APSIM- ORYZA. Perry Poulton John Hargreaves 18 March 2013 CSIRO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

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1 APSIM- ORYZA Perry Poulton John Hargreaves 18 March 2013 CSIRO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

2 ORYZA APSIM Soil

3 Crop growth and development ORYZA follows a daily calculation scheme for the rate of dry matter production of the plant organs and for the rate of phenological development. (Bouman and Laar, 2006) Gross daily growth rate: G p = (A d (30/44) R m f (CO2 Assimilation - respiration + retranslocation from reserve) A d is the daily rate of gross CO 2 assimilation) R m is the maintenance respiration) R t is the amount of available stem reserves for growth Q is the assimilate requirement for dry matter

4 CO2 assimilation is calculated from daily incoming radiation, temperature, and leaf area index (LAI). (Bouman and Laar, 2006)

5 Response to increased CO 2 concentration (Bouman and Laar, 2006)

6 Response to temperature and nitrogen (Bouman and Laar, 2006)

7 Maintenance respiration requirements are subtracted from the gross assimilation rate to obtain net daily growth (Bouman and Laar, 2006) f (temperature and biomass) f (biomass growth) Carbohydrates is partitioned to roots, leaves, stems, and panicles as a function of development stage

8 APSIM-ORYZA: Oryza.xml Allocation of assimilate to roots leaf stem panicle <!-- Table of fraction total dry matter partitioned to the shoot as a function of development stage (-; X value): --> <FSHT> </FSHT> <FSH> </FSH> <!-- Table of fraction shoot dry matter partitioned to the leaves as a function of development stage (-; X value): --> <FLVT> </FLVT> <FLV> </FLV> <!-- Table of fraction shoot dry matter partitioned to the stems as a function of development stage (-; X value): --> <FSTT> </FSTT> <FST> </FST> <!-- Table of fraction shoot dry matter partitioned to the panicles as a function of development stage (-; X value): --> <FSOT> </FSOT> <FSO> </FSO>

9 Consider data requirements..

10 The growth of the rice plant is divided into three phases: vegetative (germination to panicle initiation); reproductive (panicle initiation to flowering); and ripening (flowering to mature grain)!

11 T base = 8 C, T opt = 30 C, and T high = 42.5 C.

12 APSIM-ORYZA: Oryza.xml Phenology parameters <IR58 cultivar="yes"> <DVRJ description="development rate in juvenile phase (ocd-1)"> </DVRJ> <DVRI description="development rate in photoperiod-sensitive phase (ocd-1)"> </DVRI> <DVRP description="development rate in panicle development (ocd-1)"> </DVRP> <DVRR description="development rate in reproductive phase (ocd-1)"> </DVRR> <MOPP description="maximum optimum photoperiod (h)">11.50 </MOPP> <PPSE description="photoperiod sensitivity (h-1)">0.0 </PPSE> </IR58> <cigeulis cultivar="yes"> <DVRJ description="development rate in juvenile phase (ocd-1)"> </DVRJ> <DVRI description="development rate in photoperiod-sensitive phase (ocd-1)"> </DVRI> <DVRP description="development rate in panicle development (ocd-1)"> </DVRP> <DVRR description="development rate in reproductive phase (ocd-1)"> </DVRR> <MOPP description="maximum optimum photoperiod (h)">11.50 </MOPP> <PPSE description="photoperiod sensitivity (h-1)">0.0 </PPSE> </cigeulis>

13 Observed and predicted phenological stages in development stage units (DVS) for panicle initiation (PI), flowering (Fl) and physiological maturity (PM) for variety, Sen Pidao (110 days). Phenological stage () b.# PI# Fl# PM# Days after sowing (days) Observed Phenological stage Predicted phenological stages

14 Leaf area growth includes a source- and sink-limited phase. LAI < exponential growth in LAI LAI > limited by the amount of carbohydrates available (Bouman and Laar, 2006)

15 At transplanting: LAI and all biomass values are reset based on the plant density after transplanting relative to the plant density in the seedbed. Crop growth resumes only after a transplanting shock has elapsed. (Bouman and Laar, 2006) Transplant shock The transplanted seedlings need/require about 9 days to recover from the shock of uprooting during transplanting after which new roots appear.

16 APSIM-Pond simulates anaerobic and flooded systems Aerobic Floodwater Aerobic soil layer Anaerobic soil layers N fertiliser broadcast into floodwater, not onto soil Volatilisation of Ammonia Bulk of soil becomes anaerobic -Different soil organisms dominate in anaerobic conditions -Methane produced as a product of ammonification Growth of algae and photosynthetic aquatic biomass Slow decomposition of crop residues and organic materials Diffusion & mass flow determine the flow of nutrients between pond and soil Denitrification will see disappearance of NO3 in saturated profile, and nitrification stops

17 Two Papers recently published on APSIM performance Gaydon, D.S., Probert, M.E., Buresh, R.J., Meinke, H., Suriadi, A.., Dobermann, A., Bouman, B.A.M., Timsina, J., Rice in cropping systems - Modelling transitions between flooded and non-flooded soil environments, European Journal of Agronomy 39, Simulated Rice crops R 2 = Measured Simulated Other crops in rotation with Rice R 2 = 0.91 Wheat/Barley Soybean Measured Figure 1. Simulated vs average observed grain yields for 121 rice crops, all as diverse cropping sequences, together with modelled performance of other crops in rotation with rice. Datasets from Indonesia, Philippines and Australia Currently paper of the month for EJA

18 Two Papers Gaydon, D.S., Probert, M.E., Buresh, R.J., Meinke, H., Timsina, J., Capturing the role of algae in rice crop production and soil organic carbon maintenance, European Journal of Agronomy 39, Average Rice Yield (kg/ha/crop) b. obs. a. obs. b. a Annual Fertiliser Application (kgn/ha) Figure 2. Simulated vs average observed grain yields (over 33 years) for two fertilizer treatments (zero and 360 kgn ha-1 yr-1) in the IRRI Long Term Continuous Cropping Experiment (LTCCE). a. Without algal inputs included b. With algal inputs

19 Consider the key features of an agricultural production system Transpiration Climate Establishment Runoff/ Erosion Leaf area / biomass production Management Flowering/grain production Livestock Harvest Evaporation Manure Residue Redistribution Soil water & solutes Drainage Root growth Water uptake Decomposition/ Incorporation Nutrient uptake Soil Organic Matter / Nutrients Leaching

20 APSIM structure APSIM Plug-in / Pull-out modularity Water Supply Now Multi-point Clock Report farm Met Manager Soilwat field1 field2 Soilwat SoilN SoilN Residue Residue ORYZA Wheat

21 Crop, pasture and tree modules Barley Bambatsi Canola Chickpea Cowpea E. Grandis D Faba bean Fieldpea Grape (VineLogic) B Lablab Lucerne Lupin Maize Millet C Mucuna Mungbean Native pasture (GRASP) Navybean Rice (ORYZA) A Cotton (OZCOT) B Peanut Pigeonpea C Sorghum Soybean Stylo pasture Sugarcane Sunflower Weed Wheat Hemp Mucuna Navybean A in association with Uni. Wageningen & IRRI B by arrangement with CSIRO Plant Industry C in association with ICRISAT D In association with CSIRO L&W