CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

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1 CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION In this chapter, a nutshell description of the study in respect of the summary, conclusion, implication and suggestions for the further research is included. This chapter has been divided into the following subheads. 6.1 Summary 6.2 Major findings and conclusion 6.3 Implications 6.4 Suggestions for the further research 6.1 SUMMARY Introduction The scope to increase the productivity of chilli to its potential would substantiate the need for promotion of chilli production practices on the farmers' fields. One way by which extension scientists can contribute to this task is to find out better ways and means of promoting chilli production practices among the group of clientele. The chilli crop is cultivated by the farmers of Saurashtra region using drip irrigation and conventional method of irrigation. The farmers are of different categories on the basis of innovativeness. Innovators, early adopter and early majority accept the new technologies at faster rate due to their risk bearing abilities and information seeking behaviour. While late majority and laggards adopt new technologies after long period even though this practices are more profitable. The personal, socio-economical, communicational, psychological and situational characteristics of the farmers also affect directly or indirectly adoption of new technologies. Chilli is one of the most profitable crop, if all the new cultivation technologies including drip irrigation and mulching are adopted. The aim of extension machinery is to convince the farmers to adopt the improved cultivation practices of chilli crop for better production and net returns. At this junction, it is worthwhile to examine the inward and outward exposure of farmers to various information sources,

2 their participation in social organizations and the characteristics affecting the adoption the newly developed chilli production practices. Rajkot district of Gujarat has comparative larger area under chilli cultivation. The chilli is cultivated with drip and conventional method of irrigation in the Rajkot district. It is right time to take the study which focus the light on the factors responsible for increasing adoption, to determine constraints in adoption and the solutions for increasing adoption of chilli production practices. In this context, it is thought worthwhile to undertake study entitled Adoption of chilli production practices with drip irrigation and conventional irrigation method by the farmers in Rajkot district with following specific objectives. 1) To study the personal, socio-economical, communicational, psychological and situational characteristics of chilli growers. 2) To determine the extent of adoption of recommended chilli production practices by respondent farmers with drip irrigation method. 3) To determine the extent of adoption of recommended chilli production practices by respondent farmers with conventional irrigation method. 4) To ascertain the relationship between selected characteristics of respondent farmers and their adoption of recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method. 5) To ascertain the relationship between selected characteristics of respondent farmers and their adoption of recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method. 6) To know the constraints faced by chilli growers in adoption of recommended chilli production technology. 7) To seek the suggestions of chilli growers to overcome the constraints faced by them Review of literature A brief account of reviewed literature is presented under different heads viz., selected characteristics of chilli growers, adoption of respondents farmers about chilli production practices with drip irrigation method and conventional irrigation method, association between characteristics of farmers and their extent of adoption about recommended chilli production practices, constraints faced by chilli growers in 110

3 adoption of recommended chilli production practices and suggestions to overcome the constraints faced by them were included in review of literature Methodology A study was conducted in Rajkot district of Gujarat state. Rajkot district consisted total ten talukas. Out of ten talukas three talukas were selected purposively. From each selected taluka three villages were selected purposively. Total nine villages from three talukas were selected purposively and ten chilli growers with drip irrigation method and ten chilli growers with conventional irrigation method from each of the selected villages were selected as respondents. Thus, a sample of total 180 (90 chilli growers with drip irrigation method and 90 chilli growers with conventional irrigation method) chilli growers from nine villages was considered for the study who having highest area under chilli cultivation. The dependent variable undertaken in this study was extent of adoption of recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method and conventional irrigation method. To measure the extent of adoption of chilli production practices with drip irrigation method by chilli growers, twenty-one recommended practices viz; drip irrigation method, crop planning, varieties, nursery management, seed treatment, time and method of sowing, seed rate, soil and field preparation, organic manure, chemical fertilizers, transplanting, spacing, irrigation, interculturing, weed management, cultural methods of plant protection measures, mechanical methods of plant protection measures, biological method of plant protection measures, chemical methods of plant protection measures, harvesting of chilli and grading, storage & marketing. Whereas, to measure the extent of adoption of chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method by chilli growers twenty recommended practices viz; crop planning, varieties, nursery management, seed treatment, time and method of sowing, seed rate, soil and field preparation, organic manure, chemical fertilizers, transplanting, spacing, irrigation, interculturing, weed management, cultural methods of plant protection measures, mechanical methods of plant protection measures, biological method of plant protection measures, chemical methods of plant protection measures, harvesting of chilli and grading, storage & marketing. In order to measure the extent of adoption, a scale developed for the purpose was used. 111

4 The independent variables undertaken in this study like age, education, farm experience, social participation, size of land holding, annual income, extension participation, market orientation, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation, localite cosmopolite orientation and yield index were measured with the help of suitable scales and procedures with due modification. The constraints faced by chilli growers in adoption of recommended chilli production practices and suggestions to overcome the constraints were also studied. An interview schedule was developed in accordance with the objectives of the study and it was pre-tested and translated into Gujarati. The data of this study were collected with the help of structural interview schedule. The collected data were classified, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in order to make the findings meaningful. The statistical measures such as percentage, mean, standard deviation and co-efficient of correlation were used in the study. 6.2 MAJOR FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS under. The conclusions which were drawn based on the findings of the study are as Characteristics of beneficiaries Personal characteristics In respect to personal characteristics, about three-fifth (61.67 per cent) of respondents belonged to middle age group, more than one-third (37.78 per cent) of respondents were educated up to secondary level and nearly two-third (63.33 per cent) of the respondents had medium level farm experience Socio-economical characteristics As regards to socio-economical characteristics, nearly three-fourth (72.78 per cent) of the respondents were under the category of medium level social participation, nearly half (44.44 per cent) of the respondents had medium size of land holding and nearly one-third (33.90 per cent) of the respondents had high level of annual income Communication characteristics In respect to communication characteristics, more than half (52.78 per cent) of the respondents belonged to medium extension participation and nearly two-third (64.44 per cent) of respondents had medium level market orientation. 112

5 Psychological characteristics The respondents with relation to psychological aspects, more than half (51.11 per cent) of respondents were under the category of medium level innovativeness, more than two-third (70.00 per cent) of the respondents had high level of scientific orientation, nearly three-fifth (58.33 per cent) of respondents had medium risk orientation and more than half (55.00 per cent) of respondents had medium level of localite cosmopolite orientation Situational characteristics In relation to the situational characteristics, majority (63.89 per cent) of the respondents were found with medium level of chilli crop yield index Extent of adoption of recommended chilli production practices by respondent farmers with drip irrigation method Nearly three-fourth (71.11 per cent) of the respondents had medium adoption about the recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method. Whereas, per cent had low level and per cent had high level extent of adoption of recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method. It was observed that among the different recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method adopted by chilli growers with very higher level of adoption. These practices were: selection of varieties (97.59 per cent) was with first rank followed by soil & field preparation (96.56 per cent), harvesting of chilli (96.10 per cent), spacing (93.85 per cent), time and method of sowing (88.43 per cent), drip irrigation method (84.72 per cent), interculturing (80.00 per cent) and seed rate (78.46 per cent) with rank second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth, respectively. While higher level of adoption of chilli production practices was found in irrigation (66.14 per cent) with ninth rank followed by chemical fertilizers (65.90 per cent), weed management (64.94 per cent), organic manure (64.60 per cent), cultural methods of plant protection measures (64.22 per cent), chemical methods of plant protection measures (61.22 per cent), transplanting (60.60 per cent) and grading, storage & marketing (60.14 per cent) with rank in descending order. 113

6 6.2.3 Extent of adoption of recommended chilli production practices by respondent farmers with conventional irrigation method It was observed that two-third (66.67 per cent) of the respondents had medium adoption about the recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method. Whereas, per cent had high level and per cent had low level extent of adoption of recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method. It was also observed that among the different recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method adopted by chilli growers with very higher level of adoption. These practices were: spacing (85.53 per cent) with first rank followed by soil & field preparation (82.68 per cent), time and method of sowing (79.75 per cent), selection of varieties (77.16 per cent), interculturing (74.37 per cent) and seed rate (72.28 per cent) with rank second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth, respectively. While higher level adoption of chilli production practices was found in irrigation (67.68 per cent) with seventh rank followed by harvesting of chilli (66.08 per cent), weed management (65.37 per cent), organic manure (62.77 per cent), chemical fertilizers (58.89 per cent), cultural methods of plant protection measures (57.56 per cent), grading, storage & marketing (57.27 per cent), chemical methods of plant protection measures (57.25 per cent) and transplanting (55.45 per cent) with rank in descending order Relationship between selected characteristics of respondent farmers and their adoption of recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method The characteristics of the respondents like education, social participation, extension participation, market orientation, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation, localite cosmopolite orientation and yield index had positive and highly significant relationship and annual income had positive and significant relationship with the adoption of respondents farmers about recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method. 114

7 The characteristics of the respondents like age and farm experience had negative and highly significant relationship with the adoption of farmers about recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method. There was no significant relationship with the adoption of respondents about recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method their size of land holding Relationship between selected characteristics of respondents farmers and their adoption of recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method The characteristics of the respondents like education, social participation, extension participation, market orientation, innovativeness and scientific orientation had positive and highly significant relationship with the adoption of farmers about recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method. The characteristics of the respondents like risk orientation, localite cosmopolite orientation and yield index had positive and significant relationship with the adoption of respondents about recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method. There was no significant relationship between the adoption of farmers about recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method and their size of land holding as well as annual income. The age and farm experience had negative and significant relationship with the adoption of recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method Constraints and Suggestions Constraints faced by the respondents in adoption of recommended chilli production practices. The results showed that out of 18 constraints experienced by the chilli growers in adoption of recommended chilli production practices, major constraints were; fluctuation in market price with first rank followed by lack of market facilities, seedling die before transplanting, high cost of labour, lack of man power, lack of irrigation facility, production decreases due to crop diseases, problems during nursery management and production decreases due to insect and pest infestation. 115

8 Constraints faced by the chilli growers in adoption of drip irrigation method The results showed that out of nine constraints identified in adoption of recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation methods, the most important constraints faced by the chilli growers were; clogging of drippers with first rank followed by difficulty during instalment of mulching operations, damage by wild animals and rodents, high price of mulching material, difficulty during instalment of drip irrigation in field, high price of drip irrigation set, lack of knowledge about mulching, lack of knowledge about drip irrigation system and difficulty in interculturing operations Suggestions to overcome the constraints faced by the respondents in adoption recommended chilli production practices. It was observed that out of 11 suggestions given by the respondents to overcome the constraints in adoption of recommended chilli production practices, the most important suggestions given by respondents were; more number of demonstrations on chilli production technologies should be organized on farmers field (74.44 per cent) followed by efforts should be made to minimized the input cost (68.88 per cent), training on new cultivation technology should be imparted (67.77 per cent), technical guidance should be provided regarding chilli production practices (65.55 per cent) and incentives in the form of subsidy should be provided by government for adoption of chilli production technologies (60.00 per cent) Empirical model The tentative paradigm was developed in the beginning of the thesis while arriving at the conceptual framework of this study (Fig. 1 & 2). Now final form of paradigm based on the findings of this study is presented in the Fig. 9 & 10 showing only those independent variables which had significant relationship with respondents adoption of recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method and conventional irrigation method. 6.3 IMPLICATIONS 1. The study facilitates to understand the characteristics of the respondents and it would help to serve as guideline for policy makers, planners and extension 116

9 workers to implement different programmes for increasing adoption and thereby rural development. 2. The findings of this study revealed that majority of the chilli growers were of middle age who have vital role in adoption of recommended technology of chilli crop. Hence, such type of chilli growers should be approached in accelerating the adoption of recommended technology of chilli crop. 3. Extension workers and researchers can make use of adoption index constructed in this study to measure the adoption level of chilli growers about recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method and conventional irrigation method. 4. Having discussed the adoption of recommended chilli production practices as well as suggestions to overcome the constraints, some measures emerging from this study for increasing the per unit chilli production of per unit area can be suggested for minimizing the constraints in chilli production in general and particularly in this area. 5. To improve the adoption of respondents about recommended chilli production practices, the extension agencies should consider and make more efforts to bring up the positively related characteristics such as education, social participation, extension participation, market orientation, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation, localite cosmopolite orientation and yield index in order of its priority. 6. To raise the chilli growers adoption about recommended chilli production practices the results can be useful to facilitate for motivation to farmers for participating in extension activities to increase their latest technical knowledge. They should also be advised to participate more actively in the social organizations. 7. The cost of essential inputs such as, seeds, pesticides and fertilizers need to be subsidized to accelerate adoption rate and net returns. 8. All the possible efforts should be made to overcome the major constraints related to finance and assured supply of electric power should be provided. 117

10 6.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FURTHER RESEARCH The present study has thrown light on the new areas, where further research work needs to be carried. Some of them are as under: The area of research could be extended further and size of sample of respondents can also be increased in any future study to draw more valid and generalized conclusions. Similar studies may also be conducted from time to time in different areas. Moreover on the basis of the perception about recommended chilli production practices, training needs of the respondents about recommended practices of chilli may also be emphasized. Some characteristics of respondents other than those considered in this study might be affecting adoption level of recommended chilli production practices. These characteristics can be identified and their relationship with the adoption level of the respondents can be ascertained for increasing adoption of latest technologies. 118