Status of Bioenergy and Use of Crop Residues in Serbia

Transcription

1 Use of agricultural residues for bioenergy 25 th -26 th September 2014, Kiev, Ukraine Status of Bioenergy and Use of Crop Residues in Serbia Prof. Dr. Milan Martinov Ass. Prof. Dr. Djordje Djatkov Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia DEE 1

2 STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION 1. Energy and RES consumption in Serbia 2. Crop residues as biomass resource 3. Own research in the field of crop residues 4. Practice, problems 5. R&D needs, visions and conclusions DEE 2

3 1. Energy and RES consumption in Serbia PRIMARY ENERGY INPUTS IN SERBIA DEE 3

4 Geothermal 5% Wind 4% RES POTENTIAL IN SERBIA Solar 15% Hydro 14% Biomass 62% Why biomass in particular? Source Biomass Hydro Solar Geothermal Wind Σ % Мtое ( ) DEE

5 2. Crop residues as biomass resource SOLID BIOMASS SOURCES WOOD, FOREST MANAGEMENT RESIDUES, PROCESSING WASTE, CIVIL ENGINEERING WASTE, etc. AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS, GRAIN, CROP RESIDUES, etc. SRC SHORT ROTATION WOODEN AND HERBACEOUS BIOMASS DIVERSE WASTES DEE 5

6 CROP RESIDUES AS A FUEL AND FEEDSTOCK ISSUES RELATED TO THE SOIL FERTILITY PRESERVATION, AMMELIORATION WIND AND WATER EROSION ELIMINATION OR MITIGATION VALUE OF NUTRIENTS AND SOM/SOC OFFTAKE (mostly concentrate in root and rhizosphere) POTENTIALS FROM POINT OF VIEW OF HARVESTABLE RESIDUES HARVEST PROCEDURES AND SOIL FERTILITY ISSUES COSTS, SUPPLY SECURITY, GARANTED SUPPLY, IMPACT OF WEATHER AND OTHER INFLUENCES DEE 6

7 3. Own research in the field of crop residues Wheat, soybean, maize Share of harvestable mass, on field remained mass and erosion protection, drought impact, comparison seasons 2011 and 2012 (dry and extreme dry) Wheat and soybean straw stalks segments Fraction of corn stover Calculation of harvestable performed for three harvest procedures DEE 7

8 Wheat, cutting height 15 cm Parameter Grain yield, Mg ha Harvest index Mass of aboveground residues, Mg ha Mass of harvestable straw, Mg ha Soybean, cutting height 7.5 cm Parameter Grain yield, Mg ha Harvest index Mass of aboveground residues, Mg ha Harvestable mass*, Mg ha Percentage of harvestable mass in comparison with mass of grain*, % Percentage of harvestable mass in aboveground residues, % On field remained mass, Mg ha Percentage of on field remained mass in aboveground residues, % Percentage of harvestable mass in comparison to mass of grain*, % Percentage of harvestable mass in aboveground harvest residues, % On field remained mass, Mg ha Percentage of on field remained mass in aboveground residues, % Mg is correct, according to IS, designation for tone DEE 8

9 2011 Range and average of relative yields of stover fractions, 1 lowest 0.2 m of stalks, 2 stalk+leaves, 3 cobs, 4 husks, 5 total aboveground residues, 6 sum of 2, 3 and 4 Corn Harvest proc. Harvestable mass RY, % Mg ha 1 PTM, % Remained mass Mg ha High dissipation RY relative yield (to grain) PTM percentage of total above ground mass DEE 9

10 Wheat Percentage of harvestable aboveground mass was, by common weather conditions, about 50 %. The reduction of harvestable straw, due to inconvenient weather conditions, was round 45 %, and on field remained mass about 18 %. Soybean Percentage of harvestable aboveground mass was, for common weather conditions, about 40 %. The inconvenient weather conditions cause the reduction of harvestable mass of 37 %, and on field remained mass of 20 %. DEE 10

11 Corn For both seasons the percentage of harvestable mass related to total was same for the harvest procedures 1 and 2, 53 and 43 % respectively, but harvestable mass considerably lower, 5.5/3.8 and 4.5/3.1 Mg ha 1. Reduction of harvestable mass was, due to weather conditions, 31, 31 and 42 %, and on field remained mass 29, 32 and 28 %, for harvest procedures 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In all cases the on field remained residual biomass can ensure, by using of adequate tillage, wind erosion protection! The obtained data can be used for solving some of defined problems! DEE 11

12 INVESTIGATION OF MAIZE COBS CRUSHING PREPARATION FOR USE AS A FUEL THERMAL SCIENCE, Year 2011, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp DEE

13 ONGOING RESEARCH CORN STOVER FOR BIOGAS Experimental determination of biogas yield and methane potential of corn stover, some results BG yield= ml/g DM (SD=15.4) BG yield= ml/g ODM (SD=16.1) CH 4 = ml/g DM (SD=11.8) CH 4 = ml/g ODM (SD=12.4) CH 4 = 48.3 % (SD=1.3 %) DM- dry matter ODM- organic dry matter DEE 13

14 4. Practice, problems Crop residues are already now widely used as a fuel for combustion in household heating, first of all wheat/soybean straw, corn cobs Problems: low efficiency, high emission of pollutants. Flue gas cleaning is followed by high costs, not acceptable especially for small facilities. No domestic legislation for emission of facilities under 50 kw (only maximal losses with flue gas defined) SRPS EN In future is expected application of crop residues for district heating. Many studies done!!!??? CHP and electricity generation not profitable, low feed-in tariffs. Price of crop residues and supply security. DEE

15 CROP RESIDUES USE IN SERBIA - VOJVODINA Simple heat generators widely used Low efficiency High emissions DEE 15

16 Examples of contemporary biomass boilers manufactured in Serbia Improvement of legislation needed At least fulfilling of (SRPS) EN demands DEE

17 Pig farm heating Corn cobs as a fuel for ears drying, seed production DEE 17

18 18 MW nominal thermal power unit, district heating, Sremska Mitrovica Fuel sunflower hulls (shells, husks) from oil mill in Šid, distance ca. 40 km DEE 18

19 CORN STOVER USE Stored corn stover bales Corn cobs storage DEE 19

20 Typical picker-husker used on S/M farms in Serbia. Natural drying of corn ears and followed by grain threshing. Dry cobs are available on farm. DEE

21 Intensive production of agro pellets and briquettes for domestic need and export DEE

22 Problems: high content of critical elements and low ash softening temperature of all crop residues DEE Comparison of combustion characteristics of wood, straw and grain

23 5. R&D needs, visions and conclusions To improve combustion facilities. To define realistic potential of crop residues in Serbia and Danube basin. To define sustainable crop residues management, with respect to soil fertility preservation, including crop rotation and other measurements. DEE 23

24 To define harvest procedures that results with lowest costs of crop residues, including longer distance transport, i.e. water shipping. To define measures for supply security. Especially for Danube down stream countries - to develop procedures and machinery for corn stover, most promising crop residue, harvest, logistics storage and use as energy source. (Reduction of grain harvest productivity up to 10 %, losses increase up to 0.5 %, ash content increase up to 5 %.) DEE 24

25 Some examples of stover or cob-husks harvest DEE 25

26 Interesting solution of header for corn stover harvest, developed in Ukraine, tested in USA DEE

27 VISIONS EXAMPLE - Combustion CHP plant in Czechnica, Poland about 48,000 t of chopped corn stover. It makes about 20 % of consumption, co-firing. Other is wood chips. EXAMPLE- Corn stover as a feedstock for LCB and other conversion processes DEE 27

28 EXAMPLE Corn stover as co-substrate for biogas, i.e. biomethane production SECOND GENERATION BIOFUEL DEE 28

29 CONCLUDING ISSUES Enormous potential of crop residues in Danube down stream countries. Soil fertility preservation obligatory. Water shipping can contribute reduction of biomass costs for longer distances transportation. Biomass potentials survey in Danube basin is needed. Development of proper corn stover harvest procedure. INTERNATIONAL R&D EFFORTS CAN BOOST THE PROGRESS! This is the last slide of the presentation! DEE 29