Ltd (Malta) Caladeros del Mediterráneo S.A. (Spain)

20 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP OBJECTIVES Substantiate the current knowledge on the reproduction of capture based aquaculture bluefin tuna Establish the knowledge-base required for controlled development of eggs and larvae Establish the knowledge-base for the development of suitable and environmentally performing feeds

21 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP WP1 Coordination WP2 Reproduction WP3 Larval Rearing 4. Puberty 3. Gametogenesis 5. Broodstock diets 1. Egg incubation Husbandry 2. Mesocosm larval rearing 3. Artificial larval rearing 1. Broodstock mgmt & spawning induction 6. Behaviour & monitoring 4. Ontogeny of visual and neuroendocrine system 5. Lateral line development 2. Egg collection WP4 Nutrition & feeding 5. Environmental impact 1. BFT body & prey composition 2. Capture & adaptation 3. Weaning 4. Formulated dry food 6. Behaviour & monitoring Scientific topics 6. Behavioural pattern description 7. Ontogeny of digestive system 8. Onset of digestive enzymes 9. Feeding, fatty acid nutrition & stress 10. Immune system 11. Microbiotal diversity 12. Bacterial characterisation WP5 Dissemination BFT fry

22 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP WP1 Coordination WP2 Reproduction WP3 Larval Rearing 4. Puberty 3. Gametogenesis 5. Broodstock diets 1. Egg incubation Husbandry 2. Mesocosm larval rearing 3. Artificial larval rearing 1. Broodstock mgmt & spawning induction 6. Behaviour & monitoring 4. Ontogeny of visual and neuroendocrine system 5. Lateral line development 2. Egg collection WP4 Nutrition & feeding 5. Environmental impact 1. BFT body & prey composition 2. Capture & adaptation 3. Weaning 4. Formulated dry food 6. Behaviour & monitoring Scientific topics 6. Behavioural pattern description 7. Ontogeny of digestive system 8. Onset of digestive enzymes 9. Feeding, fatty acid nutrition & stress 10. Immune system 11. Microbiotal diversity 12. Bacterial characterisation WP5 Dissemination BFT fry

23 Broodstock maintenance, SPAIN R1 R2 SITE ONE: CARTAGENA (SPAIN) The broodstock was fed once a day with raw fish, mainly mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Spanish mackerel (S. japonicus).

24 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP

25 Broodstock maintenance, MALTA

26 Egg collector designs CARTAGENA - Perimetric curtain 6 m deep - Perimetric sieve with traps along the current axis

27 HORMONAL IMPLANTS (GnRHa( GnRHa) GnRHa implants

28 HORMONAL IMPLANTS (GnRHa( GnRHa)

29 SPAWNING TEMPERATURES Spain TEMPERATURES C SURFACE MIDDLE BOTTOM Malta 14/06/2010 0:00 15/06/2010 0:00 16/06/2010 0:00 17/06/2010 0:00 18/06/2010 0:00 19/06/2010 0:00 20/06/2010 0:00 21/06/2010 0:00 22/06/2010 0:00 23/06/2010 0:00 24/06/2010 0:00 25/06/2010 0:00 26/06/2010 0:00 27/06/2010 0:00 28/06/2010 0:00 29/06/2010 0:00 30/06/2010 0:00 01/07/2010 0:00 02/07/2010 0:00 03/07/2010 0:00 04/07/2010 0:00 05/07/2010 0:00 06/07/2010 0:00 07/07/2010 0:00 08/07/2010 0:00 09/07/2010 0:00 10/07/2010 0:00 11/07/2010 0:00 12/07/2010 0:00 13/07/2010 0:00 14/07/2010 0:00 15/07/2010 0:00 16/07/2010 0:00 17/07/2010 0:00 18/07/2010 0:00 19/07/2010 0:00 20/07/2010 0:00 21/07/2010 0:00 22/07/2010 0:00 23/07/2010 0:00 24/07/2010 0:00 date Natural spawning season May-July Date ºC

30 SPAWNING IN SPAIN SPAIN Million eggs date

31 10th July 8th July 6th July SPAWNING IN MALTA MALTA BFT Total Eggs Collected in Number of Eggs th June 18th June 20th June 22nd June 24th June 26th June 28th June 30th June 2nd July 4th July Date

32 EGG SHIPMENT

33 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP WP1 Coordination WP2 Reproduction WP3 Larval Rearing 4. Puberty 3. Gametogenesis 5. Broodstock diets 1. Egg incubation Husbandry 2. Mesocosm larval rearing 3. Artificial larval rearing 1. Broodstock mgmt & spawning induction 6. Behaviour & monitoring 4. Ontogeny of visual and neuroendocrine system 5. Lateral line development 2. Egg collection WP4 Nutrition & feeding 5. Environmental impact 1. BFT body & prey composition 2. Capture & adaptation 3. Weaning 4. Formulated dry food 6. Behaviour & monitoring Scientific topics 6. Behavioural pattern description 7. Ontogeny of digestive system 8. Onset of digestive enzymes 9. Feeding, fatty acid nutrition & stress 10. Immune system 11. Microbiotal diversity 12. Bacterial characterisation WP5 Dissemination BFT fry

34 SELFDOTT, EU 7th FP WP1 Coordination WP2 Reproduction WP3 Larval Rearing 4. Puberty 3. Gametogenesis 5. Broodstock diets 1. Egg incubation Husbandry 2. Mesocosm larval rearing 3. Artificial larval rearing 1. Broodstock mgmt & spawning induction 6. Behaviour & monitoring 4. Ontogeny of visual and neuroendocrine system 5. Lateral line development 2. Egg collection WP4 Nutrition & feeding 5. Environmental impact 1. BFT body & prey composition 2. Capture & adaptation 3. Weaning 4. Formulated dry food 6. Behaviour & monitoring Scientific topics 6. Behavioural pattern description 7. Ontogeny of digestive system 8. Onset of digestive enzymes 9. Feeding, fatty acid nutrition & stress 10. Immune system 11. Microbiotal diversity 12. Bacterial characterisation WP5 Dissemination BFT fry

35 WP3 Larval rearing Mesocosm Pseudo Green water Clear water L L L L 500L 2000L 500L 2500L 1500L

36 WP3 Larval rearing LT (mm) FEEDING SCHEDULE AND GROWTH IN PGW IN SPAIN DRY FOOD YOLK SAC LARVAE DPH ENRICHED ROTIFER +ALGAE ENRICHED ARTEMIA días DAYS tras POST la eclosión HATCHING

37 WP4 Nutrition and Feeding WP1 Coordination WP2 Reproduction WP3 Larval Rearing 4. Puberty 3. Gametogenesis 5. Broodstock diets 1. Egg incubation Husbandry 2. Mesocosm larval rearing 3. Artificial larval rearing 1. Broodstock mgmt & spawning induction 6. Behaviour & monitoring 4. Ontogeny of visual and neuroendocrine system 5. Lateral line development 2. Egg collection WP4 Nutrition & feeding 5. Environmental impact 1. BFT body & prey composition 2. Capture & adaptation 3. Weaning 4. Formulated dry food 6. Behaviour & monitoring Scientific topics 6. Behavioural pattern description 7. Ontogeny of digestive system 8. Onset of digestive enzymes 9. Feeding, fatty acid nutrition & stress 10. Immune system 11. Microbiotal diversity 12. Bacterial characterisation WP5 Dissemination BFT fry

38 WP4 Nutrition and Feeding WP1 Coordination WP2 Reproduction WP3 Larval Rearing 4. Puberty 3. Gametogenesis 5. Broodstock diets 1. Egg incubation Husbandry 2. Mesocosm larval rearing 3. Artificial larval rearing 1. Broodstock mgmt & spawning induction 6. Behaviour & monitoring 4. Ontogeny of visual and neuroendocrine system 5. Lateral line development 2. Egg collection WP4 Nutrition & feeding 5. Environmental impact 1. BFT body & prey composition 2. Capture & adaptation 3. Weaning 4. Formulated dry food 6. Behaviour & monitoring Scientific topics 6. Behavioural pattern description 7. Ontogeny of digestive system 8. Onset of digestive enzymes 9. Feeding, fatty acid nutrition & stress 10. Immune system 11. Microbiotal diversity 12. Bacterial characterisation WP5 Dissemination BFT fry

39 WP4 Feeding and Nutrition Capturing, adapting to captivity and weaning young BFT Developing a dry food for weaning fingerlings (SARC)

40 WP4 Feeding and Nutrition

41 Juvenile production in Spain WP1 Coordination WP2 Reproduction WP3 Larval Rearing 4. Puberty 3. Gametogenesis 5. Broodstock diets 1. Egg incubation Husbandry 2. Mesocosm larval rearing 3. Artificial larval rearing 1. Broodstock mgmt & spawning induction 6. Behaviour & monitoring 4. Ontogeny of visual and neuroendocrine system 5. Lateral line development 2. Egg collection WP4 Nutrition & feeding 5. Environmental impact 1. BFT body & prey composition 2. Capture & adaptation 3. Weaning 4. Formulated dry food 6. Behaviour & monitoring Scientific topics 6. Behavioural pattern description 7. Ontogeny of digestive system 8. Onset of digestive enzymes 9. Feeding, fatty acid nutrition & stress 10. Immune system 11. Microbiotal diversity 12. Bacterial characterisation WP5 Dissemination BFT fry

42 Juvenile production in Spain WP1 Coordination WP2 Reproduction WP3 Larval Rearing 4. Puberty 3. Gametogenesis 5. Broodstock diets 1. Egg incubation Husbandry 2. Mesocosm larval rearing 3. Artificial larval rearing 1. Broodstock mgmt & spawning induction 6. Behaviour & monitoring 4. Ontogeny of visual and neuroendocrine system 5. Lateral line development 2. Egg collection WP4 Nutrition & feeding 5. Environmental impact 1. BFT body & prey composition 2. Capture & adaptation 3. Weaning 4. Formulated dry food 6. Behaviour & monitoring Scientific topics 6. Behavioural pattern description 7. Ontogeny of digestive system 8. Onset of digestive enzymes 9. Feeding, fatty acid nutrition & stress 10. Immune system 11. Microbiotal diversity 12. Bacterial characterisation WP5 Dissemination BFT fry

43 Juvenile production in Spain

44 Juvenile production in Spain 1.5 millions h 1.3 millions (85%) 24 days (1.4% - 1.3%) 20 days 9 g 10 cm (44 DPH) (20% - 0.2%)

45 Juvenile production in Spain 1200 CRECIMIENTO DE JUVENILES 2011 GROWTH OF JUVENILES IN WEIGHT PESO (g) (g) DPH, 1.2 kg días, 9 g y 10 cm 84 DPH, 144 g y 20 cm DPH DPE

46 Juvenile production in Spain 144 g 84 DPH

47 Juvenile production in Spain 1.2 Kg 125 DPH

48 Juvenile production in Spain MALNUTRITION CANIBALISM COLLISIONS

49 Juvenile production in Spain closing the life cycle in captivity

50 TANQUE project Land-based facility for bluefin tuna reproduction (TANQUE project) FUNDED BY European Regional Development Fund FEDER funded 70%, 4,25 M IEO contribute 30%, 1,75 M Duration: PARTICIPANTS IEO (Spain) SCIENCE MINISTRY (Spain) REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OF MURCIA (Spain) RESEARCHERS Aurelio Ortega IEO Fernando de la Gándara IEO

51 Conclusions Although the natural populations of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) show clear signs of recuperation, in response to the recently implemented control and recovery programme by the ICCAT, it is obvious that the limitations on captures are going to continue in the future. Therefore, any increase in productivity of this species in order to satisfy the demand in quantity and quality as increasingly required by a growing and selective market, passes to the production of Atlantic bluefin tuna via full life-cycle aquaculture techniques, in the same way as actually occurs with species such as seabream, seabass, turbot or salmon. The SELFDOTT project has complied amply with the proposed objectives, substantiating the results of reproduction of Atlantic bluefin tuna in captivity obtained in the previous project REPRODOTT and laying down the bases for the production of fingerlings of this species and for the development of more efficient feeds respectful of the environment. Even if the advances achieved in the project can be classified as spectacular, there are still many aspects that must be improved, and, therefore, it is concluded that the large-scale commercial production of this species in a profitable manner is not yet developed sufficiently enough to fuel a new aquaculture industry.

52 Recommendations Reproduction and Egg Production The results of SELFDOTT demonstrated clearly that reproduction of Atlantic bluefin tuna in captivity is possible, and production of large numbers of viable eggs can be achieved by maintaining mature fish in cages for a period of a few years. Spontaneous spawning may result after some years of acclimatization to the captive environment, assuming environmental conditions (mainly annual temperature profiles) are suitable, but also the developed GnRHa-implantation method can be employed in situations when natural maturation, ovulation and spawning fails. Nevertheless, the results from SELFDOTT also showed that the reproductive process is not entirely normal in captivity (e.g., low gonadosomatic index, low spermatogonial proliferation, high testicular apoptosis) and that further work is necessary to identify the causes for theses impairments, and develop broodstock management procedure to alleviate them. Broodstock nutrition is one area that showed promising results. Furthermore, egg collection was proven difficult in one of the sites throughout the reproductive period, and in both sites under some weather conditions, pointing to the need for further work to improve the reliability of the egg collection activity.

53 Recommendations Reproduction and Egg Production Based on the findings of SELFDOTT in the area of Reproduction and Broodstock Management, we envisage that captive broodstocks will continue to be maintained in sea cages, in association with fattening operations, or if allowed by ICCAT, in association with grow-out operations for other marine fishes. However, we believe that the construction and operation of a land-based facilities (such as the one currently under construction in Spain, managed by the IEO) is still imperative for the further development of commercial-scale larval rearing procedures, which will allow the development of a proper aquaculture industry for the Atlantic Bluefin tuna. The advantages of such a facility include: provision of a controlled and appropriate thermal regime reproductive function, for the support of extension of the spawning season (a few weeks), by maintaining appropriate spawning temperatures for a longer period of time, establishment of off season reproduction and spawning (a few months), through photothermal manipulations.

54 Recommendations Reproduction and Egg Production The extension of the reproduction period and the associated increase of the period of time that eggs are available for larval rearing trials, will allow implementation of more experiments per year and a faster development of the necessary larval rearing methods for the efficient production of fingerlings, in order to establish an Atlantic bluefin tuna aquaculture industry. An EU Network of Excellence of the various National Research Institutes, Universities and Organization in Europe should be financially supported, allowing also transnational access of International Organizations involved with the domestication of both the Bluefin tuna (Pacific and Southern) as well as other tuna species (e.g., yellowfin tuna, black fin tuna and big eye tuna).

55 Recommendations Larval Rearing SELFDOTT has established the knowledge base for larval rearing using an integrated approach (rearing methods and scientific topics), which has lead to real progress in this field. Longer period of egg availability is imperative for a more rapid development of commercial-scale larval rearing procedures. Besides the very encouraging data obtained in just a few attempts, at the moment there is a lack of repeatability in the key results (i.e., survival, growth, quality and health), which need to be addressed taking advantages from the clear indications delivered by the scientific investigations implemented during the ontogeny. Larval rearing is still at the research stage and has not reached the status of a commercial technology. Nutrition and Diets The SELFDOTT activities on nutrition have provided a strong foundation for future developments. Special emphasis should be placed on weaning diets and as early as possible diets for larvae. An alternative dry diet should be sort to ameliorate the present need for provision of yolk sack larvae for food to the Atlantic bluefin tuna larvae. Development of micropelleted diets adapted to very early weaning window has also to be addressed.

56 Recommendations Fingerling Management Fingerling transfer and cage adaptation have been main bottlenecks in SELFDOTT project, as also been seen by other research teams in Australia and Japan. The fingerling stage is extremely sensitive and the development of techniques for handling and transport require special attention. New Legislation New regulations will be required for the new products arising from the sustainable aquaculture of Atlantic bluefin tuna, which may no longer fall under the remit of wild population measures. In this context traceability technologies ( farm to fork ) and distinguishing between cultured and wild populations must become standard practice for the industry. Previous legislative models for aquaculture of endangered species may serve as an example. Finance and Funding Further public funding is required for research to close some of the gaps in our knowledge and overcome some of the remaining bottlenecks. Continuing cooperative industrial support and investment is also necessary to translate research results into commercial technology.

57 Recommendations This group strongly recommends that in the future, EU FP calls should address specific problems of the sustainable tuna aquaculture industry.

58 Recommendations Proposed Call for follow-up research for the Domestication of the Atlantic bluefin tuna. Reliable production of Atlantic bluefin tuna eggs and establishment of protocols for the large-scale production of fingerlings and their acclimation to sea cages This project will substantiate the current knowledge on the larval rearing of Atlantic bluefin tuna, in an effort to establish commercial scale, efficient methodologies for the production of high quality fingerlings for the establishment of a new aquaculture industry in the EU. Integral to this objective will be the enhancement of broodstock nutrition for the production of high quality eggs, the appropriate transport of fingerlings and cage acclimation, as well as the development of suitable, sustainable and environmentally performing grow-out feeds. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that reproduction of Atlantic bluefin in captivity is possible, and the development of a new aquaculture activity for this species may be possible. The new final product of the aquaculture industry will be a fast growing, high nutritional quality and dress-out percentage fish -- bluefin tuna juvenile which will be produced using appropriate, efficient and sustainable feeds, in a production cycle of <3 years and harvested prior to sexual maturation. This activity will be independent of the wild populations that are facing serious fishing pressure and are currently under a strict programme for recovery, and will not necessarily target the volatile, luxury raw fish market. The inclusion of ICPC partners is encouraged, as there is expertise in other tuna species around the world that can speed up the process of domestication of the Atlantic Bluefin tuna Funding scheme: Small collaborative project (4 million EU contribution, 3 years) Expected impact: This project will establish the methods necessary for the commercial aquaculture production of Atlantic bluefin tuna, thus improving the competitiveness in the EU aquaculture industry and contribute directly to easing the pressure on the wild fishery for this species, which has been overfished in recent decades, and is currently under a very strict control programme to ensure the recovery of the population..

59 THANKS FOR YOUR ATENTION