Study on. Contributory Methods of the Fields of Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas for Addressing Global Issues:

Transcription

1 Study on Contributory Methods of the Fields of Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas for Addressing Global Issues: Reduction of the undernourished population in the rural areas Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry March 2008

2 Study on Contributory Methods of the Fields of Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas for Addressing Global Issues: Reduction of the undernourished population in the rural areas Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry March 2008

3 Study on Contributory Methods of the Fields of Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas for Addressing Global Issues: Reduction of the undernourished population in the rural areas JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 3F Akasaka KSA Bldg., Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan Tel: Fax:

4 Preface As hunger directly threatens human existence like poverty, its eradication has been given the highest priority in the international community for development. Recognized as a global issue to be tackled, World Food Summit in 1996 set a goal of achieving to halve the undernourished population by 2015, while U.N. Millennium Development Summit in 2000 set the goal of halving the ratio of undernourished population by However, even now there remain 854 million undernourished people in the world, of which 820 million are in the developing world. Among developing world, Sub-Saharan Africa is the area facing most serious situation, calling for greater effort to solve the problem. In the Fundamental Principles of Official Development Assistance (ODA) of Japan, it is clearly stated that, the global issues (including issues on food) should be tackled collectively by international community and that Japan would tackle this problem through extending ODA and, play an active role in making an international model. In TICAD IV to be held in Yokohama in 2008, further support to Africa will be called for. Taking this context into account, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) has selected the theme Eradication of hunger in rural areas in 2007, under the program of Study on Contributory Methods of the Fields of Food, Agriculture and Rural areas for Addressing Global Issues following the theme Conservation of Tropical Forest in 2005 and Prevention of Desertification in Our organization, JAICAF has been entrusted the Study from MAFF, and has conducted this Study by selecting two countries, Ghana and Burkina Faso in West Africa. In the implementation of the Study, Examination committee has been organized within JAICAF consisting of academics and experts in these fields, headed by Dr. K. Itagaki (Professor of Tokyo University of Agriculture) for the smooth implementation of the Study. In addition to the data collection, analysis and discussion in the country, field study in two countries, Ghana and Burkina Faso has also been conducted including discussion with concerned government officials and representatives of the development partners working in these two countries. A number of project sites have been visited. Taking this opportunity, I would express our sincere gratitude, on behalf of JAICAF to the members of Examination Committee who supported all the way through the Study, and the concerned officers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Japan International Cooperation Agency for their support to the implementation of Study. In Ghana and Burkina Faso, Embassy of Japan and Resident Representatives of JICA as well as the concerned government agencies and offices of development partners stationed there extended support to the Study team. JICA experts and JOCVs, dispatched to these two countries also provided invaluable support to the

5 Study Team on project sites visits. I wish to express heartfelt thanks to all of them. Lastly but not the least, I wish to extend appreciation to the concerned officials of the International Cooperation Division, International Affairs Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for their continued support and guidance. In concluding, I wish to confirm that the report is prepared by the name and responsibility of JAICAF and the contents of the report do not necessarily reflect the ideas of the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries and/or the Government of Japan. March 2008 President JAICAF Hidero MAKI 6

6 Table of Contents Summary of the Report...1 Chapter 1 Introduction Objectives and basic policy of the Study Objectives Basic policy Implementation structure and procedure of the Study...6 Chapter 2 Trend of Hunger in the World Global and regional trend of hunger Trend of undernourishment in Sub-Saharan Africa Current Situation of undernourishment in the countries of the Study Ghana Burkina Faso...10 Chapter 3 Trend of Hunger and Cooperation in the Field of Food and Agriculture in Ghana Trend of hunger and undernourishment and their causes General information on Ghana Characteristics of agriculture and its recent performance Trend of food production and its regional characteristic Poverty reduction and food security Trend of development cooperation in the fields of food and agriculture for the reduction of hunger and food shortages Outline of the cooperation by major development partners Major development cooperation in the fields of agriculture and rural development Needs of support related to hunger and food shortages in the future...36 Chapter 4 Trend of Hunger and Support by Donors in the Fields of Food and Agriculture in Burkina Faso Trend of hunger and its causes General information on agriculture in Burkina Faso General information on agriculture in Burkina Faso...38

7 Characteristics of major crops grown and the issues to be addressed Trend of hunger and food shortages and their causes Trends of cooperation in the field of food and agriculture for the reduction of hunger and food shortages Poverty reduction strategy of Burkina Faso Cooperation by major development partners Detailed cases of cooperation projects Major contribution for the reduction of hunger by development partners Future needs of support for the reduction of hunger and food shortages...55 Chapter 5. Agriculture and Rural Development Contributing to the Reduction of Hunger in West Africa Current situation of hunger and food shortages: Ghana and Burkina Faso Hunger and food shortages in West Africa Needs of development support for the reduction of hunger and the expected Japanese roles Considerations to be paid in the implementation of the future support...70 Reference Materials

8 Summary of the Report The Study on Contributory Methods of the Fields of Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas for Addressing Global Issues started in 2005 with the theme of Conservation of Tropical Forest followed by Prevention of Desertification in In 2007, the theme of the Study has been set as Hunger Eradication in Rural Areas. The Study aims to consider the issues related to hunger and measures to solve this problem, and our future direction of cooperation, with particular emphasis on West African countries. The report consists of following 5 Chapters. Chapter 1 describes the objectives, policy, contents and the schedule of the Study. In this report, as an indicator of hunger, undernourished population is used. Ghana and Burkina Faso have been selected as the countries for field study. For the implementation of the Study, Examination Committee and Working Sub-committee have been organized for the smooth operation of the Study including the collection and analysis of the available data and information in the country and also field study in two countries. Four meetings have been held both for Examination Committee and Working Sub-committee. In Chapter 2, overview of the world trend of hunger and food security situation is presented. Undernourished population in the world in was reported as at high level of 854 million, with 820million in developing world. FAO warns that, in the past 10 years after the World Food Summit in 1996, little progress has been made to improve the problems of undernourishment in the world, particularly in sub-saharan Africa. West Africa, the target area of the Study is included in sub-saharan Africa, where the food security is precarious issue, as ratio of undernourished population is highest and, in parallel to population increase, absolute number of the undernourished is also increasing. In observation of individual countries, Ghana is one of a few countries that achieved the goals of World Food Summit of halving the number of undernourished and Millennium Development Goals of halving the ratio of the undernourished. Burkina Faso, bordering with Ghana, shows no decrease in number of the undernourished, though ratio of undernourished population decreased slightly. Chapter 3 describes the overview of Ghana s agriculture and its regional characteristics with particular attention on poverty issues, based on the results of visits to concerned government agencies, offices of the development partners and the field projects currently operational. Collection of data and information on development cooperation programmes/ projects has also been made. In brief, though Ghana has achieved remarkable progress on food security situation at national level, there exists wide regional discrepancy between urban and rural, or northern and southern part. 3 Regions in northern part of the country, namely Northern, Upper-East and Upper-West Regions are the major areas of chronic food shortages. High share of root-tuber crops and plantain in staple food is the notable characteristic of Ghana s diet pattern. These root-tuber crops and plantain are mostly grown in 1

9 southern part of the country where favorable rainfall is available. In northern Regions, on the other hand, major staple food crops are such cereals as millet, sorghum and maize grown under scarce and unstable rainfall. Many development support programmes/ projects are focusing to these poverty stricken areas. In response to the shift to market oriented economy, many projects emphasize the value chain approach. Future needs of development cooperation are proposed, in addition to the enhancement of national food safety net for emergency, Appraisal of agricultural resources in the region and their development potential, Increase in land productivity (soil fertility) and reappraisal of traditional techniques, Encouraging the creativity and sense of ownership of farmers, Special characteristic of agriculture to require long gestation period, and Responding to market economy. Chapter 4, following the preceding chapter on Ghana, describes the case of Burkina Faso on food security situation and related development supports based on the results of visits to concerned government agencies, offices of development partners and ongoing projects sites in the country. In Burkina Faso, different from Ghana, the regional gap on poverty and undernourishment has not clearly been observed. Within a particular region there exist various gaps based on age, gender and income level. Bordering on Ghana, Burkina Faso shares similar natural condition, particularly of scarce rainfall, with northern part of Ghana and thus shares the common challenges for agriculture development. In general, many agricultural development projects have focused on specific regions or crops, and in recent years value chain approach has been taken up. Small-scale irrigation projects are many for increased rice production, responding to the increased domestic demand and import of rice. As for the future needs of development support, Strengthened food safety net at national level, and Enhancing countermeasures for undernourishment and malnutrition at local level- from increasing yield to increasing income- are raised. Particularly on, Appraisal of the natural resources and formulation of regional development master plan there of, Reappraisal of traditional techniques and their modification and improvement, Importance of human resources development- OJT, Education and Research cooperation and Reciprocal cooperation -and Promotion and activation of the private sector are raised as important issues to be addressed. Chapter 5 describes, based on the preceding chapters, factors affecting food shortages in West Africa, needs of support to solve the problems and on the future direction of our development support in these fields. Further, particular issues to be paid attention in our future development support are also mentioned. In comparing Ghana with Burkina Faso, it is noted that Ghana shows much progress than Burkina Faso. Number of undernourished population in Ghana decreased 40 % from 5.8 million in to 2.4 million in Ratio of the undernourished to the total population also declined from 37% to 12% in the same period. Corresponding figures of Burkina Faso are the increase in the number of the undernourished from 1.9 million to 2.1 million but decline on the ratio of the undernourished from 21% to 17%. This shows that in the base year Burkina Faso was in better situation than Ghana, or, Ghana was in far more severe situation. Apart from food production, international market price of 2

10 export commodities is also an important factor to affect food import capacities. In addition to population increase, stagnation of agricultural production by civil strife, damages by drought are the major causes of food shortages. In West Africa, a number of countries are facing such constraints as civil wars and/or HIV/AIDS. Toward the hunger reduction in West Africa, following points are raised in our future development support. Strengthening food safety net Increasing productivity at regional level Appraisal of regional agricultural resources and their development potential Increasing soil fertility Reappraisal of traditional techniques and their improvement/ modification in new technology development Development of marketing system responsive to market economy Support on human resources development For future cooperation, Further enhanced coordination on development support, Clarification of core components I multi-sector approach, Encouraging farmers initiatives and sense of ownership, and Special consideration for long gestation period of agricultural projects, are raised as issues requiring special attention. 3

11 Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1. Objectives and basic policy of the Study Objectives Global issues such as environment and food are taken up in the Fundamental Principles of ODA (Overseas Development Assistance) as the important subjects and it is emphasized that [the subjects need to be tackled urgently by international community collectively, and Japan should join this effort through Japanese ODA.]. Therefore, the Study aims at contributing to the effective and efficient future cooperation in the fields of food, agriculture and rural development, through the verification of the development cooperation in these fields and exploring our countermeasures to respond to the cooperation needs in coming future of the target countries mobilizing our own knowledge and experiences on this issue. Basic principles of cooperation for the target areas with particular emphasis on socio-economic development, regional characteristics and environmental issues, are to be considered Basic policy (1) Theme of the Study The Study on Contributory Methods of the Fields of Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas for Addressing Global Issues started in In the first year, 2005, Conservation of the Tropical Forest was taken up, followed by Prevention of Desertification in the second year, In the third year, 2007, Reduction of Hunger in Rural Areas was chosen as the theme of the Study by the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries the funding organization of the Study. (2) Indicators of hunger Regarding hunger, the main issue of the Study, World Food Program (WFP) defines as follows; Undernourishment: describes the status of people whose food intake does not include enough calories (energy) to meet minimum physiological needs. Malnutrition: defined as a state in which the physical function of an individual is impaired to the point where he or she can no longer maintain natural bodily capacities such as growth, pregnancy, lactation, learning abilities, physical work and resisting and recovering from disease. World Food Summit in 1996 established the target of halving the number of undernourished population by no later than 2015, using the average of the period as the base year. Undernourished population in the world of the base year was 830million.On the other hand, in the Millennium Development Goals sets the target to halve the ratio of undernourished population by 2015 from the base year As the detailed indicators of MDGs, ratios of underweight infant population less than five years old and the undernourished to the total population are used. Therefore, 4

12 undernourished population above is used as an indicator of the Study. (3) Selection of the countries for the Study As the Application Guideline of the Study designates that the target countries should be selected from those in West Africa, general trend of undernourishment in this area has been observed (Table1-1). Table1-1 Prevalence of undernourishment and progress towards the WFS and MDG targets in West African countries Region/ Country (undernourishment category*) Ratio Number of people Proportion of Total population current/baseline undernourished undernourished in (millions) number of (millions) undernourished total population Ratio for WFS target = Ratio current/baseline prevalence of undernourished Ratio for MDG target = 0.5 West Africa Benin [3] Burkina Faso [3] Côte d Ivoire [3] Gambia [4] Ghana [3] Guinea [4] Liberia [5] Mali [4] Mauritania [3] Niger [4] Nigeria [2] Senegal [4] Sierra Leone [5] Togo[4] Proportion of the population undernourished in : [1] 5 [2] 5-9 [3] [4] [5] 35 Source: The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006, FAO In the West African countries, decreasing trend of undernourished population are observed in 4 countries, namely, Benin, Ghana, Guinea and Mauritania. In other countries, undernourished population are either increasing or, at best, remain stagnant. Among all these countries, Ghana has achieved to decrease the undernourished from5.8 million in to 2.4 million in In Africa, Ghana is an only country to have achieved the target of World Food Summit to halve the number of the undernourished. As a successful case of hunger reduction, Ghana is therefore selected as one of the target of the Study. Increase in undernourished population are observed in five countries, namely, Burkina Faso, Gambia Mali, Niger and Senegal excluding Liberia and Sierra Leone where civil strife may affect the implementation of the Study. These countries except Gambia, are located in Sahel semi-arid zone with severe natural conditions for increasing agricultural production. Among these countries, Burkina Faso shares the same level of poverty index (population below 1 dollar PPP/day) with Ghana at around 45%.In spite of this similar level of poverty index, there exists substantive difference in the number of undernourished population. Burkina Faso is one of the major recipients of WFP s food aid and many other development partners have also been extending various supports. Therefore, to compare with 5

13 Ghana, Burkina Faso is chosen as another country for the Study. Accordingly, Ghana and Burkina Faso are selected as the countries of the Study Implementation structure and procedure of the Study Within Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry (JAICAF) Secretariat was established for the smooth and efficient implementation of the Study, organizing Examination Committee and others. The Examination committee consisted of the learned persons and academics with broad experiences on ODA activities particularly those on agriculture and rural development. Under the supervision and advice of/and the consultation with the concerned officials of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the Secretariat worked together with Examination Committee for the implementation of the Study. As a subsidiary organ of the Examination Committee, Working sub-committee was organized, for the preparation of agenda, schedule of the study abroad and preparation of the draft report and recommendations to be discussed at Examination Committee. Members of Working Sub-committee included some members of Examination Committee. Field study in two countries, Ghana and Burkina Faso, was conducted by the members of the Working Sub-committee Examination committee of the study (Omitted) Working sub-committee (Omitted) Field study (Omitted) Implementation schedule (Omitted) 6

14 Chapter 2 Trend of Hunger in the World 2-1. Global and regional trend of hunger FAO estimates the number of undernourished in the world in at 854 million, without any reduction. In the developing world as a whole, although minor reduction was observed in , absolute number of undernourished in showed increase. On regional basis, number of the undernourished is biggest in Asia Pacific region reflecting the huge number of population. Sub-Saharan African region follows Asia Pacific in number of the undernourished, in parallel to population increase. The ratio of undernourished population, however, is gradually declining in the developing world as a whole, implying the trend towards the target of Millennium Development Goals. In Sub-Saharan Africa, ratio of undernourished population is the highest, showing serious current situation of this region. As observed, although the ratio of the undernourished is declining, absolute number of the undernourished did not show any decrease, leaving the hunger reduction as one of the most important global issues to be tackled. Severe current situation Sub-Saharan countries are now facing calls for the enhanced support by international community to achieve the targets of World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals. Fig.2-1 Trend of undernourished population in the world Source: The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006, FAO 7

15 2-2. Trend of undernourishment in Sub-Saharan Africa FAO reports that, in Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, undernourished population increased from 196 million in to 206 million in , with high ratio of the undernourished as mentioned above. Therefore, reduction of hunger remains one of the most important subjects to be tackled in this region. Within the region, East Africa, South Africa and West Africa show some progress in lowering the ratio of undernourished population, but the absolute number of the undernourished remains increasing. Central Africa is the sub-region with most serious situation in Sub-Saharan Africa, where, not only the number but also ratio of the undernourished is increasing. Observation by country level shows that, Ghana is the only country achieved the target of WFS. Countries moving towards the target of WFS other than Ghana are12 in number, and those countries of either retreating or stagnant are 26. USDA reports that in Sub-Saharan Africa (37countries are covered) the number of undernourished in 2006 of 372 million will increase in 2016 to 460 million, and estimates that more than half of the total population will not be able to take required nutrition. Fig. 2-2 Trend of undernourished people in Sub-Saharan Africa Source: The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006, FAO 8

16 Table 2-1 Food availability and food gaps for Sub-Saharan Africa Grain Root Commercial Food aid Aggregate Year production production imports receipts availability (grain equiv.) (grains) (grain equiv.) of all food 1,000トン ,063 38,917 12,539 2, , ,606 41,581 15,786 2, , ,057 43,653 13,285 2, , ,695 44,904 14,650 4, , ,373 46,581 18,610 3, , ,716 46,184 20,176 3, , ,092 47,018 20,126 5, , ,512 49,044 22,471 3, , ,596 49,659 23,563 4, ,679 Projections Food gaps* NR DG ,994 51,289 20,662 11,025 17, , ,420 55,941 22,999 11,076 18, , ,544 60,955 25,973 11,968 20, ,740 *Food gaps: NR stands for nutritional requirements and describes the amount of grain equivalent needed to support nutritional standards on a national average level. DG stands for distributional gap and describes that amount of grain equivalent needed to allow each income quintile to reach the nutrional requirement. Source: Food Security Assessment 2006, USDA, Current Situation of undernourishment in the countries of the Study Ghana In Ghana, the number of undernourished population has sharply decreased and per capita calorie intake increased from 2,027 kcal in to 2,690kcal in Dietary pattern in Ghana is characterized by higher share of tuber and root crops rather than cereals. Dependency on imported food is high, such as wheat, rice and sugar. USDA predicts that further improvement on undernourishment will be made and in 2016, national food security will be achieved. Fig. 2-3 Trend of undernourished people in Ghana Source: FAO Website 9

17 Table 2-2 Food availability and food gaps for Ghana Grain Root Commercial Food aid Aggregate Year production production imports receipts availability (grain equiv.) (grains) (grain equiv.) of all food ---1,000 tons ,578 2, , ,665 3, , ,601 3, , ,615 3, , ,520 3, , ,044 4, , ,949 4, , ,837 4, , ,760 4, ,135 Projections Food gaps NR DG ,760 4, , ,362 4, , ,654 5,447 1, ,272 Source: USDA Website 1,000 tons Grain production and commercial imports 3,000 Grain production Com. imports 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, ,000 tons Food gap estimates Nutritional requirements Distribution gap Burkina Faso Though no significant change on the number of undernourished population has been observed in Burkina Faso in recent years, ratio of undernourished population has declined due to the total population increase. Per capita food supply increased from 2350kcal in to 2500 in , however the number of the undernourished did not decrease. This implies the existence of wide range of food distribution gap, or disparity of individual food supply capacity. USDA predicts that the food distribution gap will continue to widen. This means that, even if the minimum requirement will be met at national level, undernourishment will remain to continue at individual/ household level. Fig. 2-4 Trend of undernourished people in Burkina Faso Source: FAO Website 10

18 Table 2-3 Food availability and food gaps for Burkina Faso Grain Root Commercial Food aid Aggregate Year production production imports receipts availability (grain equiv.) (grains) (grain equiv.) of all food ---1,000 tons , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,709 Projections Food gaps NR DG , , , , , ,763 Source: USDA Website 1,000 tons 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, ,000 tons Grain production and commercial imports Grain production Com. imports Food gap estimates Nutritional requirements Distribution gap

19 Chapter 3 Trend of Hunger and Cooperation in the Field of Food and Agriculture in Ghana 3-1. Trend of hunger and undernourishment and their causes General information on Ghana Ghana is the country located, facing to the Gulf of Guinea at the west, and bordering with Cote d Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Togo, with total area of km 2 and population of 18.9 million (year2000). Ghana is the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to have achieved independence in 1957 from colonial rule. Since the independence until 1970 s when she faced crisis, Ghana had enjoyed highest per capita GDP among African countries. A series of military intervention on politics and others contributed to the decay of systems and structure of administration for the sound and stable economic development. Support by donors led by World Bank continued nearly two decades and austerity policy has been pursued. In 1999, international price of cocoa, most important export commodity of the country had declined sharply, together with the hanging low price of gold, another important export commodity and high price of oil, for which foreign currency is much needed, caused severe economic crisis of the country. In the following year, 2000, in addition to the external factors mentioned above, failures in fiscal and decrease in disbursement of assistance by donors caused sharp inflation and increase in interest rate. In 2002, however, under the severe austerity policy of the new government, fundamentals of macroeconomic indicators have been improving. Trend of GDP and the shares of the sectors are shown in Table3-1 and Table3-2. Table3-1 Trend of GDP Shares by Sectors % Sector Agriculture Crops/Livestock Cocoa Forestry Fisheries Industry Mining Manufacture Power/Water Construction Services Transportation/ Communication Wholesale/ Retail Finance/Insurance/ Real estate Administration Regional social services Private non-profit social services Source Ghana Statistical Service,

20 Table3-2 Trends of GDP Growth rates by sectors % * GDP Agriculture Crops/Livestock Cocoa Forestry Fisheries Industry Mining Manufacture Power/ Water Construction Services Transportation/ communication Wholesale/ Retail Source Ghana Statistical Service, 2007 *: estimate Characteristics of agriculture and its recent performance Agriculture is the mainstay of Ghanaian economy, with GDP share of 40% and employing 60% of the workforce. Arable land is estimated at around 13.6 million ha, of which about 6million ha are used for agriculture. Agro-ecologically Ghana can roughly be classified into 3 major zones, namely Forest Vegetation zone, Northern Savannah zone and Coastal Savannah zone. Forest Vegetation zone consists of parts of Western, Eastern, Ashanti, Brong Ahafo and Volta Regions. Northern Savannah Vegetation zone extends to four Regions of Upper-East, Upper-West, Northern and apart of Brong Ahafo. Coastal Savannah Vegetative zone covers mainly central, Greater Accra and a part of Volta Region. In Northern Savannah and Coastal Savannah, rainy season is once a year, while in Forest Vegetation zone can enjoy two rainy seasons in a year with favorable rainfall of 800mmm-1800mm. In Northern Savannah, development of infrastructure such as irrigation facility, road networks, markets and post harvest facilities far lagged behind. Major crops grown are cereals such as millet, sorghum and rice. Other crops produced include yam, cotton and tomato. Livestock production, namely cattle sheep and goat raising are also common. In recent years, mango tree planting is expanding. In Coastal Savannah, in addition to maize and rice, cassava, coconut vegetables mongo and sugarcane production are common. Livestock production is also popular. In this zone, though annual rainfall is rather limited, there exist a number of low and wetland where, once sugarcane plantation was operational for state sugar factory. It is said that, the resumption sugar factory by private sector investment is being considered. Feasibility of introducing sweet potato and soybean have been confirmed by the study of Agriculture College of Volta Region. 13

21 < 1,000mm Northern Savannah Vegetation Zone 1,000-1,250mm 1,250-1,500mm Forest Vegetation Zone 1,000-1,250mm 1, mm Coastal Savannah Vegetation Zone < 1,000mm 2,000mm< Fig. 3-1 Rainfall distribution in Ghana In Forest Vegetation zone, as rainfall are relatively abundant tree crops such as cocoa coffee, oil palm and cashew nut are widely grown. Much of plantain and citrus are also grown in this zone. In addition to small-scale family farms, there exist cooperative farms and large commercial farms in this zone. Irrigation facilities are not required in this zone, however, improvement of road networks for market access is of urgent importance. Irrigable area in total in the country is estimated at 500 thousand ha, however, since the establishment of Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA), irrigated area developed remain at 8.7 thousand ha of 22 irrigation projects. Further, actual irrigated area in 2003 was 5.2 thousand ha, 60% of the area developed. 14

22 Fig.3-2 Administrative Division of Ghana In Ghana, major staple food will be fully self satisfied in a year of normal rainfall. In case of tuber and root crops vegetables fruits and edible oil will be fully satisfied by domestic production. For cereals except rice, 90% will be able to meet demand by domestic production. However, volatile rainfall (start of rainy season, amount and distribution during the season) affects seriously the crop performance. Therefore, seasonal food shortage occurs in some places very frequently. Small-scale subsistent farmers are dominant in Ghana, with about 90% of total farm households and 80% of food crop farmers cultivating less than 2 ha. In Ghana, farms are classified in 3 categories in general, small scale farms being less than 4 ha, medium scale farms from 4-8 ha and large scale farms 15

23 more than 8 ha. Share of each category are; small scale 84.2%, medium scale 10.8% and large scale 5%. Major cropping system is the intercropping of food crops for aversion of harvest risks and maximization of profit for limited family labor and the maintenance of soil fertility. However, in case of large scale farms, mono-cropping is dominant. Share of crops including cocoa in total agriculture GDP accounts 77%. In recent years, number of medium and large scale farms is said to be increasing, particularly in those growing pineapple, cocoa, oil palm, cassava, rice etc. Livestock production in Ghana has social and economic importance for the lives of small scale farmers, as well as of livestock traders and processors. Share of livestock in agriculture GDP remains at around 7%, however, livestock plays a role of insurance in time of emergency. In northern region, use of animal power for cultivation is popular, and cattle raising farmers usually cultivate 60% more than those without cattle. Small animals and ruminants are usually raised by female for their cash income. Of the total livestock in the country, about 75% are raised in 3 northern Regions and 15% in the Coastal Savannah. In Forest Vegetation zone where humidity is comparatively high, number of livestock is relatively limited, mainly due to the existence of tsetse flies. Ruminants and poultry are common all over the country but swine raising are popular in the Forest Vegetation zone and areas surrounding of big cities. Share of fisheries in agriculture GDP is low at 4-5%, however, fisheries are major source of protein for the people, with annual per capita consumption of 29kg, about 60 % of the total animal protein intake. About 80% of the total fish catch, including both of marine and fresh water, are processed by traditional smoking or salting for domestic consumption and remaining 20% are frozen or canned for export. Fisheries provide job opportunity to 500 thousand (including fishermen, processors and traders), or 10% of the total workforce. However, fish catches are declining in recent years in spite of increasing demand. Therefore, import of fisheries products are increasing. In general, almost all of the agricultural land are under the control of traditional Chiefs, and from whom the rights are given to farmers by lease or purchase. Leasehold is legalized to be renewed until 99 years, but it usually takes several years to realize official registration. During this period there often said that, another person who claim his/ her right appears which leads to court battle. Unstable right to farmland like the above often discourages investment effort of the farmers. Cooperation projects funded by developing partners such as WB, IFAD and others are encouraging the efforts to improve legal system and policy on land issue Trend of food production and its regional characteristic As mentioned earlier, major food crops produced in Ghana are quite numerous. Composition of major staple food and cooking methods differ by the region. This seems to be rather unique compared to other regions (for example, diet patterns based on maize in East and Southern Africa) where food and 16

24 cooking methods are relatively simple. In rural villages, farmers do not manage by their own production, but also they usually purchase from others substantive portion of their daily food. In one case Study in 2000 in average rural family, it is reported that 70% of the total food were purchased while those produced by themselves remained at only 30% (Table 3-3). This clearly shows that farm family needs cash income for buying food in their daily lives. Cereals: maize, rice, millet, sorghum Root & tuber crops: cassava, yam, cocoyam Plantain Beans, nuts Fruits: citrus, pineapple, papaya, banana Spice: pepper Livestock: cattle sheep, goat, poultry Fisheries: marine, fresh water fishes Among the above, cereals, root and tuber crops and plantain are staple food crops. Wheat is consumed in large quantities, but as the ecological condition doesn t allow production, is totally imported from overseas. Recent trend of food crop production is shown in table 3-4. Table3-3 Yearly expenditure of farm household contents US$ share(%) purchase self/supp. cereal % 29% tuber % 66% bean 41 67% 33% vegetable 70 75% 25% fruit 7 63% 37% oil 28 92% 8% meat 39 76% 24% poultry 21 65% 35% fish % 6% others % 0% total % 30% Source: Republic of Ghana (2000) $1=2,439 Cedi.(March1999) 17

25 Table 3-4 Trend of food crops production (unit:1000ton Cereal Maize 1, ,400 1,289 1,157 1,658 Rice Sorghum Millet Root Crop Cassava 8,107 8,966 9,731 10,239 9,739 13,808 Yam 3,363 3,547 3,900 3,813 3,892 4,605 Cocoyam 1,625 1,688 1,860 1,805 1,716 1,540 Plantain 1,932 2,074 2,279 2,329 2,380 3,572 Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 2006 As seen in the table above, food crop production is increasing steadily in the past 6 years. It is noted that, among cereal crops, while traditional crops such as millet and sorghum are stagnant in growth of production, maize and rice are increasing. Tuber crops except cocoyam and plantain are increasing. In general, growth of food crop production surpasses population increase. Therefore, food security situation at national level is seen as improving. However, in 3 Regions in the north, Northern, Upper-East and Upper-West, their traditional food crops, millet and sorghum, are not increasing, leaving the problems of food insecurity in these areas Table 3-5 Major food crops production by Regions (2005) (unit:1000ton Region Maize Rice Millet Sorghum Cassava Yam Cocoyam Plantain Peanut Cowpea Soya Western Central , Eastern , Greater Accra Volta , Ashanti , Brong Ahafo ,481 1, , Northern , Upper West Upper East Total 1, ,808 4,604 1,540 3, Source Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 2006 As an export commodity, cocoa is the most important crop. In Ghana, the share of agricultural products in export is about 60% and of which cocoa shares 60%. However, in recent years, export of other commodities such as pineapple and mangoes are gradually increasing. Table 3-6 Trend of Agricultural Export (million $) Commodity Traditional Commodities , Cocoa , Wood/wood products Nontraditional Commodities Horticulture products Fisheries products Others Total ,130 1,443 1,042 Source Statistical Service Ghana,

26 Major agricultural products imported are cereals, among which rice is outstanding. In response to the increase in demand for rice, import of rice has been increasing in recent years. Imported volume of rice in 2000 was 56,000t, followed by 170,000t in 2001, 180,000t in 2002, further, 260,000t in 2003, 340,000t in 2004 and 260,000t in Poverty reduction and food security Supported by the steady growth of agricultural production, food security situation of Ghana has been improving remarkably. FAO reported the recent situation of food insecurity in each region of the world at 34 th General Meeting in Nov in The State of Food and Agriculture. The report states that the ratio of undernourished population in the developing world has sharply declined from 37% in 1969/71 to 17% in 2002/04, and that declining trend was striking at the first 2decades but warns that thereafter, from 1995/97, ratio has been getting higher. Ratio of undernourished in Sub-Saharan Africa has declined for the first time in several decades and Ghana had achieved the target of WFS, as reported. In spite of the remarkable progress of Ghana on reduction of hunger at national level, there exist a number of regions in the north where undernourishment remains to be solved. Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS) is the comprehensive policy document for national development prepared at first in 2003as GPRS-1 and in 2005 as GPRS-2. In GPRS-1, Reconstruction and rehabilitation was emphasized and in GPRS-2, while following the major policy of GPRS-1, Accelerated economic growth has been emphasized. For the overview of poverty issues in Ghana, the report Pattern and Trends of Poverty in Ghana (Ghana Statistical Service, April 2007) is very useful. The report analyses poverty issues, using the results of the 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th Living Standard Survey conducted in 1991/92, 1998/99 and in 2005/06 respectively. In this analysis, poverty is considered from 3 dimensions, namely, consumption, asset/ access to services, and human development. Regarding poverty and hunger, dimension of consumption on poverty will be the major issue. Regarding consumption, expenditure of each family in respective area has been measured separating food and non-food expenditure. As for food, own production, purchase, borrowing and donated are separated. In counting the cost of living, regional discrepancy has been adjusted, setting the coefficient for each region based on the price at Accra, the metropolitan of Ghana. For example, in case of food, against to Accra, is used to Rural Savannah. Poverty line is set, as adopted in many other countries, based on the required calories. In this case, required calorie for male adult is set at 2,900kcal/day. This means the average required calorie for total population to be 2,200kcal/day. Two poverty lines are set, extreme poverty and ordinary poverty lines. Extreme poverty is defined that, required calorie cannot be obtained even if the total income is devoted to food. Ordinary poverty is defined as the minimum income which can afford, after securing the required calorie, to meet non food requirement. Extreme poverty is set at annual income 2,884,700 Cedi (about $318) by the price of 19

27 Accra in January Similarly, ordinary poverty is set at 3,708,900 Cedi ($410). Table3-7 Regional poverty index of Ghana poverty line=3,708,900cedi ext. poverty ratio=2,884,700cedi povert ratio contribution poverty ratio contribution 1991/92 Accra(GAMA) Urban Coastal Urban Forest Urban Savannah Rural Coastal Rural Forest Rural Savannah Urban Rural All Ghana /99 Accra(GAMA) Urban Coastal Urban Forest Urban Savannah Rural Coastal Rural Forest Rural Savannah Urban Rural All Ghana /06 Accra(GAMA) Urban Coastal Urban Forest Urban Savannah Rural Coastal Rural Forest Rural Savannah Urban Rural All Ghana Source:Pattern and Trends of Poverty in Ghana, Statistical Service Ghana, 2007 As shown in Table 3-7, ratio of poverty population in Ghana has been declining since the 3 rd Living Standard Survey (1991/92). In the 3 rd Survey, the ratio of poverty population was 51.7% and in the 4 th ratio (1998/99) it declined to 39.5%, further in the 5 th (2005/06) to 28.5%.The target of MDGs to reduce the ratio of poverty population by 2015 will be achieved without much difficulty. Though the improvement is remarkable at national level, there exists wide disparity between the urban and the rural areas. In the urban area, the ratio of poverty declined sharply from the 3 rd survey (27.7%) to 4 th (19.4%) and 5 th survey (10.8%), while in the rural area, the ratio remains high, particularly in Rural Savannah (3 northern regions). Share of the urban and the rural for poverty population was 17.8:82.2 in the 3 Rd survey followed by the 14.3:85.7 in the 5 th survey, worsening the situation for the rural area. Extreme has been decreasing its ratio since the 3 rd survey, from 36.5% to 26.8% and 18.2% in 4 th and 5 th survey respectively. However, share of the rural area in extreme poverty remains high at 88.1% of the total, showing the severe situation of poverty in rural area. As for the 2 nd indicator of poverty, assets and access to the water and electricity, improvement is observed. Increased possession of radio (71%) bicycle (29%) and sewing machine (18%) in rural area 20

28 are noted. Access to drinking water has been improved particularly in rural area. More than 65% of the rural population secured access to drinking water. The gap between urban and rural on access to drinking water is narrowing. Flush toilet or simple toilet are not well diffused in rural area, remaining less than half compared to the urban area. Diffusion of electricity also lacked behind in the rural area, less than half or 11-40%, compared to 44-88% in urban area. As the 3 rd indicator of poverty, human development, or more precisely health, medical services and education are raised. Regarding medical services, in case of disease or injury, visits to medical doctor or pharmacy were heard by interview. In the 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th survey, visits to medical doctor was higher in urban than rural, however, throughout the 3 surveys, number of visits to medical doctor are not substantively increasing. In contrast, visits to pharmacy are increasing both in urban and rural areas. Regarding education, enrollment to primary and secondary schools are surveyed. Enrollment ratio to primary school in the 3 consecutive GLSSs (Ghana Living Standard Survey 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th ) are shown in Table3-8. In general, enrollment ratio to primary school is increasing. Regional gap is not so big as assumed, although it remains it remains comparatively low in Rural Savannah. National average of enrollment ratio to primary school has increased during the past 15 years from74% to 85%.In Rural Savannah, it increased significantly from48.6% to 61.8%, but far lagged behind to other areas. However, gender disparity is improving. Table3-8 Trend of primary school enrolment by region (%) Extremely poor Poor Not poor Total 1991/92 Urban Male Female Sub- Total Rural Male Female Sub- Total Total /99 Urban Male Female Sub- Total Rural Male Female Sub- Total Total /06 Urban Male Female Sub- Total Rural Male Female Sub- Total Total Source Pattern and Trends of Poverty in Ghana

29 As shown in Table 3-9, ratio of enrollment to secondary school is lower than that to primary school. During the period of last 3 surveys, little progress have been observed. It was 37.5% in 1991/92, 40.7% in 1998/99 and 40.9% in 2005/06. The gap of the enrollment ratio between urban and rural areas are also widening in case of secondary school, particularly that of extremely poverty and ordinary poverty. The gender disparity is observed to be declining, as seen in the case of primary school. Table3-9 Trend of secondary school enrolment by region (%) Extremely poor Poor Not poor Total 1991/92 Urban Male Female Sub-Total Rural Male Female Sub-Total Total /99 Urban Male Female Sub-Total Rural Male Female Sub-Total Total /06 Urban Male Female Sub-Total Rural Male Female Sub-Total Total Source Pattern and Trends of Poverty in Ghana As mentioned above, high prevalence of poverty in Rural Savannah or 3 Northern Regions has been noted. However, detailed quantitative data at the region and district levels on food production and demand/ supply situation are not available. Therefore, to make an overview of the part of the actual situation of the northern part of the country, following FAO report is referred. The report in September 2003 when draught damage occurred, and survey was conducted by FAO/WFP in response to the request of the Government of Ghana. The survey was conducted on Oct.2001, to assess the food shortage caused by drought in northern 3 regions of Ghana. The report of the survey was prepared under the title Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Northern Ghana in March The survey covered 3 regions in northern part of the country, namely, Northern, Upper- East and Upper-West Regions. Major objectives are to assess the impact of drought to the crop and livestock production and food supply in the regions food aids requirement, and formulation of the food balance sheet in the year b2002. Summary of the report includes the following. Rainfall in 2001 in 3 Regions was almost similar on average to that in 2000, when rainfall was favorable. However, start of rainy season delayed extraordinary and finished comparatively earlier. Case of the rainfall in 2000 and 2001 in Northern Region is shown below. 22

30 Fig. 3-3 Annual rainfall by district in the Northern Region, 2001 and 2002 Source FAO Special Report of Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Northern Ghana (2003) During the rainy season, serious drought, though short period, occurred in various part of the regions, particularly in later part of June and early part of July in eastern part. In contrast, in northern part, heavy rainfall was witnessed in August and early September when rainy season concluded. As most of the cereal crops mature in September, early closure of rainy season leads to lower yield of crops. In Upper-East Region, millet, the most important food crop usually harvested from later part of July to early part of August has seriously been damaged by drought in June and July. Total production of major food crops in 3 northern regions which include maize, sorghum, millet and rice was 7.9% below the average of Although rice has increased in production by 6.5%, others showed from 9 to 15% decreases. In case of maize, damage was serious by drought after germination. Often groundnut was replanted in this case. It is also reported that, termination of fertilizer subsidies to maize discouraged farmers on maize planting. 23

31 Table 3-10 Crop report of all Ghana and 3 Northern Regions (2000and 2001) 1Planted area (1000ha) Maize Millet Sorghum Rice Cassava Yam Cocoyam Plantain Peanut Cowpea 2000 All N. R All N.R Yield (t/ha) 2000 All N.R All N.R Prod ton 2000 All N.R All N.R Source FAO Special Report of Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Northern Ghana (2003) As mentioned earlier, millet and sorghum are almost exclusively produced in the northern 3 Regions. Shares of 3 Regions to national total production on groundnut and cowpea are nearly 100%, followed by rice of 50-60% and maize by 15%. In case of root crops, though share in yam is 20-30%, cassava remains only 2-3% of the national total. Therefore, crop failure caused by drought had serious consequence to the food insecurity in the 3Regions. The report that, since the national total production in that year was rather normal, crop damages caused by drought in the northern 3 Regions, would be compensated by the availability of other food crops, food import by commercial basis and food aid committed in advance. Required food aid to most seriously affected area was estimated at 5000t Trend of development cooperation in the fields of food and agriculture for the reduction of hunger and food shortages Outline of the cooperation by major development partners Supports extended by bilateral and multilateral development partners, in line with GPRS, include many programs and projects related to agriculture and rural development, reflecting the extremely high incidence of poverty in rural areas (Table3-10). Outline of the development support in the field of agriculture and rural development by major development partners are summarized as follows; (1) World Bank Supporting the implementation of GPRS, the Bank emphasizes sustained economic growth and job creation, human development and service delivery, and governance and empowerment. Agricultural Services Sub-sector Investment Programme (AgSSIP ) is the comprehensive support of lending and non-lending activities with the cooperation of other donors such as IFAD, EU, 24

32 DANIDA and CIDA. AgSSIP consists of 4 sub-programmes, namely development of agricultural technology and strengthening extension system, reorganization and strengthening the structure of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and transfer of the authority of extension to local government, formation of farmer-based organization, and enhancing agricultural education and training. As the programme terminates in 2007, as a follow-up, AgSSIP II is being considered. West Africa Agricultural Productivity Project (WAAPP), which covers Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana, is also scheduled to start, aiming to increase and stabilize the productivity of major crops in these countries. (2) AfDB In line with GPRS, AfDB strategy aims at strengthening the foundation of sustained economic development. In the agriculture and rural development sector, projects include those focusing to specific areas, sub-sectors and/or commodities such as northern areas, small-scale irrigation, inland valley development, cashew nut. In rural savannah, poverty reduction and food security are emphasized together with environment and gender issues. (3) Millennium Challenge Account of USA USA support budget prepared aiming at achieving the targets of Millennium Development Goals. Supports are extended to those countries who committed the good governance, human resources development and healthy economic management and Ghana has been acknowledged as one of these countries. As an executing agency in Ghana, Millennium Development Authority (MiDA) was established to initiate the Agriculture Transformation Programme consisting of 4 sub-programmes; Commercialization of Agriculture, Transportation and Agriculture Infrastructure, Community Services, and Agricultural Financial Services & Bank Capacity Building). 22 poverty stricken districts are selected for the effort to increase in yield and production of high value crops and food crops and to enhance their competitiveness in both domestic and foreign markets. (4) Canadian International Development Agency: CIDA Major focus is the support to the food security in the northern part of Ghana. Emphases are also placed on improved governance at central and local levels on basic human needs and poverty reduction. (5) Department for International Development :DFID In collaboration with World Bank, DFID supports GPRS through Multi-Donor Budget Support, focusing on private sector led pro-poor development, enhanced accountability through public sector reform and strengthening civil society, provision of basic services at local level, and sustainable livelihood and increased production. (6) Agence Française de Développement: AFD AFD supports the government strategy, GPRS, and focuses on socio-economic development both in urban and rural areas. On rural and agriculture sector, Food Security and Rice Producers Organization Project has been implemented from 2003 to Following this project, Support to the Rice Sector in 25

33 Northern Ghana has been initiated. As demand for rice is expected to increase sharply, focuses are enhanced rice production in 4 regions, Northern, Upper-East, Upper-West and Volta, and support to the Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (GRIB) which integrates producers, traders, processors and others concerned to rice production and marketing. (7) German Technical Cooperation(GTZ) GTZ has been supporting the Ministry of Food and Agriculture on policy formulation and extension services. Major areas of support in the field of agriculture and rural development include market oriented agriculture, participatory extension, strengthening farmers organizations, and natural resources management. Support to the private enterprise (tomato processing) has also been conducted. By program approach called value chain, two projects are now operational, namely, Market Oriented Agriculture (MOAP) and Sustainable Economic Development. Collaboration with Kfw, whose mandate is to carry out financial assistance, has been strengthened in development support implementation. (8) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) IFAD has been supporting strengthening food security at regional level, and prevention of environmental degradation and increased productivity. In recent years, more emphases are placed to the northern regions where poverty incidences are prevalent. (9) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) Technical cooperation covers wide range of projects on crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries. On-going projects are mostly Special Projects on Food Security. (10) Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Promotion of small scale irrigation is the focus of cooperation, with particular emphasis on training of farmers and human resource development. (11) World Food Programme (WFP) Due to the improved food security situation, urgency of food assistance to Ghana has been subsiding in recent years. WFP s country programme to Ghana ( ), therefore, consists of two components, Supplementary Feeding and Health and Nutrition, Support for Basic Education. These include improved nutrition for the pregnant and child less than 5 years, and for senior girl students of primary school to make them bring back food to encourage their attendance to school. (12) NGOs In addition, following NGOs are operating in Ghana; Techno-Serve, Action Aid, World Vision, Care International, SG2000, Agriculture & Rural Development Foundation, Africa Anointed Mission Organization, Self-Help Initiative Support Services. 26

34 Table 3-11 Ongoing projects for agriculture and rural development in Ghana (2Feb.2007) Title Donor Period Objectives/Contents 1 AgSSIP (Agricultural Services Sub-sector Investment Project WB/IDA Objectives: To strengthen the structure and function of MoFA Contents: Technology development & extension Restructure and Strengthen MoFA Establish farmers organization Agricultural Education and training Added after midterm review Horticulture export promotion Rehabilitation of irrigation scheme Oil palm industry development Agricultural Mechanization Center 2 WAAPP (West Africa Agricultural Productivity Project 3 AgSSIP II (Agricultural Services Sub-sector Investment Project 4 Rural Enterprise Project (Phase II) 5 Northern Region Poverty Reduction Programme 6 Rural Financial Services Project 7 Root and Tubers Improvement and Marketing Project 8 Food and Agriculture Budget Support WB/IDA Regional Project in West Africa Senegal/Mali/Burkina Faso/Ghana Objective Strengthen production technology on priority crops in the region WB/IDA Follow up of the 1. above Financial support to the priority program of MoFA IFAD Objectives Promotion of medium/ small scale industry in rural area Contents: Support to start up of M/S industry Technology development and transfer Establish partner ship among industries IFAD Objectives Improve livelihood of the disadvantaged in rural areas of Northern Region Contents Capacity building of local governments and private sector Improve access of the poor to resources Improve management system of services provided by local government and private organizations IFAD Objectives Expand financial services in rural areas Contents Improve access to financial services Improve capacity of concerned personnel Preparation of rules and regulation for improved rural financial system IFAD Objectives Food security and increased income of the poor Contents Establish commodity chain of root crops Increased production Enhanced processing and marketing CIDA Objectives Financial support for the implementation of FASDEP(Food and agriculture development policy) 9 Farmer Responsive Mechanisms in Extension and Research 10 Farmer Based Org's Development Fund CIDA Objectives: Improve access to food and its utilization in 3 Northern Regions CIDA Objectives: Improve access to production resources in 3 Northern regions Contents: Research and extension 27

35 11 Community Driven Intiatives in Food Security 12 Rural Enterpreneurs Project (NSAC) 13 Food Security Advisory Services 14 Food Crop Development Project 15 Cashew Development Project 16 Inland Valley Rice Develop. Project 17 Small Scale Irrigation Development Project 18 Nerica Rice Dissemination Project 19 Tse Tse and Tripanosomiasis Project 20 Export Market and Quality Awareness Project 21 Livestock Development Project 22 Trade and Investment Program for Competitive Export Economy (TIPCEE) 23 Ghana Strategy Support Program (GSSP) 24 Program for Biosafety Systems CIDA Objectives: Food security in 3 Northern Regions Contents: Support to communities and farmers groups CIDA Objectives: Capacity building of educational institution in 3 Northern Regions Contents: Training of rural enterpreneurs CIDA Objectives: Support to FASDEP Contents: Technical support to the staff of MoFA AfDB Objectives : Support to 12,800 farm families in Guinea Savannah for improved food security, nutrition and livelihood Contents: Technical support on production, preservation, processing and marketing of major crops Support to applied and practical research AfDB Contents :Increased cashew nut production and processing for increased job opportunity and income of the poor Contents: Land development, provision of development fund, human resources development, applied research AfDB Objectives: Increase production and income of small scale rice farmers Reduction of rice import Contents: Land development, provision of development fund, human resources development, applied research AfDB Objectives: Food security in 26 small scale irrigation schemes in the country. Contents: Land development, adaptive research, provision of fund, extension services, farmers organization, training of GIDA officers and extension officers AfDB Objectives: Introduction and diffusion of NERICA rice for increased rice production and reduction of rice import Contents: Technology transfer, production support, training AfDB Objectives: Project covering 6countrie including Ghana for eradication of Tse Tse fly Contents: Strengthen system for eradication of Tse Tse fly, Sustainable land management AfDB Objectives: Support to the increased export of non-traditional commodities Contents: Increase productivity of horticulture crops and cassava Export promotion of these commodities Human resources development AfDB Objectives: Eradication of poor through livestock development- breeding, improved feed and animal health Contents: Increased livestock production and improved animal health, human resources development and provision of credit USAID Objectives :Increased competitive power of Ghana in the international market Contents: Support to developing rules and legal systems related to investment environment, being suited to the private investors Support to the private sector on export USAID Objectives: Increase capacity of MoFA on policy analysis executed by IFPRI USAID Objectives: Support to the establishment of National regulations on Bio-safety 28

36 25 Title II Food Aid Program (Technoserv 26 Title II Food Aid Program ADRA) 27 Title II Food Aid Program (ENHANCE by OICI) 28 Support to Agricultural Sector Harmonization 29 Market Oriented Agriculture 30 Food Security and Rice Producers Organization Project(FSRPOP) 31 Programme for the Promotion of Perennial Crops 32 Community Based Rural Development Project (CBRDP) 33 Support to the Rice Sector in Northern Ghana 34 Market Oriented Agriculture Programme (MOAP) 35 Promotion of Perenial Crops (Rubber Outgrower Scheme) 36 Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice in the Republic of Ghana 37 Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation USAID Objectives: Increased productivity and access to food, human resources development in the Northern Regions. USAID Objectives: Improved production technology, Agro-forestry, and improved sanitary condition in Northern Regions USAID Objectives: Eradication of hunger and poverty of 130,000 people covering 250 communities of 10 districts in the Northern regions USAID Objectives: Improved policy framework of the agriculture sector Financial and technical support to MoFA GTZ Objectives :Enhanced competitive power in the international market of the producers, processors and traders in agriculture sector AFD Objectives: Improved and strengthened organization on rice production, processing and marketing Contents: Support to the producers organization Support to the credit services operation Support to GRIB(Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body AFD Objectives: Perennial crops such as rubber and oil palm promotion by joint venture of public and private sector Contents: Rubber plantation by outgrower :7000ha Oil Palm 3000ha Support to farmers organization Research, road etc. AFD Objectives: Support to the investment in rural areas Contents: Infrastructure at district & community levelresource management, Education &health Road construction Human resources development AFD Objectives: Support to farmers organization on rice production, processing and marketing in northern regions Contents: Development of low and wetland rice cultivation Strengthening farmers organization Access to credit Research Support to GRIB GTZ Objectives: Increased competitiveness of agriculture in domestic and international market Contents: Enhance value chain in agriculture sector Improve public services on agriculture and related sector Improve service delivery of private sector GTZ Objectives: Increase in rubber production and improve the status of producers and traders Contents: Supply of seedling Extension, credit, and road construction JICA Objectives: Study on policy recommendation for the improvement of production, processing and marketing of rice Technology transfer through the Study Contents: Improve production and processing techniques Improve marketing system Human resources development EU Objective: Increased capacity of the MoFA of quick and accurate information collection and delivery on food and agriculture. 29

37 Capacities in Decentralized MoFA 38 Cocoa Sector Support Programme Phase II 39 Establishment of Tomato Processing Promotion Center (GCP/GHA/029/IT A) 40 Increasing Incomes of small farmers through export of organic crops 41 Telefood -TDF-04/GHA/008 Mesidan Youth in Agriculture Small Scale Sheep Production 42 Telefood -TDF-05/GHA/001J ema Women's Small Scale Sheep Production 43 Telefood -TFD-05/GHA/002 Tampion Women's Small- Scale Sheep Production Group Project 44 Integrated Community Land Management and Soil Fertility Improvement in Upper West Region of Ghana 45 Enhanced Guinea Fowl Production in the Northern Region of Ghana 46 Ghana Country Programme (Activity 2. Support for Basic Education) 47 Support to Food Security Monitoring, Early Warning System in Northern Ghana 48 Promoting Efficient Business and Salt Iodization Practices among Small and Medium and Cottage Scale Salt Production Contents: Training of officials in MoFA and local government EU Objectives: Promotion of sustainable cocoa production with due attention to environment Contents: Support on production, framers organization, Environmental protection, social development, networking etc. FAO Objectives: Poverty eradication and income generation in rural areas of Brong Ahafo Region Contents: Support to the processing activity of the private sector FAO Objectives: Networking of organic farming covering whole Africa Contents: Training on production techniques and marketing FAO Objectives: Support to forming farmers group(youth) for sheep raising. Contents: Support to farmers group for sheep raising consisting of 30members FAO Objectives: Support to forming farmers group(women) for sheep raising. Contents: Support to farmers group for sheep raising consisting of 25 members FAO Objectives: Support to forming farmers group(women) for sheep raising. Contents: Support to farmers group for sheep raising consisting of 25 members FAO Objectives: Training on comprehensive soil fertility management techniques Contents: Training on sorghum, millet, maize and cotton growing at Farmers' Field School for increased yield through soil fertility management FAO 2007 Objective: Increased income and improved nutrition through Guinea Fowl raising in 3 northern Regions Contents: 1200 youth and female in 3 northern Regions are targeted WFP Objectives: Encourage the increased effective demand for domestic products in newly introduced school luncheon program Contents: Local procurement of maize, soybean, mix of soy /maize powder palm oil, iodized salt for luncheon program WFP Objectives: Pilot project for early warning system in 3 northern Region Contents: Data collection and analysis, monthly report and issue of alert as required WFP Objectives: Reduction of diseases caused by iodine deficiency Contents: Increase capacity of salt manufacturer, Increase capacity of women group to supply iodized salt 30

38 49 Community Based Maize Milling and Fortification WFP Objectives: Capacity building on maize processing in 2 communities in Upper West Region Contents: Training on maize processing with supply of facilities and equipment in Upper West Region Source Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA), Republic of Ghana Major development cooperation in the fields of agriculture and rural development As already mentioned, on the occasion of 34 th General Assembly of FAO held at Rome on November 2007, in its report The State of Food and Agriculture, it was appreciated that, for the first time in the last several decades Sub-Saharan Africa achieved the decrease of the ratio of undernourished population, and Ghana has achieved the target of WFS to halve the number of undernourished population. This remarkable progress owes much to the appropriate execution of macro economic policy based on the GPRS with the support of multilateral and bilateral development partners. Macro policy based on GPRS covers all the sectors of economy, thus agricultural production and food security is highly influenced by the management of macro economic policy. As the domestic fund resources are limited, substantive part of the necessary fund for rural and agricultural development depends on support by development partners. Coordinated supports by development partners are thus crucial In the past, most of the cooperation projects tended to focus the specific crops, sectors and regions. It is noted however, cooperation projects are now shifting to more comprehensive programs and projects following FASDEP (Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy), the basic framework of agricultural policy. In line with the emphasis on economic growth in GPRS-2, a series of components from production to marketing and consumption are considered in many programs and projects, typical one of them being Market Oriented Agricultural Programme (MOAP) by GTZ. Budgetary support has been adopted by a group of development partners such as World Bank, DFID and others, enabling the programs and projects implementation within the framework of national budget based on the agreement between the government and each development partners. Various cooperation programs and projects have been implemented in the above context for agriculture and rural development. These efforts contributed much to the increased agricultural production, thereby enabling increase in food supply and foreign exchange for import of necessary food and also reduction of the undernourished. Among the cooperation programmes/projects to Ghana in the past, support to agricultural research and extension calls for attention for its continued effort by WB. In the field of agricultural research and extension, National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) and National Agricultural Extension Project(NAEP) were implemented from 1992 to These were followed by Agricultural Services Sub-sector Investment Programme (AgSSIP) from 2001 to 2007 which included research and extension as major components. Second phase of AgSSIP is being considered as a priority programme to the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA). 31

39 Through the implementation of NARP, NAEP and AgSSIP, capacity building, improvement of physical facilities and equipment, provision of grant for priority research projects and private sector participation on extension services were conducted. Creation of new technologies and their application (extension) are the areas of public services which require long period. Support by WB has been expanded from research and extension in NARP and NAEP to broad components in addition to research and extension. Major components of AgSSIP are as follows. Creation of new technologies and strengthening extension system Institutional reform-reorganization and strengthening of MoFA Formation of farmers organizations Strengthening agricultural education and training Promotion of horticulture export crops ( After mid-term review) Rehabilitation of irrigation scheme(after mid-term review) Fishery infrastructure at village level(after mid-term review) Agricultural Mechanization Service Center(After mid-term review) In addition to World Bank (IDA) and GoG, budget for AgSSIP was also contributed DFID, EU, CIDA and GTZ. In the field of research, themes included increased production of non-traditional export crops and high-yielding varieties of food crops such as cassava, maize, plantain and rice. Research facilities and equipment facilitated by the programme included bio-technology laboratory and glass house for nursery of high quality seedlings. In the field of extension, in line with the decentralization, transfer of the front extension agents to local governments (districts), opening the door to private sector to participate in extension services, creation of fund for extension service provision, and gender and AIDS issues were taken up. Research has been in charge of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR). Actual research works were conducted mainly by 2 research institutions under CSIR, namely, Crops Research Institute (CRI) and Soil Research Institute (SRI). Research priority set earlier in NARP was used and revised by Midterm Review. Efficiency of research and principle of Demand Driven Research were emphasized. Competitive Agricultural Research Grant Scheme (CARGS) was revived, and to coordinate research and extension, Research and Extension Liaison Committee (RELIC) was organized to better reflect the needs of farmers. As the results of the research during the programme period, from 193 themes 67 new technologies were developed and these were publicized by publications. In this period, 26 new promising varieties of maize, cowpea, ground nut, cotton, yam, cassava, soybean and pepper were released by the Directorate for Crop Services of MoFA. In general, research needs considerably long period to achieve certain results. Extension service is under the jurisdiction of the Directorate for Agricultural Extension Service (DAES). In line with the decentralization and transfer of front extension services to district government, roles and functions of 32

40 DAES are now formulation of extension policies and programmes, coordination and technical support to the Regions and Districts and monitoring and evaluation. As for the concrete extension activities, policy documents and extension manuals on new extension policy and system were prepared and distributed to region and district levels for better understanding of the changing situation on extension by all concerned. Extension Development Fund was created for the promotion of private sector participation in extension services, and by 4 service providers in 8 districts executed extension services as pilot projects by private sector. At more than 20,000 farm plots, demonstrations were conducted with farmers participation. Study tours within the country and field training were conducted in many districts. RELC mentioned earlier have been established in all of 10 regions. In addition to the capacity building effort, facilities and equipment at region and district levels were improved. For reference: Change in household income and agricultural production Trend of farm household income and production: Base year (2000) Objectives: Increased farm income Indicator 10% increase in yield of major crops Objectives Increased output Indicator 10% increase in horticulture output b. year(2000) Performance(2004) Performance (2005) Maize 1.5t/ha 1.6t/ha(6.6%) 1.72t/ha (18.01%) Rice 1.87t/ha 2.0t/ha(5.3%) 1.90t/ha (1.63%) Millet 0.81t/ha 0.79t/ha(-2.5%) 0.84t/ha (3.38%) Sorghum 0.97t/ha 0.96t/ha(-1%) 0.96t/ha (-1%) Cassava 12.3t/ha 12.42t/ha(1%) 14.99t/ha 22.04%) Cocoyam 6.6t/ha 6.45t/ha(-2.3%) 7.63t/ha (7.63%) Yam 12.89t/ha 12.52t/ha(-3%) 12.69t/ha (-2%) Horticulture $28,082,000 $60,520,000 $65,132,000 export 2006 estimate Source Project Implementation Completion Report Outcome/Impact Indicator, 2007 World Development Report 2008, World Bank reports the following 2 cases as success story of cooperation projects in Ghana. Ghana Grain Development Project (Long-term capacity development in Ghana) This is the cooperation project by CIDA implemented for nearly 18 years from 1979 to Maize was the major crop focused aiming at breeding of improved varieties, recommendation on fertilizer application and appropriate planting space. For breeding, CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) rendered support and during the period from 1984 to1996, 12 new varieties had been released. These varieties are mainly dent variety with maturing period of 95 to 105 days, yielding 3.5t- 6.0t/ha and include resistant one to streak mosaic virus and containing high nutritional value. For fertilizer application, based on the result of various ecological conditions, standard for fertilizer application had been prepared, taking into account the planting spaces. Before the project started, total national maize production was 380,000 t but in 1998, it had increased to 1,000,000 t. Yield also increased from 1.1t/ha to 1.4t/ha during this period. 33

41 In this project, post-graduate level trainings were provided to 50 young researchers and technicians. Most of those participated in the training are said that they have returned to the project after the training. In parallel to this project, SG 2000 provided support to Ghana for the introduction and diffusion of high yielding varieties of maize. I is reported that, until 1998, more than half of the maize growing farmers adopt high yielding varieties, fertilizer application improved growing practices. However, due to abolition of fertilizer subsidy, fertilizer application is said to have declined by around a quarter. Sustainable Uptake of Cassava as an Industry Commodity Project (Cassava) This project was supported by DFID for 2 years from January 2003 to December Though cassava has been considered as a self sufficiency crop of poor farmers, now access to market as material for industrial products are considered. The project aims at improving the livelihood by promoting sustainable industrialization of cassava. Lack of market access for raw cassava, limited access to existing promising market, absence of technical know how on processing responding to market demand, low profit margin with high production cost in general and high unemployment in off season in rural areas are all the problems faced. Political concerns had been limited on promotion of industrial utilization of cassava products and thus political environment was not well matured. The project, therefore, intended to foster cassava as an industrial product and to this end, supported to establish medium scale processing plants and creating chains of those concerned from raw material to final products. Through this effort, policy makers, market operators, farmers and others were well informed and recognized the importance and feasibility of cassava processing and marketing as an industrial crop. Production and quality control of high quality cassava flour, molasses and industrial alcohol by establishment of 3 medium scale processing factories which were connected to 10 small existing processing facilities are the major feature of the project ensuring market access by the chain connecting from raw material to final products. As the continued support to irrigated agriculture, a case of cooperation by JICA will be referred. JICA s cooperation in the field of agriculture and rural development focused for a long time on promotion of irrigated agriculture. Request from Ghana was summarized in following 4 items. Rehabilitation of the function of existing irrigation schemes, Promotion of operation, management and maintenance of irrigation systems by farmers, Establishment of sustainable farming system for small scale farmers, and Strengthening support system for small scale farmers. From 1988, in response to the above request, following technical cooperation by JICA started with GIDA (Ghana Irrigation Development Authority) as counterpart agency Dispatch of individual experts: Irrigation technology development and formation of extension base 34

42 Irrigation Development Center Mini-Project: Irrigation technology development and establishment of extension foundation Development Study Rehabilitation Plan of Existing Irrigation Schemes Project Type Technical Cooperation Small-scale irrigated agriculture promotion project 1998 Grant Aid Rehabilitation of irrigation facilities in model schemes Follow-up cooperation of the preceding project Small-scale irrigated agriculture promotion project Technical cooperation Project Project for promotion of farmers participation in irrigation management The cooperation concentrated the effort on technology development at the Irrigation Development Center of GIDA and the formation of the model projects. These contributed to the improvement of farming system, increased productivity and farm household income. To spread the successful results at model projects to other areas, technical guidelines for improved farming and strategic papers for each irrigation schemes were prepared in the follow-up cooperation. Participatory irrigation project expanded its focus to institutional aspect, aiming at establishment of operation and management system with participation of farmers, and enhancing the roles and function of GIDA to support farming. Through these efforts, GIDA could conclude Agreement on Joint Operation and Management of Irrigation Facilities with 11 irrigation schemes. GIDA s capacity to support cultivation technology and water management to irrigation schemes greatly increased. Rice production in model schemes has been steadily increasing, owing in part to the rapid increase in domestic demand. During the field survey, the Study team had the opportunity to visit two schemes, Ashaiman and Okyereko irrigation projects. Though cooperation has terminated, project activities seemed to continue steadily, expanding their activities to rice mill operated by farmers association. A series of cooperation above has contributed to the development of irrigated rice production. However, current production cannot satisfy expanding consumption and demand for rice, increasing import from abroad. On going project by JICA The Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice is hoped to explore the future potential of development. In 2003, the Government of Ghana requested FAO s support to formulation of Ghana s NEPAD- CAADP National Medium-term Investment Programme (NMTIP). In response to the request, NMTIP: Support to NEPAD-CAADP Implementation was prepared on September In this report, based on the review of the past programmes / projects on agriculture and rural development by bilateral and multilateral development partners, a number of lessons learnt are presented, which may be worth mentioning. 35

43 * Decentralization, beneficiary Ownership & Private Sector Participation Too much dependency on public intervention, with top down planning and implementation are observed. Lack of cost-effectiveness and poor ownership of the project by beneficiary are evident. Participation of beneficiary from the planning stage so as to encourage the sense of ownership is required. Private sector participation needs to be encouraged. * Cost recovery Projects on research, extension & livestock services have been funded by central government. From now on, cost recovery needs to be considered through voluntary contribution by industry and farmer groups/associations. Full privatization needs to be considered for certain services. * Delays in Implementation, Slow Disbursement and Inadequate Counterpart funding Inadequate counterpart funding by the government needs to be rectified *Low Absorptive Capacity In some cases, due to the limited manpower resources, allocated fund cannot be utilized effectively with sizable portion not disbursed. *Beneficiary Contribution In recent years, many projects are designed that beneficiary contributes a certain portion of the project cost. As many of the beneficiaries are poor, it becomes difficult to achieve target, particularly for those projects of public nature such as road and other infrastructure Needs of support related to hunger and food shortages in the future As stated already, hunger and food shortages in Ghana in recent years tend to be the problems of specific areas in the country. Needless to say, apart from the Northern Savannah, there exist hunger and food shortages in lower income groups. Therefore, safety net for these groups needs to be prepared. As a long-term development agenda, however, sustainable agriculture in Northern Savannah needs to be considered with concrete ideas for development. In this context, following basic points should be addressed. (1) Appraisal of agricultural resources in the region and development potentials In exploring agricultural development and promotion for a particular region, to grasp clearly in detail the actual situation of the region first of all. Using long-term meteorological and hydrological data, appraisal of land and water resources need to be made for the development planning including selection of suitable crops and livestock, in full consideration on long-term environment consequences. In the implementation of irrigation/ land improvement projects in Japan, detailed study on land, soil, 36

44 water resources and actual situation of concerned rural communities has been conducted as an important initial step of the project formulation. Experiences obtained through these exercises have been contributing to the development study being conducted in many countries as an important mode of technical cooperation of JICA. Taking note of the importance of the basic study, experiences in Japan and other countries need to be fully mobilized. (2) Improvement of land productivity (soil fertility) and reappraisal of the conventional technology As the level of crop yields remain extremely low compared to international levels. To meet the increasing domestic demand, agricultural production growth needs to be realized by increased yield particularly for establishing the environment friendly and sustainable production system. To improve the farming system, reappraisal of the conventional technology is very important. In adopting new technology, advantages of conventional technology need to be mobilized. Research on high yielding variety development and efficient farming system should further be enhanced. In the history of our agricultural technology, accumulation of experiences and wisdom of advanced farmers have always been the sources of new technology development. Examples are many such as cold resistant rice varieties, improved farming practices pest and disease control. In the endeavor of cooperation front, such attitude to reappraise the conventional technology and to utilize effectively leading to expanded production in future would be very important. (3) Encouraging the creativity and sense of ownership of farmers New approach to agriculture development, together with the fruits of success, requires risk bearing by beneficiary farmers. Therefore, from the initial stage of project planning, farmers should be involved actively, expressing their creative ideas and sense of ownership. (4) Special characteristic of agriculture to require long gestation period By the special characteristic of agriculture to work together with nature and natural environment, it usually takes considerably long time to achieve the target, as seen in agricultural research and extension projects. Planning and implementation of the rural and agricultural development projects therefore, should be considered with long-term perspectives. (5) Responding to market requirement As observed, many projects are now oriented to market economy, recognizing the needs of market. This approach will, not only provide benefit to the producers through assuring sales opportunity, but also enhance linkages among producers, traders processors and consumers, leading to the overall economic development, without limiting to agriculture sector. Future cooperation would better to pay attention to this aspect. 37

45 Chapter 4 Trend of Hunger and Support by Donors in the Fields of Food and Agriculture in Burkina Faso 4-1. Trend of hunger and its causes General information on agriculture in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is the country is an inland country West Africa bordering with Mali, Niger, Benin Togo and Ghana. Total land area is 274,000km around 70% of that of Japan. Total population in 2006 was 13,700,000 with annual growth rate at 2.9%. Agriculture, consisting of crop and livestock sub-sectors, is the mainstay of the country. Around 90% are employed in agriculture sector. Around 80% of the total population live in rural areas. Major export commodity is cotton sharing 60% of the total export value followed by animal products (meat skin & hide) of 25% and gold. Per-capita GDP in2005 was $ 400. Share of agriculture in GDP was 35%, and GDP growth rate was 3.9% in General information on agriculture in Burkina Faso In rainy season, usually from June to October, millet and sorghum are grown as staple food crops. As cash crops, cotton, groundnut, beans and sesame are also grown in rainy season. In dry season, vegetable growing is observed at the areas where water table are high, or around dams, lakes and ponds. Cultivated area is about 10% of the total area and about 83% of which are devoted to cereal production. Average annual rainfall in the past 30 years was 430mm in Dori, in the north and 960mm in Nyangoroko, in the south-west. In general rainfall isohyet is said to be shifting southward. Table4-1 and Table4-2 show the trend of planting areas and production of major cereal crops and cotton. Millet and sorghum, though annual fluctuations are conspicuous continue steady increase in both planted area and production. There seems to be attributed to the introduction of new high yielding varieties, improved farming practices and soil fertility by application of manure and others. 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 - Mt Millet Sorghum Maize Fonio Rice Cotton Fig.4-1 Trend of major cereal production Source prepared based on FAOSTAT 38

46 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 - ha Millet Sorghum Maize Fonio Rice Cotton Fig.4-2 Trend of planted area for major cereal crops Source prepared based on FAOSTAT As for maize, until the year 2000, production has nearly doubled though the planted area remained stagnant. This seems to owe much to the introduction of new high yielding varieties and improved farming practices. From 2000 onward, planted area has nearly doubled and production has shown higher growth than planted area. In many small-scale irrigation projects, maize has been taken up as a priority crop. In dry season, many small-scale irrigation projects took irrigation water from tanks and tube wells by water lifting pumps or pedal pumps for furrow irrigation. Fruits and vegetables are also grown under this small-scale irrigation project. Effective use of available resources and income generation in dry season were the major contribution of the project. Rice, of which about 2/3 of total demand depends on import, shows no conspicuous increase in planted area since1984. Production also remained stagnant but in 2004 and 2005, considerable increase in production are observed. In recent years, the Government of Burkina Faso has been promoting large-scale irrigation and lowland development for the expansion of paddy field. Increased planted area and production of rice will be expected in near future. In 2004, decrease in production of almost all cereal crops were caused by the scarce rainfall and damages caused by desert locust attacks. Since the year 2000, both planted area and production of cotton increased considerably. Current level of production at 700,000t/year is the No.1 in Africa. In 2006, start of rainy season differed very much by districts. Later, moderate rainfall was observed in general, though there were areas affected by drought and heavy rainfall locally. In response to the delay of rainy season, many farmers made effort to avert the damage of drought, such as to increase the ratio of drought resistant varieties and others. Total production in 2006 rainy season recorded 3,680,000t of cereal production. This was 0.9% higher than that of the previous year and 13% increase to the past 5 years average. Nation wide, food supply 39

47 situation in rural area were favorable, though in some parts, damages by flood and drought were serious. Table4-1 Trend of major cereal crops production in rainy season (ton) A 2005 rainy season (ton) B Average00-04 (ton) C A/B (% change) A/C (% change) Millet 1,175,038 1,196,253 1,064,374-2% 10% Sorghum 1,515,774 1,552,910 1,281,474-2% 4% Maize 866, , ,081 9% 35% Rice 113,724 93,516 91,608 22% 23% Fonio 9,474 7,801 9,360 21% 1% Total 3,680,674 3,649,533 3,087,898 1% 13% Source Ministry of Agriculture, Hydraulic and Fishery Resources 06/07 As shown in Table4-1, in 2006, production of cereals, except millet sorghum, increased from that in In total, it could be considered that, in 2006, production of cereals remained at almost same level as in the previous year. Rice increased by around 20% compared both to the previous year and past 5 year average. To respond the increasing domestic demand for rice, many small scale irrigation projects by lowland & wetland have been under way, and these are considered to be bearing fruits. In Burkina Faso, maize is a relatively new cereal crop, but it has been gradually increasing in ordinary household as staple food, and production is also responding to consumption. Fonio is a cereal crop grown from the very old days in Burkina Faso, but the consumption as staple food is limited to specific tribes in the western part of the country and its share in cereal crops are limited. Table4-2 shows the balance of cereal demand-supply in Cereal supply, consisting of domestic production, from stock and import including food aid, are 970,000t more than the demand, which consist of human consumption, reserve and estimated export. Judging from the table above, domestic consumption could be met by only domestic production only. Table 4-2 Domestic balance sheet for cereal demand/supply Supply Domestic Supply (after processing) 3,094,456 Domestic reserve 233,553 Private sector imports & food aid 350,984 Total(A) 3,678,993 Demand Human requirements 2,518,238 Requirements for reserve 158,699 Estimated exports 31,131 Total (B) 2,708,068 Balance (A)-(B) +970,925 Source Ministry of Agriculture, Hydraulic and Fishery Resources 06/07 Table 4-3 shows that, among total 45 provinces in Burkina Faso, 32 can cover the required cereal by production in their respective provinces. Provinces with production coverage ratio less than 90% are 8, mostly located in northern and eastern part of the country where the rainfall is scarce. Kadiogo 40

48 province which embraces metropolis Ouagadougou, with concentration of population of 1.27 million about 9% of the total population, naturally show low coverage ratio of 14. Table 4-3 Cereal requirement coverage by province Provinces with supply capacity to requirement less than 90% 90%-120% more than 120% Kadiogo 14% Boulgou 91% Sourou 121% Bam 52% Zondoma 96% Koulpélgo 124% Sanmatenga 62% Kompienga 96% Comoé 126% Nahouri 63% Tapoa 98% Soum 132% Kouritenga 68% Bazèga 98% Houet 136% Komandjoari 69% Ganzourgou 101% Ioba 141% Gnagna 76% Yagha 101% Namentenga 143% Oubritenga 88% Gourma 105% Séno 146% Zoundweogo 107% Poni 151% Boulkièmdé 110% Bougouriba 155% Passoré 110% Ziro 158% Oudalan 115% Banwa 160% Kourwéogo 115% Sissili 169% Sanguié 120% Balé 175% Yatenga 182% Loroum 185% Noumbiel 198% Kossi 218% Léraba 223% Nayala 237% Kénédougou 290% Mouhoun 305% Tuy 323% Source Ministry of Agriculture, Hydraulic and Fishery Resources 06/07 Cotton production in 2006 was 759,000t, 5 th in the world and top in Africa. Cowpea is another important crop as staple food and also is effective for soil fertility increase. Government, therefore, encourages cowpea planting and provides related technical support. Other major crops produced in2006 include groundnut ( 215,447t ) sweet potatoes (81,434t), bambara groundnut (37,731t),sesame (22,887t), yam (22,157t) and soybean (5,867t). As sluggish cotton price at international market is one of the destabilizing factors of Burkina Faso economy the Ministry of Agriculture is trying to diversify cash crops and sesame and soybean are target crops for this crop diversification. Tuber crops are mostly produced in southern part as traditional food crops of the tribes living these areas. Food price at the end of 2006 rainy season, lean season of the year, was fairly stable owing to the better crops and carry over of the previous year and also favorable prospect of 2006 production. Or, it may be said that, due to bumper crops for two consecutive years and food aid from abroad, food price seems to be declining. Small-scale irrigation encouraged expanded vegetable production. Outbreaks of pests and diseases were minimal. All these are considered to have contributed to the 41

49 increased food production and supply and resulted in stable food price. Drought stricken areas, 14 provinces in North, Center-North and Sahel, received emergency food aid from humanity organizations of 10,000t (8,000t of cereal, beans edible oil salt and sugar). Afrique verte (NGO) offered cheap cereal and WFP provided assistance by food for work programme. Beneficiaries are estimated at 670,000. For damages caused by concentrated heavy rain and flood in addition to the Government, many UN organizations such as WFP, UNICEF, FAO and WHO provided assistance in the form of food, medicine and other dairy necessities. KR Food Aid by Japan was also utilized to support the victims of these drought and flood Characteristics of major crops grown and the issues to be addressed (1) Cereal crops Cereal production in Burkina Faso is characterized by rain-fed, low input and extensive farming. More than 80% of the arable land is devoted to cereal production and most of them are produced for self-sustenance. Farmers are very conservative in general and reluctant to tackle new approaches sticking too much to the traditional methods and crops. Cereal requirement and supply (production) in each province in 2001/ /06 and 2006/07 are shown in Table4-4. In this table, per capita cereal requirement was set at 190 kg/year. In 2001/02, production to requirement at national total level was 117%. Of total 45 provinces, 9 were below 90% that extended central, east, north and Sahel. From 2002/03 to 2005/06, generally favorable production continued by 15-28% more than the requirement except in 2004/05. In the year 2004/05, extremely poor harvest was recorded. Total production scarcely reached the national requirement and, cereal shortage occurred in 15 provinces. Most severely hit were provinces in Sahel, north and center-north, by scarce rainfall and desert locust (Chart4-3). Fluctuation of annual production are noticeable in general but in 9 provinces (3 in central plateau, 2 in center-north, one in center-west, one in center-south, one in Sahel and one in the north) persistent lower production to requirement are observed. Case of 2004/05 also indicates that even in the provinces of enough production in normal year, such external factors as poor rainfall and attack of pest and disease can easily worsen the situation. Vulnerability due to rain fed farming is noticeable. 42

50 Table4-4 Ratio of supply (production) to demand by Provinces (%) Regions/ Provinces 2001/ / / / / /07 CENTRE Kadiogo PLATEAU CENTRAL Ganzourgou Oubritenga Kourweogo CENTRE-NORD Bam Namentenga Sanmatenga CENTRE-OUEST Boulkiemde Sanguie Sissili Ziro CENTRE-SUD Bazega Nahouri Zoundweogo SAHEL Oudalan Seno Soum Yagha BOUCLE DU MOUHOUN Kossi Mouhoun Sourou Bale Banwa Nayala EST Gnagna Gourma Tapoa Komandjoari Kompienga CENTRE-EST Boulgou Kouritenga Koulpelgo NORD Passore Yatenga Loroum Zondoma SUD-OUEST Bougouriba Poni Ioba Noumbiel HAUTS-BASSINS Houet Kenedougou Tuy CASCADES Comoe Leraba BURKINA FASO Remarks food requirement is estimated at 190kg/person/year Source: DSA/DGPSA/MAHRH 43

51 Fig.4-3 Administrative Division (Regions and Provinces) Annual rainfall from 2001to 2006 and annual average from 1960 to 2006 in each province are shown in Table 4-5. According to the table, for example, in Dori district of Seno province, lowest annual rainfall of 310mm was recorded in 2004 and the average of was 486mm. This may be one of the factors affecting lower food production and coverage ratio. However, in Po district of Nahouri province, annual rainfall fluctuated at mm and average was 941mm, coverage ratio is the lowest within the province. As observed, though the amount of rainfall is an important factor for production, such factors as the intensity and unstable distribution of rainfall, soil fertility, production input including labor, and pest and disease. In recent years, domestic demand for rice has been increasing sharply particularly in urban area. However, domestic production remains limited, meeting only 30% of the total consumption. National Census 2006 indicates that, in the last 10 years, population growth rate rose from2.3% to 2.6%. Under steady progress of urbanization, urban dwellers continue to increase, while cereal crop producing farmers are said to be getting old and tend to decrease. Solid plans and programmes for promotion of cereal production including rice are now needed to ensure sustainable national food security. 44

52 Table4-5 Trend of annual rainfall by Region (mm) Regions/ Provinces Average (Observation site) CENTRE Kadiogo (Ouagadougou-aero (Ouagadougou-ville (Kamboinse) PLATEAU CENTRAL Ganzourgou Oubritenga Kourweogo CENTRE-NORD Bam (Tourcoingbam) Namentenga (Boulsa) Sanmatenga (Kaya) CENTRE-OUEST Boulkiemde (Saria) (Koudougou) Sanguie Sissili (Leo) Ziro CENTRE-SUD Bazega (Mogtedo) (Kou) Nahouri (Po) Zoundweogo (Manga) SAHEL Oudalan (Markoye) Seno (Dori) Soum (Djibo) Yagha BOUCLE DU MOUHOUN Kossi (Nouna) Mouhoun (Dedougou) Sourou (Tougan) Bale (Boromo) Banwa Nayala EST Gnagna (Bogande) Gourma (Fada N'Gourma) Tapoa (Diapaga) Komandjoari Kompienga (Pama) CENTRE-EST Boulgou (Tenkodogo) Kouritenga Koulpelgo NORD Passore (Yako) Yatenga (Ouahigouya) Loroum Zondoma SUD-OUEST Bougouriba (Diebougou) Poni (Gaoua) Ioba Noumbiel (Batie) HAUTS-BASSINS Houet (Bobo-Dioulasso) Kenedougou (N'Dorola) Tuy CASCADES Comoe (Beregadougou) (Niangoloko) Leraba (Loumana) Note: or blank indicates no data available Source: Direction Générale Météorologique, Ministre des Transports 45

53 (2) Cash crops Cotton is the most important cash crop in Burkina Faso since the colonial days. Owing to the strong support by the Government on expansion of planted areas and other assistance to farmers, Burkina Faso is the No.1 now on cotton production in Africa. Almost all of cotton produced in Burkina Faso are exported without any processing. Currently, cotton sector is faced with severe problems such as low international market price and increasing cost of agricultural input. The Government is exploring the ways for diversification, including the expansion of sesame and soybean Trend of hunger and food shortages and their causes From the Table4-6, which includes a number of indicators on food shortages, following characteristics are observed. First, at the national level, significant progress, for example, on per capita GDP, ratio of below poverty line population and ratio of undernourished population on time series basis. At least, progress at national level has been witnessed. Though the ratio of the undernourished declined, actual number of undernourished population is increasing. Further in the indicators on 2006, although average per capita supply meets the requirement (food gap), due to income disparity in the country, supply does not meet the requirement (distribution gap). This means that, though total supply meets demand as an average, there exist those undernourished due to income and other factors of disparity in the country. In addition, while current population growth rate remains at 2.6%, estimated growth rate of food supply from 2006 to 2016 is forecast at1.5% per year. In 2016, even on simple average, serious shortage of supply is expected. Therefore, although some progress have been made in Burkina Faso, distribution gap at present and serious prospect in future call for attention. Undernourishment in Burkina Faso is not limited to any particular area (ref. Table4-7). According to WFP survey in 2003, undernourishment of infant was outstanding in rural area, particularly in east and Sahel regions reaching nearly to 50%. Consequences of undernourishment for women in reproductive age are seen in poor weight, and incase of the pregnant, more than 70% suffer from anemia and Vitamin A deficiency. Further, about 15% of the new born babies are with less than 2.5kg weight Thus, the problems in Burkina Faso is not limited to quantity but also related to quality. Regarding quality issues, lack of food diversity, particularly lack of animal protein and fruits and vegetables are noted. More than 80% of the total population live in rural area. WFP points out that around 40% of the rural households are Food insecure and they are unable to self-sustain their food thereby being forced to buy from outside and often need to borrow money from others. Usually prices of millet and sorghum are lower after harvest season and higher the later part of dry season (from April to June) when seeds are required. Actual food situation cannot be explained by the coverage ratio only. Detailed survey of rural households is needed to grasp the actual image of food production and consumption in rural area. 46

54 Indicators Table4-6 Major indicators on hunger and food shortages of Burkina Faso Year Figure Indicators GDP/ Capt (US$ at year 2000)* Growth rate of population (%/ year)** Average annual growth rate of cereal (%)** Total population (mil.)* Forecasted annual growth rate of food supply (% /year)** Food Gap**(Mt) Ratio rural population below poverty line (%)*** Distribution Gap** (Mt) Ratio urban population below poverty line (%)*** Year est est. Figure Undernourished population (mil.)* Ratio of undernourished population (%)* Source: * FAO/JAICAF (2007), pp ** USDA (2007), pp *** World Bank (2007), p.60. Ratio undernourished infants less than 5 years*** Agricultural environment in Burkina Faso is diverse, with the annual rainfall of only 300mm in Sahel to 1200mm in the south-west bordering with Cote d Ivoire. Depending on different natural condition, various types of agriculture have been developed, though the undernourishment remains prevalent all over the country. Ratio of undernourished population by region is presented in Table4-7. No noticeable difference among regions, almost all regions having the ratio of 10-20% undernourished population. Region with high incidence of undernourishment does not necessarily coincide with region of low coverage ratio of food production/supply. It seems to be difficult to explain undernourishment of Burkina Faso by regional differentiation. Therefore, issues on undernourishment cannot be explained by production alone in each region. It needs to be considered in the broad context of social differential and poverty. Classification No. in Fig.4-4 Major farm products Annual rainfall (mm) 1 Root crops, Maize Maize, Rice, Furuits, Cotton Cotton, Maize Sorghum, Millet, Cotton Cereals, Groundnut, Horticultural crops Sorghum, Millet, Cotton, livestock Livestock, Millet Mobile pastoralism, Millet Groundnut, Millet, Sorghum 1000 Source: FEWSNET (August 2007), p.3. Fig.4-4 Regional characteristics of agricultural production in Burkina Faso 47