MANURE FROM OUR AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION

Transcription

1 MANURE FROM OUR AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION Juan José Chávez Fuentes, Aureliana Capobianco, Marianna Czölderová, Miroslav Hutňan

2 Aim of this work 1. What is the current population of agricultural animals worldwide? 2. How much agricultural manure is produced every day? 3. How high could be the biogas/methane production rate from all this manure? Global distribution Slide 2

3 Manure Slide 3

4 Lots of manure Slide 4

5 Agricultural animals Rapid industrialization of agriculture to sustain fast human population growth Most of agricultural animals have also experienced a fast population growth Industrial agriculture is focused on the production of meat, milk, eggs and other secondary products derived from the slaughter Slide 5

6 Agricultural animals (Population growth) Slide BILLION HEADS Humans, chicken MILLION HEADS Cattle and buffalo, pig, shee and goat, horse and camels Humans Poultry Cattle and buffaloes Pigs Sheep and goats Horse and camels 1) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)

7 Environmental concerns Agricultural animals: Consumes large quantity of resources (animal feed and water) Largest user of agricultural land worldwide Major source of problems such deforestation, anthropogenic GHG emissions (estimated to be as much as 9% CO 2, 40% CH 4 and 60% N 2 O worldwide), contamination and depletion of water resources, among other related problems (Steinfeld, FAO Report 2006) Yield large quantities of effluents, called manure Slide 7

8 Manure description and current uses Manure contains mostly animal faces and urine Other components of manure: Organic (Straw, fodder residues, skin, tail hair) and inorganic (lime, sand, sawdust and soil) According to dry matter content, it is classified as liquid, slurry and solid Quantity and quality of manure vary according to: Animal species and breed Livestock purpose (Food, products or labour) Type of farming Feeding patterns and diet composition Harvestability of manure is strongly determined by the type of farming Small scale farming Industrial farming (concentrated animal feeding operations) Common uses of manure: Fertilizer + soil amendment: Stabilization through manure pits, anaerobic lagoons or composting Additive for feedstock (poultry manure) Substrate for biogas production (anaerobic digestion) Slide 8

9 Methodology for quantitative analysis How to calculate manure s biogas and methane potential? Nm 3 CH 4 /d No. of live animals quantification of manure biogas methane Enteric fermentation CH 4 emission factors methane Slide

10 Methodology for quantitative analysis FAO No. of animals (j) in country (i) Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic Specific manure production (animal j) kg d 1 head 1 Scientific literature Organic matter content (animal j) g VS kg 1 Scientific literature Specific biogas production (animal j) L kg 1 VS Assumptions and simplifications: Only one breed is considered for each animal Average size, weight of animals and manure production Harvestability of manure is not considered Slide 10

11 World population 1,48 0,20 0, x 10 1,21 1,01 0,06 7,4 WORLD POPULATION Billion heads 1) Worldometers Statistical Information 2) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) Slide 11

12 Manure production GLOBAL MANURE PRODUCTION RATE Million Ton/d Dry matter (TS) Organic matter (VS) 7.3 SMP 1 (kg d 1 hd 1 ) TS 2,3 (g/kg) VS 2,3 (g/kg) Cattle Buffaloes Pig Chicken Sheep Goat Horse Global manure production rate N, SMP TS ; N, SMP VS 1) Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic. Ordinance no. 199/2008, appendix no. 2 2) Kafle et al., Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 3) Marti Herrero, J Cow, sheep and llama manure at psychrophilic anaerobic co digestion with low cost tubular digester in cold climate and high altitude. Bioresource Tech. Slide 12

13 Estimation of total and feasible potential for biogas production Biogas production rate TOTAL POTENTIAL Global biogas potential N, SMP VS SBP FEASIBLE POTENTIAL Global biogas potential I, I, N, SMP VS SBP I w Water infrastructure and sanitation development I t Development in terms of transport and infrastructure 1) Adapted from Social Progress database: 2) Adapted from World Band Logistic Performance database: Slide 13

14 Potential for biogas production through anaerobic digestion 1300 Total Feasible GLOBAL BIOGAS POTENTIAL Million Nm 3 /d SBP (L kg 1 VS d 1 ) CH 4 (%) Cattle Buffaloes Pig Chicken Sheep Goat Horse Global biogas potential I, I, N, SMP VS SBP ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 1) Kafle et al., Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 2) Cestonaro et al., The anaerobic co digestion of sheep bedding and cattle manure increases biogas production and improves biofertilizer quality. Waste Manage. Slide

15 Methane potential 897 Total Feasible GLOBAL METHANE POTENTIAL Million Nm 3 /d SMP (L kg 1 VS d 1 ) CH 4 (%) Cattle Buffaloes Pig Chicken Sheep Goat Horse Global methane potential I, I, N, SMP VS SBP %CH, ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 1) Kafle et al., Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 2) Cestonaro et al., The anaerobic co digestion of sheep bedding and cattle manure increases biogas production and improves biofertilizer quality. Waste Manage. Slide

16 Gross energy potential 9918 Total Feasible GLOBAL ENERGY POTENTIAL GWh/d GCV of methane: kwh/nm Global energy production potential I, I, N, SMP VS SBP %CH, GCV Slide

17 Electricity sales potential 268 Total Feasible GLOBAL SALES POTENTIAL FOR ELECTRICITY Million /d CHP unit η th = 90 % η el = 30 % Tariff: 100 /MWh Global sales potential for electricity I, I, N, SMP VS SBP %CH, GCV η η 1) Using a modern CHP unit with thermodynamic conversion efficiency of 90 % and electrical energy conversion efficiency of 30 % 2) Current subsidized price for electricity produced through anaerobic digestion set at 100 /MWh. Based on tariffs given by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries of the Slovak Republic. Ord. no. 143/2015. Slide 17

18 Global biogas distribution Where do we find the highest potential for biogas production from agricultural manure? TOP 5: Agricultural animals Million heads Brazil India China USA Ethiopia China USA Brazil Germany Vietnam China Australia India Iran Nigeria China USA Indonesia Brazil Iran USA Mexico China Brazil Argentina 6,4 6 5,4 3,6 10,3 China India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Slide

19 Global biogas distribution TOP 10 Million m 3 /d China Brazil USA India Australia Argentina Mexico Pakistan France Germany Slide 19

20 Nutrients in manure AD of agricultural manure yields stabilised sludge with improved properties and rich content of ammonia and orthophosphate enhancing the possibility for nutrients recovery NUTRIENTS IN MANURE Million kg/d g kg 1 Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium K N P Cattle Buffalo Pig Chicken Sheep Goat Horse Nutrient N, P or K N, SMP M, 1) Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic. Ordinance no. 199/2008, appendix no. 2 Slide 20

21 Conclusions The global impact of our agricultural animals on the environment is currently very high and contributes to climate change and depletion of resources in a notorious way Animal manures are rich in organic compounds and nutrients, and even though classical techniques allow farms to take some advantage from manure, it can cause many environmental problems if not properly managed Anaerobic digestion is an integrated natural process that can enable a remarkable contribution to manure management, energy production and nutrients recovery; making animal farming more sustainable The feasible potential for biogas production from manure is very vast in many countries and will play a major role in future years Slide 21

22 Ing. Juan José Chávez Fuentes, MSc. Anaerobic Technology Group Department of Environmental Engineering Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology Thank you for your attention! Slide 22