Animal Genetic Resources in Zimbabwe: Governance, management and policy implementation

Transcription

1 Animal Genetic Resources in Zimbabwe: Governance, management and policy implementation Bothwell Makodza Division of Livestock Production and Development P.O.Box CY2505 Causeway Harare Zimbabwe April 2013 Invited Presentation at the inception workshop of the Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) from 14th-15th April 2013 in Abidjan, Cote d ivoire

2 Summary of Presentation I. Background to Zimbabwe s Agriculture II. Livestock Sector & Breeds III. Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) Status IV. Key Stakeholders in AnGR V. AnGR Governance VI. Constraints and Opportunities in AnGR 2

3 I. Background Agriculture contributes between 15 and 20 percent of Zimbabwe s Gross Domestic Product. Agriculture also provides the bulk of the nation s food requirements in a normal rainfall year. Agriculture contributes 60 percent of the raw materials for industry and 45 percent of foreign exchange earnings. Livestock production contributes about 25 percent of value of agricultural output in all farming sectors. About 85 percent of the 39 million hectares land area in Zimbabwe is agricultural land. 3

4 I. Background [continued] 5 Natural Farming Regions /Agro ecological Zones based on soil types, rainfall patterns and altitude. Region I - >1000mm; Specialized & Diversified Farming Region II A mm;Intensive Farming Region IIB mm; Intensive Farming Region III mm; Semi Intensive Farming Region IV mm; Semi-Extensive Farming Region V Extensive Farming 4

5 II. Livestock Sector: Livestock numbers by species (as of Livestock Census 2012) Province Cattle Sheep Goats Pigs Donkeys Manicaland Mash Central Mash East Mash West Mat North Mat South Masvingo Midlands Grand Total Source: MAMID, Zimbabwe 5

6 Beef Breeds 6

7 Chicken Breeds 7

8 Pig Breeds 8

9 Sheep Breeds 9

10 III. Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) Governance 1980:Zimbabwe Herd Book is established by an Act of Parliament. 2000/01: Characterisation of indigenous livestock breeds in terms of physical characteristics and production traits including a description of the production environment under which AnGR perform (beef cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) 2000/01: Zimbabwe Farm AnGR Survey on six species (cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, pigs and donkeys). 2004: Country Report on The State of The World s Animal Genetic Resources. Collaboration: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), University of Porto (donkeys) and the Irene Animal Improvement in South Africa. On-going: Nucleus herds and flocks have been maintained in situ on government research stations and individual farms 10

11 III. AnGR [continued] Zimbabwe is endowed with diverse breeds of all species indigenous and exotic. Smallholder farmers are the major owners of livestock in Zimbabwe (68 percent of all cattle, 99 percent of all goats, 84 percent of all sheep, 60 percent of all pigs and almost all donkeys). Every rural household owns poultry. Pedigree Livestock - stud animals are the seed stock of the livestock industry and basis of stud breeding (largely commercial). Livestock production depends on three pillars: genetics, health and husbandry. 11

12 III. AnGR - National Priorities for Conservation and Utilization of AnGR i. Livestock Breeding Policy ii. Nucleus Herd iii. Conservation iv. Community Based Management of AnGR v. Human Resources Development vi. Information Management System (IMS) for AnGR Conservation and Use vii. Awareness of importance of indigenous animals viii. Molecular Genetic Characterisation of AnGR ix. Herd Health Management 12

13 III. AnGR Cattle and Sheep Zimbabwe Herd Book 2012 Registrations Breed No Breeders No Head Breed No Breeders No Head Ayrshire 1 7 Limousin 2 34 Beefmaster Mashona Blonde d'aquitaine 1 28 Nguni Bonsmara 2 73 Simbra Boran Santa Brahman Simmental Drought Master 1 95 Senepol 1 97 Dorper Sussex Hereford Tuli Holstein 1 71 Total Source: Zimbabwe Herd Book, Zimbabwe 13

14 III. AnGR Public-Private Partnership Initiatives The Zimbabwe Herd Book purchased some modern equipment for livestock recording and data processing. Visits to all stud-breeders to check on animals, identification, records and assisting new breeders. Resuscitation of breed societies, e.g. through promotion of new breeders and getting dairy back on line. Assisting Livestock Identification Trust (LIT) to be more proficient with software on farm data capture Data editing pedigrees especially imported animals, ensuring use of country of origin id. Genetic evaluations e.g. getting data ready for breed runs and promoting use and understanding of these important genetic tools to both stud/seed stock. Development of policies such as assistance to seed stock industry, registry for all imported livestock, including semen and embryos, and promotion of export of genetics to the region.. 14

15 IV. Key Stakeholders in AnGR Public: Min of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement and its departments and parastatals e.g. Pig Industry Board (PIB) and the Agricultural Research Trust Private: Breed societies Non-Governmental Organizations Farmer Groups and Associations: Commercial Farmers Union, National Association of Dairy Farmers; Zimbabwe Commercial Farmers Union; Zimbabwe Farmers Union Universities: University of Zimbabwe (UZ), Africa University (AU), Midlands State University (MSU), Chinhoyi University of Technology (CUT), Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Councils: Livestock and Meat Advisory Council; Veterinary Surgeons of Zimbabwe 15

16 V. Legislation Acts Registration of Pedigree Farm Livestock Act [Chapter 19:11] Agricultural Products Acts [Chapter 18:22] Agricultural Research Act [Chapter 18:05] Animal Health Act [Chapter 19:01] Dairy Act [Chapter 18:08] Pig Industry Act [Chapter 18:15] Scientific Experimentation on Animals Act [Chapter19:12] Stock Trespass Act [Chapter 19:14] Veterinary Surgeons Act [Chapter 27:15] 16

17 VI. Constraints in AnGR Cattle: Current carcass grading system discriminates against small breeds, which discourages the production of some indigenous breeds. Cattle: Absence of matching appropriate AnGR to specific environments or production systems leads to inefficient utilization of AnGR, particularly for exotic breeds. Indigenous pigs: Breeding in the smallholder sector is commonly unstructured with rampant inbreeding, in individual herds. Donkeys: Unstructured breeding of donkeys in the smallholder sector. All species: Information management system for breed conservation is still not enough. Financial constraints of ex situ conservation. 17

18 VII. Opportunities in AnGR Revision of current carcass grading system. Setting up of performance recording schemes covering all farming sectors.. Capacity for the management, conservation and utilisation of AnGR. Promoting formation of farmer associations and indigenous breed societies. Bringing on board more breeders Developing policy incentives for sustainable use of indigenous AnGR Training in AnGR. Molecular genetic characterisation, valuation of breeds and evaluation of risks. 18

19 Thank you! 19