300,000 Acres of Peas In Manitoba Is It Possible?

Transcription

1 300,000 Acres of Peas In Manitoba Is It Possible? Terry J. Buss Farm Production Extension Specialist Pulse Crops

2 Pea Acres & Yields ( ) Harvested Acres acres 65,000 acres Yield (bu/acre) Year * 0 *Estimated Yield Source: MASC Seeded Acreage Report, Harvest Production Report

3 Imagine 300,000 acres of field peas What are the critical best management practices that would make that happen? A Good Launch Things a grower needs to get right by mid June What problems can stand in the way? Threats to Success!! Things a grower has to be vigilant about

4 What Makes a Good Launch?...

5 Good Launch = Good Location Beausejour area 2016

6 2016 vs Spring May/June Rainfall Accum 126% of Norm May/June Rainfall Accum 47% of Norm

7 2016 vs Summer May to Sept Rainfall Accum 122% of Norm May to Sept Rainfall Accum 64% of Norm

8 Good Launch = High Quality Seed Source: D. Lange, MB Ag

9 Source: D. Lange, MB Ag

10 Other Seed Considerations Seed wt (g/1000 seeds) Bu/acre Pea seed weight varies considerably among varieties and seed lots. Know your Germination Know if your seed is very dry

11 Good Launch = Right Plant Stand Ideal stand is established 75-85/m 2 Translates in 7.1 to 8.1 plant/ft 2 Uniform stands of 5 to 6 plants/ft 2 are capable of producing acceptable yields provided you have good weed control and everything else goes right Low plant population poor weed control no help from the crop poorer standability - plants too far apart to interlock

12 Source:

13 Table 1: Summary of the number of seed DM yield increases, the frequency of seed DM yield increases and the size range of seed DM yield increase sizes resulting from field pea production Practice changes in the Northeast and Peace regions of Alberta during 1998, 1999 and Production Practice Category Specific Effect on Seed DM Yield # of Seed DM Yield Increases Site-Years Tested Average Seed DM Yield Increase Range of Seed DM Yield Increases Plant Stand Density (plants/m 2 ) 75 to 85 > 32 to % 10% to 74% 32 to 43 > 75 to % N/A 75 to 85 = 32 or N/A N/A Seeding date early > late % 34 to 83% late > early % 15 to 27% early = late 2 7 N/A N/A Herbicide Timing c 2 node > 8 node % 22% to 125% 8 node > 2 node % N/A 2 node = 8 node 9 19 N/A N/A

14 Source: Kirk, A., et al. Field Pea Input Study: Grain Yield and Economics, Presented at Crop Opportunity 2015, Western Applied Research Corporation

15 28¼

16 For 28¼ Hula Hoop Hoop Plant Count Plants per Acre Plants per ft 2 Plants per m 2 13 to , to , to , to , to , to ,

17 Good Launch = Right Seeding Time Field Pea

18 Source: D. Lange, MB Ag

19 High Temps and Field Pea Flowering Peas can tolerate some hot weather or drought stress during flowering, but yields may be reduced. Hot weather during flowering causes the flowers to blast which results in reduced flowering and seed set. Temperatures in excess of 27 Celsius for a period of 5-7 days can terminate flowering and reduce seed set especially under dry conditions

20 Table 1: Summary of the number of seed DM yield increases, the frequency of seed DM yield increases and the size range of seed DM yield increase sizes resulting from field pea production Practice changes in the Northeast and Peace regions of Alberta during 1998, 1999 and Production Practice Category Specific Effect on Seed DM Yield # of Seed DM Yield Increases Site-Years Tested Average Seed DM Yield Increase Range of Seed DM Yield Increases Plant Stand Density (plants/m 2 ) 75 to 85 > 32 to % 10% to 74% 32 to 43 > 75 to % N/A 75 to 85 = 32 or N/A N/A Seeding date early > late % 34 to 83% late > early % 15 to 27% early = late 2 7 N/A N/A Herbicide Timing c 2 node > 8 node % 22% to 125% 8 node > 2 node % N/A 2 node = 8 node 9 19 N/A N/A

21 Good Launch = Good Nodulation Source: D. Lange, MB Ag

22 Source: Kirk, A., et al. Field Pea Input Study: Grain Yield and Economics, Presented at Crop Opportunity 2015, Western Applied Research Corporation

23 Good Launch = Early Weed Control

24

25 Table 1: Summary of the number of seed DM yield increases, the frequency of seed DM yield increases and the size range of seed DM yield increase sizes resulting from field pea production Practice changes in the Northeast and Peace regions of Alberta during 1998, 1999 and Production Practice Category Specific Effect on Seed DM Yield # of Seed DM Yield Increases Site-Years Tested Average Seed DM Yield Increase Range of Seed DM Yield Increases Plant Stand Density (plants/m 2 ) 75 to 85 > 32 to % 10% to 74% 32 to 43 > 75 to % N/A 75 to 85 = 32 or N/A N/A Seeding date early > late % 34 to 83% late > early % 15 to 27% Herbicide Timing early = late 2 7 N/A N/A 2 node > 8 node % 22% to 125% 8 node > 2 node % N/A 2 node = 8 node 9 19 N/A N/A

26 Weed Control Cautions a pea plant can produce two nodes in seven days under optimum conditions if you are using a post-emergent product, know the correct node stage of the pea plant for safe application most broadleaf weed control products perform best at the two to five-node stage (Above ground nodes) node staging not the height of the pea plant determines time of spraying (under drought conditions, a pea plant can reach five nodes and still be only 3 in. or 7.5 cm tall) spray early to remove weed competition pea yield potential declines every week spraying was delayed after pea emergence

27 Threat to Success!! Mycosphaerella Blight Fungal Disease in Peas It s part of the Ascochyta Disease Complex Causes leaf, stem and foot rot The pathogen is seedborne, air-borne, spread by rain splash, and can survive on stubble for many years. Source: D. Lange, MB Ag

28 Fungicide Timing in Field Peas Consider: Level of infection Forecasted weather Crop value Source: D. Lange, MB Ag The ideal timing for fungicide application is at early flower. Foliar fungicides work by protecting the healthy green plant material but will not repair plants affected by foot rot.

29 klist_for_ascochyta_in_pea.pdf

30 Kirk, A., et al. Field Pea Input Study: Grain Yield and Economics, Presented at Crop Opportunity 2015, Western Applied Research Corporation

31 At 4 of 6 Trials in 2017: Average Yield Increase = 10% Range of Yield Increases = 2.5% to 17%

32 Threat to Success!! Root Rot In Peas Fusarium Apahnomyces Pythium Fusarium Source: _Root_Rot_Brochure_v5_web.pdf Rotation 1-3 years Rotation 1in 6 in positive for Apahnomyces Seed treatments can help but not a cure Wet, heavy soils will be worse Planting good quality Seed

33 Aphanomyces euteiches Source: Crop Development Centre

34 Threat to Success!! Pea Aphid Intermittent Threat Above economic threshold in many fields in 2017 Migrate but also overwinter to a degree Early season - found on legume crops (alfalfa and clover stands) - then migrate to peas Adult pea aphids are soft-bodied, slowmoving, and range in colour from light to dark green. They are pear shaped, about 3 mm (1/8 in.) long and 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) wide, with long slim legs. The nymphs are smaller but closely resemble the adults. Source: D. Lange, MB Ag

35 Pea Aphid Monitoring/Thresholds Sampling to determine aphid density should be done when 50 to 75% of the pea plants are in flower. Take 180 sweeps (10) or check at least 5, 8-inch (20 cm) plant tips along at least five well-spaced stops in the field. Counts should be at least 50 m (150 ft.) apart and observations should be made well into the centre of the field. Economic Threshold - 2 to 3 aphids per 8-inch (20 cm) plant tip, or 9 to 12 aphids per sweep, at flowering. at $5.71 per bushel and average control cost of $6.73-$9.25/acre Economic threshold is exceeded - single application of insecticide when 50% of plants have produced some young pods. Research in Manitoba - insecticides applied when pods first form protects pea yield better than earlier or later applications. Control at the early pod stage provides protection through the pod formation and elongation stages - very sensitive to aphid damage.

36 Yield loss (%) in peas for average aphid counts per sweep or per 20-cm tip of a field pea stem when about 25 percent of the crop has begun to flower. Aphids per sweep Aphids per tip % yield loss

37 Threat to Success!!

38 Threat To Success!! Source: D. Lange, MB Ag

39 For Further Information Dennis Lange Industry Development Specialist - Pulses Manitoba Agriculture Dennis.Lange@gov.mb.ca Amir Farooq Farm Production Extension Specialist Pulses Manitoba Agriculture Amir.Farooq@gov.mb.ca Terry J. Buss Farm Production Extension Specialist Pulses Manitoba Agriculture Terry.Buss@gov.mb.ca