Japanese Agriculture and Migra2o Big Farms deeply depending on the Technical Intern Training Progra

Transcription

1 Japanese Agriculture and Migra2o Big Farms deeply depending on the Technical Intern Training Progra Ando, University of Tokyo- mail.ecc.u- tokyo.ac.jp & Kenji Horiguchi, Waseda University- - kenjihor@waseda.jp

2 Chinese trainees Japanese family farm

3 Chinese woman trainees with Japanese farmer

4 Indonesian trainees with Japanese family farm in Kagawa Prefecture

5 Map of Japan and Ibrak Prefecture MapMam M agawa Prefecture Prefecture

6 Japanese GDP is $4,38 billion in 27, almost one third of the United States. The percentage of the agriculture- forestry and fishing industry GDP t total GDP is.4%, while it is.% in US. populayon is 28 million people with working people of 64 million which means almost half of populayon is labor force and it is same as US. has.4% of agriculture- forestry and fishery industry s working people to total labor force, while Japan has 4.2%. But 4% of working force for agriculture in Japan is older than 65 years old, so slide of reyring movement of farmers comes out very soon.

7 . Expected Reform of the current Technical Intern Training Program from the viewpoint of agriculture To keep the current trainee system or to change to th worker system Japanese agriculture and its structural change

8 Big family farms appear recently by lease and hired workers mean size of each family farm is only.83ha (45. acres) in 28, so they do not afford to hire the workers. the different type of farmstead from the convenyonal household operayon grows across Japan. They expand the size of business by renyng farmland from farm families which give up farming. Although its share is syll small, they account 4.5% of all family farms with managing 5 ha or more per each farm. this fact is important in terms of employe workers for these large farms. the hired workers, especially the trainees they can not maintain the size of business.

9 2) The current number of foreign workers and the role of trainees Among 76 thousand authorized workers, first 8 thousand are specialist- skillful workers, and, second, 37 thousand of mainly Japanese descent people as permanent residents is with no restricyon of job selecyon. Third is thousand people with specific acyvity including 7 thousand trainees under the technical intern training program. Forth is thousand people are mainly under part- Yme jobs for the students from abroad.

10 3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees industry, trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with. thousand Next is 7 thousand for food processing industry. 5.7 thousand are for farms 4.5 thousand, for metalworking industry. thousand, for rubber and plasyc industry..5 thousand people are for others.

11 2.Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling Tabl Th transitio o th th gros far productio i Japan Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others Source: MAFF trilion yen

12 HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2,, others livestock flowers fruits greenhouse vegetable Tabl h far structur o farmin type b th scal o sales(25 rice

13 Nearly half of vegetable planyng acreage is concentrated to big farms by renyng in farmland

14 A few large scale vegetable farmers are growing their operayon size by leasing and hiring farm workers

15 3.Outline of the Technical Intern Training Program- A legal loophole to hire low wage farm worker from abroad.

16 A parycipant can be engaged in both Technical Intern Training Programs for up to three years.

17 The previous system

18 The limit on the number of technical intern trainees to accept. Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Number of Technical Intern Trainees Organizations 3 or more employees /2th of the total number of full-time employees 2 or more employees and 3 or less employees 5 Technical Intern Trainees or more employees and 2 orl ess employees Technical Intern Trainees 5 or more employees and or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees 5 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note: Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees. Note2: The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms. Source: JITCO Table 8: Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

19 Number of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of farmers whose supervising organizayons are agricultura cooperayves is less than that of farmers whose supervisin organizayons are small business associayons. Famers someymes demand the lack of balance between agricultural cooperayves and small business associayons. The limitayon rule has been the same afer the amendment of the ImmigraYon Control and Refuge RecogniYon Act in July 2. Judging from the limitayon of the number of technical intern trainees, most of the farmers who accept technical intern trainees have not yet established large scale farmin beyond family farming.

20 4.The situa2on of Technical Intern Trainees Program in agriculture year The number of trainees(a) The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(b) The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees Note:The estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A), (B) and the year before (B). The number is the maimum. Some are dismissed, run away from their farm to somewhere and are deported for crime. Source:JITCO Table : The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

21 The number of trainee for hor2cultur is t largest with som regi nal difference. 6%(387) 5%(2) Greenhous %(54) 5%(3,7) 2%(,784) Table : The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (28)

22 Ibaraki Prefecture has the largest trainee The number of the trainees() The number of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainee(2) The ranking of the vegetable production Total 6,2 6,5 4,45 4,8 Ibaraki 2, 2,33,24,546 3 Chiba Aichi Kumamoto Hokkaido Nagano Gunma Tochigi Kagawa Miyazaki Total of the top-ten 4,767 4,857 2,866 3,67 Source:JITCO, MAFF Table : The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(top )

23 The farmers interviewed in Asahi Village of Ibaraki Farmer's number The operation acreage Land owned by farmer Land rented from others Total area Family labor The number of men The number of woman Sweet potato The area planted Potato Japanese radish Cherry tomato (green house) Note : The unit of the operation acreage is an are. Note 2: All family labors are full-time farmers. Note 3: The unit of the area planted is an are. Note 4: The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen. Source: Field survey conducted in September 22 Table 2: The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village Total sales

24 The number of seasonal and trainee workers Farmer's The number of seasonal workers The number of number Indonesian Japanese foreign trainees Note : Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workers. Note 2: All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrs. Note 3: All the foreign trainees are Chinese. Table 3: The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

25 The farmers interviewed in Yachiyo Town of Ibaraki Farmer's number The operation acreage Land rented from others Land owned by farmer Total area Family labor The number of men The number of woman Chinese cabbage The area planted Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon n.a Note : The unit of the operation acreage is an are. Note 2: All family labors work more than day in a year and most of them are full-time farmers. Note 3: The unit of the area planted is an are. Note 4: The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen. Source: Field survey conducted in August 23 Table 4: The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town Total sales

26 The number of seasonal and trainee workers Farmer's number The man-days of seasonal workers The number of Japanese year-roud farm worker The number of foreign trainees Note : All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No.2 farmer. No.2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers, maximum of which is six. Note 2: Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security Office. Note 3: All the foreign trainees are Chinese. Table 5: The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

27 6. The latest situa2on of Yachiyo- Town: No Chinese trainees back to China aner the disaster The reason why they have no trainee back to home country afer the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear plant disasters, is considered as follows. The agricultural cooperayve in Yachiyo Town as supervising organizayon has had long and strong cooperayon with Chinese sending organizayon to manage the program smoothly.

28 Both employers and Chinese trainees are almost saysfied with the current system About wage, basic wage for 44 hours per week is 6 yen per one hour same as the minimum wage in Ibaraki, and pay for overyme work is 863 yen per one hour. Trainees menyoned the average actual monthly income was from 2 to 5 thousand yen, while farmers told they paid around thousand which included tax, social security costs and others. In addiyon to this, farmers pay voyage expense and 2 months cost for training period which was around 2 3 thousand yen. 2 thousand yuan (almost 3 thousand yen) guarantee money, training costs, traveling cost, and costs for 2 organizayons acyvity etc. are paid by farms. Some farmer who has introduced Chinese trainees for years menyoned that total cost except the wage is about 5 thousand yuan (75 thousand yen) per one trainee.

29 Conclusion:change to the guest worker system Japanese trainee program looks like the guest worker program in the US, but the trainees are not allowed to come into Japan with their families. We must examine two or more Ymes of their visits to Japan with families and the longer maximum period than the current three years, available.