Future of Self sufficiency, Food security and Food safety in Sri Lanka

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1 Future of Self sufficiency, Food security and Food safety in Sri Lanka Dr WMW Weerakoon Director / Senior Agronomist Field Crop Research and Development Institute, Mahailluppallama Presented at IPS IFPRI National Consultation Workshop at the IPS Auditorium, July 2015

2 Food security When all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO, 1996)

3 Are we producing enough food? Excess production of rice - Vulnerable to seasonal fluctuation Production of OFC s does not meet the requirement Year round production of vegetables??? Quality?? Seasonality in fruit production?? Demand for all food crops would increase significantly in the future.

4 Consumption pattern Per capita consumption kg/ year Rice kg Rice based food Kg Wheat flour - 25 kg Vegetables - 40 kg Fruits - 30 kg Oil liters + 86 coconuts Chicken kg Competition for food is increasing We must produce our own food Global Crisis. Population billion Rate of increase in food production is on the decline Food for energy generation - Bio fuel??? Rising income, urbanization and changing food habits Declining subsidies Increasing cost of inputs and restrictions Diminishing land availability and productivity Climate Change

5 Food Requirement Daily consumption, g 2013 * Rice Pulses Nuts (G nut) Meat based products Food requirement, tons / year Rice 2,432,637 2,192,242 2,018,291 Pulses 51, , ,437 Nuts 26,639 68, ,790 Meat based products 233, , ,685 Oil 403, , ,571 Rice consumption should be decreased, Consumption of pulses and nuts should be increased

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7 National Rice production In 2012 Paddy production decreased by 0.2% to 3.88 million tons compared to Excess production Production Requirement Year

8 Asweddumized Ext. & Cultivated Ext. (mill. ha), Production (mill. t) & productivity, t ha Trend in Asweddumized Extent, Annual Cultivated Extent, Production and Average Yield of Rice in Sri Lanka ( ) Cultivated Extent Annual Production Average Yield Asweddumized Extent Year

9 Some rice growing eco-systems in Sri Lanka

10 Ecosystem Season Area 000 ha Dry&Intermediate zone major irrigation Dry&Intermediate zone minor irrigation Cultivated extent, average, potential and target yield for different eco systems during Maha & Yala seasons Present average t/ha Realizable Potential t/ha Target yield, t/ha Maha 253, Yala 163, Maha 112, Yala 47, Dry Zone rainfed Maha 47, Yala Intermediate zone rainfed Maha 44, Yala 21, Wet Zone Maha 82, Yala 68,

11 Trends in OFC technology in Sri LAnka 2030s Safety, functionality, value-added OFC Improvement of public health Leisure living, Healthy nation 2020 s Self sufficiency, High quality produce, Efficient input use, eco-friendly Cutting-edged technologies, climate smart agric Labor-saving, quality improvement today Year-round production?? Quality?? Ecological zone based crop cultivation Less dependence on hazardous chemicals Self sufficiency???? Environment security 1980s Self-sufficiency Green revolution 1950s Establishment of Dry zone research

12 annual requirement and production Requirement and Production (000 tons) of maize in Sri Lanka Requirement year PRODUCTION Feed Industry in Sri Lanka Large millers - 04 medium and small millers - 17 Total compound Animal Feed requirement Poultry 802,000 tons Dairy 140,000 tons Poultry feed production Maize Usage in feed tons >25% Requirement 25% % tons tons Dairy feed production tons

13 annual extent and production produtivity, t/ha Maize Annual extent (ha), Production (tons) and National average yield (tons /ha) Annual extent PRODUCTION AVERAGE YIELD year

14 National requirement and production of OFC s requirement 2020 requirement 2013 prodution Maize Big onion Soybean

15 Production, tons National requirement and 2013 production of OFC s requirement prodution 2013 In Total OFC Requirement - 912,000 tons. Total production - 506,000 tons

16 Cultivation based on Agro Ecological Zone The Greatest Challenge is to achieve MORE from LESS More food from less Land Water Labor Agro chemicals Challenges in the Dry Zone Agriculture - worse

17 Agric. land area, ha Per capita agric. Land area More Crops must be produced on less land Year Agricultural land area (ha) per capita agri land area, ha

18 Climatic Regions of Sri Lanka Mahailluppallama

19 Crop Land requirement with present productivity and realizable potential to meet the total OFC need National Average yield, t/ha 2013 Realizable potential, t/ha Research potential, t/ha in 2013 Land requirement with present national average yield, ha Land req. (ha) with increased avg. yield Green chillie ,455 15,455 10,000 Dry chillie ,050 45,000 22,500 Red Onion ,877 6,623 5,714 Groundnut ,876 19,337 17,500 Mungbean ,706 19,309 16,348 Cowpea ,436 9,325 8,206 Blackgram ,256 17,073 11,667 Finger millet ,926 8,449 4,943 Sesame ,129 18,072 15,000 Maize , ,450 80,000 Big onion ,455 15,152 12,500 Soybean , ,647 90,909 Total 335, , ,287 Highest annual extent cultivated with OFC over the last 30 years - 277,124 ha

20 Increase productivity Crop Present national average yield, t/ha Yield achieved in 2014, t/ha Targeted realizable yield, t/ha Green chili Bridge the yield gap Maize Big onion Red onion Ground nut Finger millet Black gram Green gram Cowpea Further Increase yield potential Soybean

21 Yield (t/ha) Unrealized Yield Gaps in OFC (Dry Zone) 9 8 Biotic stresses (Pests & Diseases) Maize Unrealized Yield Gap Abiotic stresses (Drought, Nutrient deficiency Poor Crop Management 1 0 Maximum realized yield under optimum conditions National average yield Presence of optimum field conditions in all eco systems is an unrealistic target. Varieties should be able to withstand stresses without affecting yield

22 Past achievement Before 1950 s - All traditional varieties ( about 300) - Tall plant type (>1-2 meters) - Lodging - Long maturity period (>5 month) - Fertilizer non-responsive - Susceptible to rice blast (a disease) - good grain quality (for local standards) - Predominantly one crop a year (photosensitive mawee varieties) - Low productivity (1 t/ha) Heenati, Hondaravalu, Murungakayan, Muthu samba Suduru samba etc. Rice Sector

23 Trends of Rice Extent, Annual Production, Average Yield, Rice Imports and Population growth over past seven decades ( ) in Sri Lanka Decade Population (millions) Production (ton. millions) Cultivated Extent (ha. millions) Yield (t./ha) Rice Imports as a % of requirement < < Increase over 1940 decade 3.3 fold 17.0 fold 4.5 fold 6.66 fold 60

24 New varieties and associated technologies 1. Develop new varieties for both Favourable and unfavourable eco systems Maximize production from high potential eco systems Optimum production from medium potential eco systems 2. Varieties for specific purposes Increase functional properties Increase palatability 3. Varieties / crops for specific AEZ s - Further exploit available germplasm -Introduction -Reverse engineering -Conventional crop improvement methods -Use of new tools

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26 Mid century average temperature and precipitation Maha season Bombuwela Yala season Batalagoda GCM models used (20) 1. CCSM4 (E), 2. GFDL-ESM2M (I), 3. HadGEM2-ES (K), 4. MIROC5 (O), 5. MPI-ESM-MR (R)

27 Do we have the necessary germplasm, Adaptation measures Some of our rice varieties are adaptable to diverse eco systems Optimum temperature for different crop species tropical environment Crop Optimum temp. Rice C (sterility - pollen death when spikelet T 0 - > 32 0 C) Maize C (high temp + moisture stress - empty pods) Chilli C (above 33 0 C flower drop, poor pod setting) Soybean C (> 40 0 C empty pods) Grain crops will be most affected with increasing air Temp.

28 Water.. Excess? Deficit?? Water is becoming an scarce resource Global per capita availability ( ) decreased by 34 76% Share of water for agriculture is fast declining Rice consumes about 50% of irrigation water in Asia Farming is becoming vulnerable to changes in rain fall. Excess??? Deficit???

29 Total water flow and amount diverted in Mahaweli Inflow Diversion Courtesy of Mahaweli authority Diversify well drain paddy lands with other crops

30 Methods of establishment Agronomic water management Tolerant varieties Alternatives to water shortages Screening for moisture stress

31 Water efficient crops PULSES Item Water requirement, L/Kg Beef 3798 Pork 1546 chicken 959 peanut 650 Soybean 442 Pigeonpea 88

32 Climate Smart Agriculture Climate-resilient cultivars, coupled with climatesmart production practices Adaptation of climate smart measures for the Dry Zone tank eco systems Reuse ground water with alternative irrigation systems Increasing Resilience of Upland Cropping Systems to CC Impacts through a Modified conservation farming technologies Incorporate the concept of precision farming Modified alley cropping Dead storage phase Need modification

33 Screening for high temperature We must be ready with new varieties and adaptation technologies Sterility

34 Do you think that the crops that we eat are safe?

35 Rice (Oryza sativa) Gall Midge Rice Blast Brown Plant Hopper Bacterial Leaf Blight

36 Major pests and diseases Chilli Chillie Grain legumes

37 people of the world must decide that we either use agricultural chemicals and use them wisely, in the right amount and the right kind, to produce the food or we all starve. Dr. Norman Borlaug

38 Perfect Agro Chemical % Insecticide usage Biologically efficient Highly selective Fast impact Optimal residual effect Good plant tolerance Low risk of resistance development Insecticides used in Sri Lanka over the years Class 1 class 11 Class 111 Class 1V User friendly Low acute toxicity Low chronic toxicity Good formulation characteristics Safe application method Long store stability Environmentally sound Low toxicity for non target organisms Fast degradation in the environment Low mobility in soil No residue in food and fodder Low application rate Economically viable Good cost : profit ratio for the farmer Broad use Applicability in integrated Crop + Pest Management Innovative product, Competitive and Patentable 's 1980's 1990's 2000's Year Low Toxic chemicals but farmers application window is very short

39 Rs per ac Rs per ac Import of Agro chemicals to the country, mt year Formulation, tons Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Agro chemical cost Pesticide cost yala season Paddy Soya bean chilli Big onion Red onion Pesticide cost maha season Paddy chilli Red onion Green gram

40 Management options Time of planting Integrated pest management approaches Judiciary use of fertilizer Use of resistant varieties Chemical usage insecticides Fungicides Weedicides reduced number of sprays from more than 4 to less than 1 Usage of insecticides decreased Usage of weedicides increased Rice is a much safer food than any other major food that we eat

41 Chemical applied. Ml ha Agro chemical usage by farmers for OFC Spraying intervals adopted by farmers, yala 2009 Spraying interval % of farmers <4 days days days days 8 Crop Recommended Spraying interval, days Interval practiced by farmers, days Chilli Legumes sprays Onion 10 4 Maize 3-5 WAP (once) Weekly application Chilli Days after planting with sprinkler without sprinkler farmer practice

42 Reduce Biotic stresses Develop resistant varieties and associated technologies Continue identification of resistant / tolerant lines Integrated pest and disease management packages for major OFC Use of biotechnology to increase variety resistance How much of the chemicals apply endup in the biological cycle Detection of Toxicological impurities in food, feed and water Food Security, Self sufficiency at what cost??

43 Future food security and Self sufficiency depends on Further increase in Yield potential with varieties and associated technologies having Higher input use efficiencies and Resistance / Tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses

44 Those have it - will win Those who don t have it???? Thank you

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46 Constraints for OFC cultivation Increasing yield gap between potential and realized by farmers Lack of high yielding varieties No specialized varieties for specific food items - Changing food habits Variable weather patterns / climate change Diminishing natural and other resources Increasing pest and disease impacts Diminishing labour availability and increasing cost of labour Concerns about the environments Variable market status - gluts and scarcities Variable remuneration between crops Changing world trends in food production