LIVESTOCK AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Transcription

1 LIVESTOCK AND CLIMATE CHANGE The challenges of accounting for GHG emissions in livestock supply chain Dr Anne Mottet, Livestock Policy Officer, FAO-AGAL AnimalChange regional workshop, Campinas, 9-10 February 2015

2 WHY DO YOU NEED AN INVENTORY? 2

3 IPCC 5 TH ASSESSMENT REPORT (2014) 3

4 IPCC 5 TH ASSESSMENT REPORT 4

5 UNFCCC PARTIES 5

6 HOW TO MAKE AN INVENTORY? Internationally approved methodology. The UNFCCC recognises the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. IPCC: Methodology reports on GHG Inventories and Assessment reports on climate change. Guidelines: 1996, 2000, : combines Agriculture and Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in one guideline referred to as AFOLU. The 2006 guidelines will be implemented for UNFCCC reporting from AFOLU guideline has chapters for the different types of land-use (forest, crops, grasslands, wetlands, settlements) and one chapter (10) on emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management 6

7 HOW TO MAKE AN INVENTORY? 7

8 8

9 ENTERIC METHANE Rumen Enteric Methanogens fermentation H 2 Energy 9

10 ENTERIC METHANE Tier 1: default emission factors CH4 = Number of Animals x CH4 Emissions Factor Data generally collected by the ministries of agriculture or related bodies. Otherwise FAOSTAT. Tier 2 : country specific information, more accurate Animal Population Data Animal and Feed Characteristics Data 10

11 TIER 2 FOR ENTERIC CH4 Country-specific data on energy requirements, feed intake and methane conversion rate by feed type Maintenance; Growth; Lactation; Pregnancy; Work (for cattle only), and Fleece production (for sheep only). (Net energy system NRC, 1984, 1989, and 1996) 11

12 DATA FOR TIER 2 ENTERIC CH4 Animal Population (number of head). Annual average population for each animal type: adult dairy cows, other adult cattle, young cattle Average Daily Feed Intake (MJ/day and kg/day of dry matter) - weight (kg); - average weight gain (or loss) per day (kg) - feeding situation: confined, grazing, pastoral - milk production per day (kg/day) - percentage of females that give birth in a year - feed digestibility (percent) Methane Conversion Rate (percentage of feed energy converted to methane) IPCC provides rates for developing/developed countries 12

13 COMPARISON TIER 1 AND TIER 2 FAO, 2006, Livestock s Long Shadow 13

14 N2O AND CH4 FROM MANURE 14

15 CH4 AND N2O FROM MANURE Tier 1 Emissions = Number of Animals x Emissions Factor Tier 2 - Animal numbers by category - Manure characteristics based on feed intake and digestibility, which are the variables also used to develop the Tier 2 enteric fermentation - Manure management system and methane conversion factor (MCF) 15

16 ENTERIC METHANE AND MANURE EMISSIONS IS THAT ALL? 16

17 Manure deposition and application on the field (N2O and CH4) Feed production and fertilizers application (CO2, N2O and CH4) Enteric fermentation (CH4) Manure storage (N2O & CH4)

18 WHAT IS AN LCA? A technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from cradle to grave (i.e., from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling) 18

19 STANDARDS ISO environmental management standards: in ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006. GHG product life cycle assessments can also comply with standards such as PAS 2050 and the GHG Protocol Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard 19

20 WHY USE LCA? 1. Can guide and inform decisions and choices provides a more complete picture of food chains and forces decision makers to look holistically at food chains helps identifying main hotspots in food chains, areas for improvement and possible mitigation options essential to making transparent any potential trade-offs and avoid any helps avoid unintended swapping/shifting of impacts 2. Can enhance accountability across supply chains by providing visibility on each part of the chain 3. Marketing and communication e.g. product labels 4. Help shape sustainability strategy by directing attention towards relevant issues 20

21 MAIN STAGES OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT System delineation Functional unit Allocation procedure Emissions/resources used Classification Characterization

22 LIMITS Not every factor can be reduced to a number and inserted into a model Rigid system boundaries make accounting for changes in the system difficult Accuracy and availability of data Social implications of products are generally lacking Comparison of LCAs in LCAs using different system boundaries, statistical information, product uses, etc. 22

23 APPLICATIONS LCA IN THE FIELD OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Hotspot identification Comparison of systems Evaluation of innovations Benchmarking

24 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS Energy production Feed production (e.g. soy bean) Service (e.g. traction) Transport Food processing Retail Edible animal products FARM Fertilizer production Leather

25 GHG EMISISONS FROM LIVESTOCK SUPPLY CHAINS Carbon dioxyde CO 2 Methane CH 4 Carbon dioxyde CO 2 Nitrous oxyde N 2 O Carbon dioxyde CO 2 Nitrous oxyde N 2 O Methane CH 4 Nitrous oxyde N 2 O Carbon dioxyde CO 2 25

26 IPCC 5 TH ASSESSMENT REPORT Enteric methane & manure management: 21% of AFOLU emissions Land emission for feed production: about 33% of crop land emissions but share of grassland and forest? <5% of livestock emissions (FAO, 2013) Farm buildings Transport of feed, fertilizers of feed drops and of animal products Energy for feed production and processing 26 Energy used on farm Energy for processing of animal products

27 GLOBAL EMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCK SUPPLY CHAINS, BY CATEGORY OF EMISSIONS FAO,

28 GLOBAL EMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCK SUPPLY CHAINS, BY CATEGORY OF EMISSIONS (FAO, 2013) IPCC livestock emissions Source: GLEAM IPCC cropland, forest land, grassland emissions IPCC energy and 28 industrial processes emissions

29 2 TYPES OF LCA Attributional LCAs : burdens associated with the production and use of a product, or service or process, at a point in time (typically the recent past) Consequential LCAs : identify the environmental consequences of a decision or a proposed change in a system under study (oriented to the future), which means that market and economic implications of a decision may have to be taken into account Social LCA is under development as a different approach to life cycle thinking intended to assess social implications or potential impacts. Social LCA should be considered as an approach that is complementary to environmental LCA 29

30 MITIGATION OPTIONS Decrease production possible conflict with food security Decrease emissions per unit of product (at the same pace of faster than production growth) - Direct emissions - Indirect emissions C sequestration in agricultural systems (biomass and soil) to offset emissions 30

31 INVENTORIES AND MITIGATION Mitigation can be achieved by abatements, gains in efficiency and carbon sequestration Tier 1 doesn t allow to reflect mitigation efforts Need Tier 2 to reflect practice change (e.g. feeding, manure management etc.) Need to account for carbon sequestration in inventories à LCA can support mitigation 31

32 SUMMARY OF CHALLENGES Region/country/system specific accounting Data availability and accuracy Quantification of services and social impacts Consensus/harmonization of methodologies Continuous scientific improvements (e.g. soil C) What are we counting for? à Implications for mitigation à Implications for international negotiations 32

33 THANK YOU